psych 101--exam 2

By age ______, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's

3 or 4

4 different types of attachment, and body comfort (the monkey experiment)

???

According to the strange situation experiment conducted by mary ainsworth, ______ infants often show little to no distress in separation episodes, and when the mother returns, the infants tend to ignore and avoid her, focusing instead on something else in the room

insecure-avoidant

Erik Erikson defined ______ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.

intimacy

Which of the following is true of the functions of sleep?

it consolidates memory

Which of the following is true of human brain development

it continues after birth

Which of the following is true about short-term memory?

it is a place to temporarily store information when one needs while working on a problem

What does neuroscientific research on hypnosis indicate?

it is a real activity that the brain experiences

Which of the following best describes the function of the visuospatial sketch pad?

it provides brief storage for images, scenes, and photos.

Which of the following is true about sensory memory?

it usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time

Freud believed that dreams had two levels of meaning, the _____ content, which is the content that appears on the surface, and the ____ content, which is hidden and only represented symbolically

manifest; latent

Information can make its way into consciousness through the unattended ear if it is:

meaningful

Explicit memory refers to:

memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared.

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

Pruning

old, unused connections die odd

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

four working memory systems

phonological loop (stores sound information or what we hear) visa-spatial sketchpad (stores visual and space information or what we see and location of those objects in space) central executive (attention, controls information to and from the other areas of. working memory)

What is object permanence?

something is there even though you can't see. Like peekaboo

False memories are an example of:

suggestibility

____ occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions from someone else or some other source.

suggestibility

Cell phone vs. drinking and driving experiment

the cell phone can be more dangerous and distracting. It takes longer to brake when using a cell phone even if it is hands free.

What is the theory of mind?

you can not see things from another's POV. Example: naught Ann & Sally's toy. Preoperational kids do not have the theory of mind.

Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

absentmindedness

a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

cocktail party effect

ability to attend to only one voice among many

AIM

activation input, and mode?

Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use of physical and psychological dependence on a substance?

addictions

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

Since Wanda's brain operation she has been unable to store any new memories to recall them an hour or more later. However, she still recalls everything that happened before her operation. What kind of memory loss does she have?

anterograde amnesia

A teratogen is:

any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development

With each progressive cycle, the REM periods ____

are longer

Incorporating new information into existing theories is to _____ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to _______

assimilation; accomodation

In human development ______ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers

attachment

What is an example of conscious processing?

attending the lecture

Which of the following can be considered a key element of consciousness?

attention

An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with

autism spectrum disorder

What are the standards of consciousness?

awareness and wakefulness

Harry harlow's monkey experiment showed that ______ is as essential a function of nursing in humans as is nutrition

body contact

The key event that distinguished the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the _____

bone cells

key event that distinguishes between 2 and 3 of prenatal

bone.....?

The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 177, 999, 1941 in a process called ______ makes it easier.

chunking

visual cliff experiment

created by E.J. Gibson, used to determine when infants can perceive depth is not about fear of heights, they just don't want to fall. The babies are crawling in class and it's a jump or no jump.

Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice is called _____ intelligence

crystalized

What intelligence increases as we age?

crystallized intelligence. Everything else declines as we age.

Sleep deprivation has been shown to _____

diminish immunity to disease

What does AIM theory argue?

dreams are devoid of meaning and a result of random brain activity

The cell phone vs alcohol research presented in the lecture showed that

driving while using a cell phone can be more dangerous than driving after drinking

According to the model of temperament the ______ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable

easy

Of the following, _____ is the first processing stage in the long-term memory formation.

encoding

four steps to forming memory?

encoding consolidation storage retrieval

inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Research on forgetting began in the 1880's with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's:

forgetting curve

Tiffany field and her colleagues conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _______ than those who did not

gained significantly more weight

Three stages of prenatal development

germinal, embryonic, fetal

Which of the following is true regarding the alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy?

here is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Abdul looks around in his house for his wallet but cannot find it. He realizes that the last time he saw his wallet was at the grocery store. He looks in the freezer and finds his wallet next to the ice cream he bought at the store. Abdul's forgetfulness most likely occurred because:

his attention was divided

What does the neuroscientific research about hypnosis tell us?

hypnosis works, it can be easy for people who have active imaginations to be hypnotized, and it only works to make you do something you are already wanting to do.

