psy midterm

the somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing _____

Temperature, touch, and pain

which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client centers therapy

abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgement

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

acquisition; extinction

the myelin sheath is made from

glial cells

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.

industrial-organizational

if the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive_______

After seeing a television character, receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures.

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

personality

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species?

Carl Jung

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.

Five Factor

in a __________ study, both the researcher and the participant are unaware of the group assignment

double-blind

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everyone dislikes) if dave meets his sales quota this month. dave's boss is using _____

negative reinforcement

in classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a _______

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

parasomnias

the ______ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract

parasympathetic

in _____ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed

partial

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Nikki was walking around a department store shopping one day, and did not realize that the shirt she was wearing looked just like the shirts worn by employees. When a stranger asked, "do you work here," she thought it was funny. The other customers' assumption that Nikki was a store employee demonstrates the Gestalt principle of _______.

similarity

A(n)________, also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument to isolate an animal from the external environment, and allows a researcher to control the animals rewards and punishments

skinner box

Crack is regarded as more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

A ____ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups of study

statistical analysis

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed into sounds. this is an example of_______

transduction

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology

whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

what stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K complexes

Stage 2

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

the ______ of a neuron contain ______ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

what kinda of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracked six groups of participants, each group, a different age, every several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months

Cross-sectional

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

narcolepsy

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

narcolepsy

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

the empirical method of study is based on _____

observation of phenomena

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

scientific method

which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time

scientific theory

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

sensory and motor neurons of the _____ nervous system are associated with activities, traditionally, thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

stimulus discrimination

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

substantia nigra; dopamine

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

______ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail

surveys

The ______ system is responsible for responses, such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact is a limitation of the ________ theory of pitch perception.

temporal

The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the

temporal lobe

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

which of the following is an example of a reflex?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

which of the following is one of the reasons that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular is the united stated?

the rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology

Psychology refers to the ________.

the scientific study of mind and behavior

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Cognitive Psychology focuses on studying

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

which individual wrote principle of psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of psychology at the university of leipzig?

wilhelm wundt

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment

Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

in developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer.

functionalist psychology focuses on the function of behavior and

The operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

what term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after the removal of the stimulus

afterimage

Stage 1 is characterized by a predominance of _______ wave activity in the brain.

alpha

obstructive sleep apnea occurred when

an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads?

androgens

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly presribed for depression

depression

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

homeostasis

which term describes the tendency to maintain balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

homeostasis

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

which option is most valid critical of watson and rayners work with little albert

it would be unethical by today's research standards

Dr. Singh has just completed her PhD program and is now applying for a year-long program at a nationally-recognized hospital. If accepted, she will greatly advance her knowledge of behavioral neuroscience. Dr. Singh is applying for a(n) ________ training program.

postdoctoral

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities

primary

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

rodents

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus generalization

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.

study the function of behavior in the world

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

accuracy

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

archival research; surveys

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associative

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

which of the following research designs will allow cause and effect conclusions

experimental

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.

latent

learning that occurs but is not observable until there is a reason to demonstrate it

latent

in pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word

learned

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

Optic

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding

______ amplitudes are associated with _____ sounds

higher; louder

______(IRB) reviews research that is involved the use of human participants

institutional review board

One example of ________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.

lateralization

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

in a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the _____ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in that beck of the eye known as the ______

lens, fovea

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.

longer wavelengths

people who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to _____

only the right visual field

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

A(n)______ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest

operational definition

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.

spontaneous recovery

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

vestibular

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

biological

what occurs during stage 1 sleep

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain

Broca's area

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

Depressant

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Humanism

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gages accident, which led to brain injury

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

what is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

Mohammad is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammad is probably experiencing _____ sleep.

REM

what does the place theory of pitch perception suggest

Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

when you catch the teacher at the front of the room, you are easily able to distinguish her from the white board behind her. this demonstrates the gestalt principle of

a figure-ground relationship

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?

a tentative explanation

A(n)________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive depth of a given visual stimulus

binocular

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.

biopsychologist

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central and peripheral nervous systems

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

When a child works on a "connect the dots" puzzle, she can often see the completed work before she has finished all of the dots. Once there is enough visual information present, she's able to perceive the completed picture even though it is still incomplete. Which Gestalt principle does this demonstrate?

closure

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

conditioned response

Ravon is deaf. He was born without the ability to hear, and has never experienced an auditory stimulus. When people write using "sound" type words like "loud," "soft," and "quiet," he sometimes has difficulty understanding what they are trying to convey. Ravon has ________ deafness.

congenital

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?

congenital analgesia

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.

conscientiousness

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

light waves are first transmitted through the _____ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the _____ before shining into the retina

cornea; pupil

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________.

crest and trough

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries

dissertation

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine and norepinephrine

the effects of neutrotransmitters tend to be ______, whereas the effects of horomones tend to be ______

faster, longer lasting

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

Parsons and her colleagues are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father had brown eyes. the allele for brown eye color dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but wendy had blue eyes, therefore wendy's _____ must be _____ and her fathers must be Bb

genotype; bb

One principle of civil engineering is that when you design a highway you should have traffic flow in the same direction and avoid interruptions to that flow as much as possible. Exit ramps tend to be curved so that cars don't have to stop rather than having 90-degree angles that force stops and starts. This is an application of which Gestalt principle?

good continuation

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

As you are talking to a friend on your cell phone, you might find that you can't hear them because they are speaking very softly. If you ask them to "speak up," from a physical perspective you are asking them to ________ of the sound waves they are producing.

increase amplitude

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent and dependent

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

jet lag

which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder?

kicking and punching while asleep

which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

______ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ______ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

perception, sensation

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

If you watch a flock of birds flying overhead, each very close to the next one, you may perceive them as all being part of the same group. If they were all spaced very much apart, however, you may see them as individual birds not flying together. This distinction takes advantage of which Gestalt principle?

proximity

the order maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct _____ and _____

random sampling; random group assignment

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.

reliability

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication