Psych 7A Midterm 2 Ch 6-10

The optic disc is the part of the retina

C) that has no photoreceptors.

Psychologists describe consciousness as one's

B) perception of his or her own mental processes.

An absolute threshold is the

C) lowest intensity of a stimulus that a person can detect half the time.

Phantom limb pain is thought to be caused by

A) A damaged or malfunctioning nervous system

Which of the following factors is not widely regarded as essential to the development of the kind of outstanding performance seen in professional athletes and musicians?

A) A low rate of failure

Sleep apnea involves difficulty with _______ during sleep.

A) Breathing

Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception?

A) Convergence

A kindergartener receives a gold star on a classroom chart for every three books he reads. This is an example of a _______ reinforcement schedule.

A) Fixed ratio

Which of the following situations represents an effect of hindsight bias?

A) Jerry rode his bike instead of taking his car to work, then told a co-worker that he had biked in because he knew there would be a car accident holding up traffic along his route.

Imagine you are caring for a patient who in the past abused alcohol. You find that the patient's memory is heavily impaired. It is very likely that that the patient has

A) Korsakoff's syndrome.

_______ memory has a seemingly unlimited capacity and can store information for decades.

A) Long-term

In humans, the _______ is located in the _______.

A) Malleus; middle ear

Savannah's mother spanked her and sent her to her room for spilling milk. The next day, when her puppy makes a mess, Savannah whacks him with a newspaper and sends him outside. Savannah is

A) Modeling the aggressive behavior that her mother displayed

Addiction to drugs related to dopamine release is especially strong when it involves the

A) Nucleus accumbens

Sound traveling through air or water consists of alternating waves of

A) Pressure

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus is called ___________________________________.

A) Stimulus generalization

Which of the following reflects the myth of subliminal perception?

A) Though you do not consciously notice it, the momentary sight of a running faucet makes you thirsty.

Why would you feel pain when placing your hand on both a hot and a cold pipe at the same time?

A) Touch receptors are reporting the sensations of heat and cold, but the brain combines the two and perceives pain.

Which is an accurate summary of the primacy effect?

A) When given a list of items to remember, people can usually recall the first things on the list better than those in the middle.

Neuropathic pain is caused by

A) a damaged or malfunctioning nervous system.

The concept of labeled lines refers to the fact that

A) a separate set of nerves transmits information from each sensory receptor organ to the brain.

The concept of inattentional blindness is illustrated when you

A) are concentrating so hard on studying that you fail to notice your roommate leaving for class.

If you had a device implanted in your brain that allowed you to stimulate the release of dopamine in the forebrain, you would likely

A) avoid all other activities in favor of self-stimulation.

The primary active substance in marijuana, THC, binds to _______ receptors.

A) cannabinoid

Your friend Tom lacks the ability to feel pain. Tom's condition is called

A) congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Another name for the physical memory trace in the brain is the

A) engram.

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll studies found that

A) exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in nursery school children.

You work most days from Monday through Friday for between one and three hours and receive a paycheck every Friday afternoon. You are being paid on a _______ reinforcement schedule.

A) fixed interval

Information stored in the sensory buffer is retained

A) for a few seconds.

Your friend comes home from a party in an altered state and mistakes your housecat for a lion. Your friend may have taken a(n)

A) hallucinogen.

During your therapy session, your therapist speaks very softly, suggesting that you concentrate first on her voice and then on the image of a calm, cool ocean. This therapist is likely practicing

A) hypnosis.

Imagine your professor asks you to conduct an experiment in which you have to increase the intensity of a light several times and determine the smallest change in the intensity of light that your friend can detect. You are measuring your friend's

A) just noticeable difference (JND).

Learning in the absence of reinforcement is demonstrated by studies of

A) latent learning.

The acquisition of knowledge, skills, attitudes, or understanding brought about by experience is called

A) learning.

If you could recall a dream from non-REM sleep it would likely be

A) less vivid than an REM dream.

Occlusion is a _______ depth cue.

A) monocular

The active substance in the opium poppy is _______, one of the most effective _______, or painkillers.

A) morphine; analgesics

Your friend sometimes falls asleep during short car rides, meals, and even conversations. He also seems to have sudden bouts of muscle weakness and severe fatigue whenever he gets excited or stressed. He is likely suffering from

A) narcolepsy.

In an experiment, a loud buzzer is turned off every fifth time a rat presses a button. This represents both _______ reinforcement and a _______ schedule of reinforcement.

A) negative; fixed ratio

In a _______ test, a subject is presented with a sample stimulus. After a short delay, the sample stimulus is shown again along with a novel alternative. The subject is rewarded for selecting the novel stimulus.

A) non-matching-to-sample

In order for you to enjoy the smell of a flower, molecules called _______ from the flower must land on your olfactory epithelium, which lines the inside of the nose.

A) odorants

The results of experiments in which participants viewed ambiguous figures with verbal labels, then drew the figures from memory, showed that

A) people are particularly sensitive to suggestion in the process of encoding.

When psychologists use the term memory trace, they are referring to the

A) physical record of a memory in the brain.

A person who sees the word "yellow" will be slightly faster at recognizing the word "banana" than someone who sees the word "blue." This demonstrates the technique known as

A) priming.

_______ memory gives us a very brief impression of what we feel when we first detect a stimulus.

A) sensory

Stimulant drugs generally

A) speed up mental activity and neural transmission.

Ever since Ryan was bitten by a gray cat, he cries when he sees any gray cat. One day, he sees a gray squirrel scamper across his front yard and he begins crying. Ryan's behavior illustrates

A) stimulus generalization.

Our two chemosensory systems are the _______ system and the _______ system.

A) taste; olfactory

In a survey, more college students indicated that they would enroll in a particular course when they were told that 70 percent of students passed it last year than when they were told that 30 percent of students failed it last year. The results of the survey best illustrate

A) the framing effect.

One way to differentiate between long-term and short-term memory systems in research is to construct a serial position curve, or to plot the position of an item in a list along with

A) the percent of participants that recalled the item.?

The main idea behind Gestalt psychology is that

A) the whole perception is more than just the sum of our separate sensations.

If your doctor prescribes Xanax to alleviate anxiety, she is prescribing a(n)

A) tranquilizer.

Thorndike believed that most learning occurred by

A) trial and error.

The greatest adaptive, perceptual advantage to having two ears rather than one is that

A) we are more easily able to localize sounds with two ears.

Biting into a lemon is likely to stimulate taste receptor cells for _______ and _______.

C) sweet; sour

Which of the following situations best exemplifies the use of the availability heuristic?

B) Aiko tells her friend that a certain restaurant has poor service because she was once served the wrong order there.

Every morning when Edwina goes to work, her dog lies on the floor and sulks. Over several weeks, Edwina notices that the dog becomes distressed whenever she picks up her car keys. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

B) Classical conditioning

Which type of memory is most useful during a conversation?

B) Echoic

From the following, identify the best summary of the law of effect.

B) If a response is followed by a pleasant consequence, it will tend to be repeated; if a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

Amphetamines _______ of catecholamine neurotransmitters, while cocaine _______ of those neurotransmitters.

B) Increase the release; slows the removal

Which conclusion about sleep is most consistent with the data shown?

B) It is normal to experience about five bouts of REM sleep during the night.

While studying the digestive process of dogs, _______ was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning.

B) Ivan Pavlov

Of the following scenarios, which best illustrates imprinting?

B) Max was the first thing a brood of baby geese saw when they hatched. As young geese, they followed him everywhere he went.

In which of the following scenarios would you be most likely to succumb to a false alarm in signal detection?

B) Monitoring for the vibration of your phone in your pocket while you are sitting

The _______ is an example of a decision-making error in which someone fails to properly estimate the probability of a particular outcome after being given additional information.

B) Monty Hall problem

Why is it difficult for an adult to explain to a child how to ride a bicycle?

B) Nondeclarative memories are difficult to verbalize.

A food that excites the taste receptors that allow positively charged hydrogen ions to enter cells is likely to have a ___ taste.

B) Sour

The sensory receptors for gustation are located in the

B) Tongue

A ____ would reflect light of all colors

B) White shirt

Which scenario represents the concept of rehearsal?

B) You keep repeating a new friend's phone number while looking for your phone.

Many people can recall very vividly what they were doing when they learned of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. This is an example of

B) a flashbulb memory.

In the word "rebuilt," re is

B) a morpheme, but not a phoneme.

George Sperling was able to differentiate between the amount of information that could be stored in sensory memory and the time until the memory faded by cuing participants to recall

B) a row of letters in a visual array.

In order to distinguish sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami tastes, humans have

B) a specialized type of taste receptor for each of the five taste categories.

Mental imagery refers to the

B) ability to visualize images or events in our minds.

Retrieval is the process of

B) accessing information from long-term memory.

A(n) _______ is a specific set of steps that will always solve a particular problem, whereas _______ are easy-to-follow rules that often solve a problem.

B) algorithm; heuristics

You want to earn a decent salary at a potential job. You know that there is room for negotiation, so you ask for a slightly higher hourly rate than you think the employer will accept. If the employer ends up giving you an hourly rate close toyour initial asking rate, he or she has likely been influenced by the

B) anchoring effect.

As you and a friend throw a softball back and forth, you depend on _______ to help you determine how close the ball is getting to you and when and where to catch it.

B) binocular cues

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates our

B) circadian rhythm.

The symptoms of a stroke can be recalled with the acronym FAST, which means you should examine the person's face, arms, speech, and attend to the element of time. This is an example of a(n) _______ task.

B) cued-recall

A circadian rhythm is a

B) cycle of sleeping and waking that occurs approximately every 24 hours.

Hypnosis can be effective in reducing pain, if the hypnotist trains the patient to

B) disconnect from the unpleasant emotions attached to the pain.

Declarative memories are to _______ as nondeclarative memories are to _______.

B) explicit memories; implicit memories

In philosophical terms, free will is essentially the opposite of

B) fate

The primary function of the outer ear, or pinna, is to

B) gather sounds and direct them to the middle ear.

Patient H.M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his

B) hippocampus.

Researchers have suggested that insight occurs

B) in both humans and animals.

Memory researchers define forgetting as the

B) inability to retrieve information from long-term memory.

Problem solving is often described in terms of the situation at the beginning of the problem, or _______, and the desired outcome of the problem, or _______.

B) initial state; goal state

While attempting to solve a riddle, if you go from not having a clue what the answer is to solving the riddle in a flash (without resorting to trial and error), you have most likely experienced

B) insight.

According to the figure, President Nixon's War on Drugs

B) is correlated with a large increase in the number of people in prison.

Weber's fraction expresses the _______ as a proportion of the original stimulus.

B) just noticeable difference (JND)

Photoreceptors are the

B) light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina.

You decide to memorize the last names of the players on your school's basketball team by using the method of loci. To do this, you will

B) link each player's name with a different part of your home, beginning with the front door.

You come home to find your roommate sitting in the middle of the floor, slowly repeating the words "relax, let go, be at peace" with his eyes closed. He is practicing

B) meditation.

The notion of semantic webs emphasizes the fact that

B) most memories connect with several other memories.

The sentence "Martha hit the man with the umbrella" could be understood to mean that Martha used the umbrella to hit the man or that Martha hit the man who was holding an umbrella. Therefore, the sentence has

B) one surface structure and multiple deep structures.

To learn anything through observation, the learner must

B) pay attention to the model.

Apes have demonstrated the most compelling evidence of their ability to use language by

B) producing novel combinations of words

A(n) _______ is defined as the best example of a concept that fits a particular category.

B) prototype

If someone shined a flashlight into your eye, your _______ would constrict.

B) pupil

Edward Thorndike was known for his experiments with

B) puzzle boxes.

Drugs like psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and mescaline are classified as hallucinogens because they cause

B) radically altered perceptions and sensory experiences.

Psychoanalyst C. G. Jung measured patients' _______ in word association tasks in order to study mental processing.

B) reaction time

Categorization is the process of

B) recognizing similarities and differences among concepts.

While you are sitting in a park, you see a tulip that is exposed to the sun. Shortly after you notice it, the tulip is exposed to the shade. According to the concept of color constancy, you perceive that the color of the tulip has

B) remained the same, but the lighting conditions have changed.

According to memory researchers, the best way to prepare for an exam is to

B) repeatedly test yourself on information that will be on the exam.

In the board game Trivial Pursuit, players answer questions of general knowledge. To play the game, players tap into _______ memory.

B) semantic

The study of the meanings of words is known as

B) semantics.

Eyes and ears are

B) sensory receptor organs.

Your roommate walks into the kitchen rather shaken and tells you that, upon waking, she was unable to move or speak for about thirty seconds. This phenomenon is called

B) sleep paralysis.

Drugs classified as depressants typically

B) slow down neural transmission and behavior.