________ memory is a brief visual record left on the retina of the eye?

iconic

two types of sensory memory

iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory)

Key event that distinguishes between stage 1 and 2

implantation to the uterine wall

Aaliyah remembers how to drive a car with a manual transmission, but when asked how she does it, she just says, "I don't know? It's automatic". This is an example of her:

implicit memory

In young and amnesic patients

implicit memory can be left unharmed for amnesic patients

In the research shown in the memory lecture, amnesic patients generally perform _____ as good as healthy adults.

implicit memory tests

Some animals especially bird follow and imitate the first large creature they see immediately after birth this is called ______

imprinting

preoperational stage (theory of mind)

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

sensorimotor stage (object permanence)

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

formal operational stage (conservation)

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

If an infant shows a secure attachment in the strange situation, according to erik erikson, what if anything can we predict about later behavior?

in adulthood, this person is likely to form good intimate relationships

Which of the following refers to a phenomenon by which one fails to notice unexpected objects in his or her surroundings?

in-attentional blindness

One well-established effect of hypnosis is to _____

inhibit pain

Compared with young adults, older adults are likely to _____

wake up more often during sleep

short-term memory

working memory

cellular damage

Injury on the cellular level caused by sufficient exposure to ionizing radiation at the molecular level

NREM sleep

Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep.

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

Neural Growth

When neuron cells increase in size and complexity.

When asked where the sun goes at night, 4-year-old Kiet explains to his dad that it goes to sleep. Later that day, kiet gets upset because he believes his sister's glass contains more juice than his glass. Both glasses actually contain the same amount but he is confused because of the tall and thin shape of his sister's glass. From these instances, we can say that kiet is in the _____ stage of Piaget's cognitive development

preoperational

The main explanation for the _______ effect is that the items at the beginning of a list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory storage?

primacy

With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as ______

pruning

What does REM stand for?

rapid eye movement

Which of the following is the last process in Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory?

rehearsing the information

Improve LTM by

repeat things, use mnemonics, and use chunking

Which of the following factors contributes most positively to the development of secure attachment between human infants and their mothers

responsive parenting

implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection

One's inability to remember the name of a person only minutes after meeting her, even if one repeats her name immediately after hearing it, is a common _____ problem.

retrieval

Keith first studied for his sociology exam and then for his psychology exam in the same evening. When it was time for him to take his sociology exam, all he could remember was psychology material. Keith's forgetting is an example of:

retroactive interference

Nine-month old terrell is screaming and crying because his mother has dropped him off at the daycare. He displays this distress each time she leaves him. Terrell is likely experiencing ______

separation anxiety

What part of memory stores limited information long enough to remember a phone number before one dials it?

short-term memory

Dichotic listening task

shows selective attention. With headphones on they ignore what is going on in the unattended ear and only pay attention to what is coming out of one ear.

Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has?

the cocktail party effect

Which of the following tests, upon research, yielded classic scientific selective attention?

the dichotic listening test

retroactive interference

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

motor development

the emergence of the ability to execute physical action

cognitive development

the emergence of the ability to think and understand

memory

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. (implicit and explicit)

From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is called:

the serial position effect

Which of the following hold true regarding sleep?

the sleeping state can be immediately reversed

suggestibility

the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections (false memory)

What is conservation theory?

the thing with the different size cups with the same amount of liquid in it.

Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ________

theory of mind

What is the competent newborn?

they like stimuli that look like faces. Newborn like faces more than upside down faces.

sensory development

typically precedes intellectual and motor development

In which state will a person be wakful but not very aware?

vegetative