Your cat comes running as soon as she hears you open a can of food. In this example, the _______ is the conditioned stimulus.

B) sound of the can being opened

Psychologists have clinically defined drug addiction as substance use disorder, which is essentially the

B) strong desire to self-administer a drug of abuse.

Long-term potentiation is the term neuroscientists use to describe long-lasting enhancement of

B) synaptic transmission.

For a sentence that is grammatical and meaningful, the rules of _______ determine its _______ structure.

B) syntax; surface

In psychology, the word "noise" is defined as

B) the firing of a sensory cell without a stimulus or in response to an irrelevant stimulus.

The delta waves seen in the EEG when someone is in stage 3 sleep can be likened to

B) the slow movement of "the wave" around a stadium.

The primary function of the three ossicles of the middle ear is to

B) transmit vibrations to the inner ear.

Cognitive psychologists focus on studying how

B) we acquire and process information to gain knowledge.

The visual field is

B) what we can see without moving our eyes.

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis about dreaming, the content of dreams results from

B) your brain attempting to make meaning out of random bursts of neural activity.

You do not act out your vivid dreams because

B) your brain inhibits motor neurons, and you cannot move.

Which of the following is an example of babbling?

C) "Ba-ba-ba-pa-pa."

You are asked to participate in an experiment that attempts to replicate the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus. What might the researcher instruct you to do?

C) "Listen to these letters: JID, PAZ, YOX, KEP. Now repeat them."

Weber's fraction to detect a difference in weight is ____ percent.

C) 2

_______ is most characteristic of the experience of flow.

C) A sense of time passing quickly

Which of the following statements best captures the essence of experiments on free will, consciousness, and brain activity?

C) Conscious decisions are immediately preceded by activity in the motor cortex.

Which situation describes the phenomenon of retroactive interference?

C) Darnell keeps referring to his old VCR as a Blu-ray player.

On a summer day, two women walk from the outdoor heat into an air-conditioned office building. In this scenario, which of the following questions relates to the hard problem of consciousness?

C) Do both women perceive the air conditioning in the same way?

Two years ago, your community began testing the tornado siren every Wednesday at noon. The first few times, the blaring siren startled you. Now, you barely notice it. This is an example of

C) Habituation

Observational learning requires the presence of which of the following elements?

C) Imitation

When a subject has learned something that is not immediately demonstrated, _______ learning has occurred.

C) Latent

A patient with damage to his corpus callosum was presented with an image of a house on one side of his visual field. When asked what was presented, he could not identify the object. It is likely that the image was presented on the _______ side, since the left side of the brain is primarily responsible for _______.

C) Left; oral communication

Which mnemonic device involves mentally placing items in an imaginary room or space?

C) Method of loci

Your mathematics instructor recites the first 20 digits of pi, then asks you to repeat them. When you try to do so, you find that you cannot remember all of the numbers. You have just experienced

C) Miller's theory of the magical number 7.

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on

C) Operant conditioning

Refer to the quote below.: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and the race of his ancestors." This quote from research psychologist John Watson could best be categorized as an expression of

C) Radical behaviorism

Which of the following is a prototype of "bird"?

C) Sparrow

Which stage of sleep is characterized by K complexes?

C) Stage 2

The figure shows data from an infant who sucked on a pacifier in order to hear sounds. By comparing graphs B and C, determine which of the following conclusions is supported.

C) The less similar two phonemes are, the more likely the infant is to notice a change in sound between the phoneme that is presented first and the phoneme that is presented second.

Which of the following best demonstrates the simulation aspect of the function of consciousness?

C) You can imagine how your parents might react when you show them your new tattoo.

Robyn's mother shows her how to cut hearts from construction paper. No matter how hard Robyn tries, she cannot cut the paper correctly. Bandura would say that Robyn's attempts failed because she was not

C) able to reproduce the behavior.

Roger is at a party talking and laughing with a group of friends. He sets his plastic soda cup down and seconds later picks up the glass mug that someone put in its place. He fails to notice that the drink was replaced. This is an example of

C) change blindness.

Long-term potentiation refers to

C) changes in the sensitivity of a synapse through repeated stimulation

Rules that govern how you can get from the situation at the beginning of a problem to the desired outcome are called

C) constraints.

Dyslexia is defined as difficulty in

C) developing a normal vocabulary.

Semantic memories differ from episodic memories in that semantic memories

C) do not include details about how information was learned.

Your professor has invented a device that can measure the change in brain activity of each student in her class, and she can now tell if you are dozing off during her lecture. She has solved the

C) easy problem of consciousness.

Many people report vivid recollections of high-impact events such as the Kennedy assassination, the September 11, 2001, attacks, and the 2012 Newtown school shooting. These memories are referred to as

C) flashbulb memories.

For the first few nights after you purchased a clock, you had trouble sleeping because the ticking of the second hand disturbed you. Now you do not notice the sound of the second hand at all. This is an example of

C) habituation.

The specialized receptor cells inside the cochlea are called

C) hair cells.

At seven years of age, Krista is learning to type on a computer keyboard. According to the work of Fitts and Posner (1967), the cognitive phase of Krista's skill acquisition is best characterized when she

C) has to pause to find each individual letter on the keyboard.

The social theory of hypnosis states that

C) hypnosis is likely a function of a person accommodating the hypnotist.

A sudden awareness of a solution in a problem-solving situation is called

C) insight.

The main distinction between sensation and perception is that only perception involves

C) interpreting what the stimulus is

The hypothesis that the language we speak influences the way we think is known as

C) linguistic relativism.

Scientists who study language are called

C) linguists.

Due to a lack of thiamine, people with Korsakoff's syndrome develop cell loss in the

C) mammillary bodies.

A prominent part of the reward pathway of the brain is the _______, located at the base of the frontal lobe.

C) nucleus accumbens

The olfactory system routes information directly to the _______ of the brain.

C) olfactory bulb

According to _______ theory, behavior is influenced by its consequences.

C) operant conditioning

In a sense, phantom limb pain is a purely _______ phenomenon.

C) perceptual

When testing a split-brain patient, the key to accessing the information that the right hemisphere "sees" is having the participant

C) point to an object with his or her left hand.

Your uncle has been using Windows XP for years and years. He finally purchases a new computer with the latest version of Windows. If he has trouble navigating the new Windows system, it is most likely due to

C) proactive interference.

Chunking information facilitates encoding because it

C) reduces the absolute number of items to be encoded.

The hypothesis of linguistic _______ holds that the properties of a given language _______ the way speakers of that language think.

C) relativism; influence

The term heuristic is a scientific term for a

C) rule of thumb or an educated guess.

Our knowledge of facts, such as the year that President Kennedy was shot or the fact that Paris is a city in France, is collectively called _______ memory.

C) semantic

Motherese is a

C) simple form of language that parents teach to their children.

The retina is the

C) surface at the back of the eye where the image is focused.

Memory, as a general construct, is best defined as

C) the ability to store and retrieve learned information.

A student reads a chapter in her textbook without much effort or interest, then is unable to identify any of the material when it appears on a test. What is the most plausible explanation?

C) the information from the textbook never made its way from STM to LTM

Students who are given unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only token attempts to solve new problems, even if the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is most likely due to

C) the law of effect.

When studying problem solving and the phenomena that lead to failure, psychologists tend to employ problems that can be solved with

C) using a systematic approach involving a variety of methods.

An elderly individual is having increased difficulty with tasks related to memory and problem solving. This individual is most likely experiencing

D) Less sleep involving delta waves

Which of the following would be the most likely response from a Wernicke's aphasia patient who is asked if he or she is having a good day?

D) "The day I'm having today before the time ran out on the clock was ringing."

Imagine that you and a friend are riding in a car singing along to loud music. Which of the following external sounds is most likely to be considered "noise" and ignored?

D) A noisy motorcycle passes you from the opposite direction

Which researcher is most closely associated with the Bobo doll studies?

D) Albert Bandura

Differentiate between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.

D) Anterograde amnesia occurs when an individual cannot encode new memories. Retrograde amnesia occurs when older details are lost but newer ones are remembered.

All of the following are examples of the cocktail party effect except:

D) As you wait in a theater for a movie to begin, you tune out all of the chatter around you while you focus on a text message that has just arrived from your cousin.

In an experiment, rats were given sweetened water and then given something that induced nausea. Because of conditioned taste aversion, the rats

D) Avoided the sweetened water

In classical conditioning, the _______ and the _______ are usually the same.

D) CR; UR

The round, transparent front of the human eye is called the

D) Cornea

Which situation most likely involves retrograde amnesia?

D) Following Greg's surgery to remove a benign brain tumor he could not recall most of what had happened to him during the year before his surgery

Marc had a dream that he was swimming in the ocean, when he suddenly began sinking to the ocean floor. In the dream, he frantically tried to swim back to the surface but a mermaid was pulling him down. Which of the following could be a Freudian interpretation of Marc's dream?

D) He harbors unconscious anger toward his wife, who is constantly overspending

Which of the following research questions is a psychophysicist likely to be most interested in asking?

D) How much louder must a sound be before a person can detect that it is louder than the original sound?

The misinformation effect compares most closely with which of the "Seven Sins of Memory"?

D) Leading question

Studies best support which of the following claims regarding the susceptibility of a person to hypnotic suggestion?

D) Ned, who loses himself in long works of music, is likely to be susceptible.

The rare genetic disorder that is characterized by normal verbal abilities but severe deficits in spatial reasoning is called

D) Parkinson's disease.

Which of the following situations best demonstrates the anchoring effect?

D) Ronald feels that he got a terrific bargain on his new car by paying 20 percent less than the listed manufacturer's suggested retail price.

_______ memory gives us a very brief impression of what we feel when we first detect a stimulus.

D) Sensory

As we age, which type of sleep will eventually cease altogether?

D) Slow-wave

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of the working backward heuristic?

D) To organize documents in your computer, you create an "All Documents" folder and proceed to subdivide it into increasingly specific folders.

Which of the following situations best exemplifies the gambler's fallacy?

D) Tyson believes that his chances of winning the next raffle drawing have improved because he has lost five drawings in a row.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the use of the size cue for monocular depth perception?

D) While driving your car, you perceive that the position of nearby objects changes more than the position of distant objects.

An _______ is a drug that affects receptors on a target neuron by _______.

D) agonist; replicating the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

Some psychoactive drugs work as _______, meaning that they artificially stimulate receptors in a neurotransmitter system. Others work as _______, meaning that they block activity at particular receptors.

D) agonists; antagonists

English language units like "-ing" and "-ed" are considered morphemes because they

D) are used in sentences to meet certain rules of grammar.

If you accidentally ingested PCP, you would probably feel

D) as if you were having an out-of-body experience.

The main difference between binocular and monocular depth cues is that

D) binocular cues require information from both eyes, while monocular cues do not.

Opioid receptors are responsible for the pain-killing effects of morphine. One area of the brain in which opioids are found is the

D) brainstem.

Research on the framing effect shows that when people have to choose between an option framed in terms of a gain and an option framed in terms of a loss, most people

D) choose the option framed in terms of a gain.

Apes have demonstrated the most compelling evidence of their ability to use language by

D) producing novel combinations of words.

The ability of a language to produce an infinite number of sentences is called _______ capacity.

D) generative

The tendency of baby birds to recognize, bond with, and follow the first moving object they see is called

D) imprinting.

The flexible, transparent structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the back of the eye's interior is called the

D) lens.

The adequate stimulus for the visual system is _______, and the adequate stimulus for the auditory system is _______.

D) light; sound

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a brain imaging technique that

D) measures rapid changes in voltage (electrical potential) throughout the brain.

The susceptibility of our memories to include false details that fit in with real details of an event is called the

D) misinformation effect.

The basic units of meaning in a language are called

D) morphemes.

A friend tells you that she typically sleeps for about eight hours but often wakes up in the morning right out of anxiety-provoking dreams. Based on the figure, you tell her that this is

D) normal, because our final episode of REM sleep occurs right before waking.

Some people claim to be able to recall whole images with exact detail, an ability called _______ memory.

D) photographic

The alpha rhythm is a pattern of brain waves that occurs during

D) relaxed wakefulness.

Suppose you have been conditioned to blink your eyes each time an experimenter sounds a buzzer. Art some point, the experimenter says the word "buzz" before sounding the buzzer. Eventually, you will learn to blink your eyes when the experimenter simply says the word "buzz"—even if the buzzer is not sounded. This is an example of

D) second-order conditioning.

This morning, a very loud clap of thunder right outside your window startled you. For the rest of the day, any kind of loud sound—a car backfiring, a dropped dish—causes you to jump out of your chair. This is an example of

D) sensitization.

You volunteer for a sleep study and the researchers discover that your blood oxygen level drops many times during the night. It is likely that you have

D) sleep apnea

Stage 2 sleep is marked by the appearance of _______, trains of spikes in the EEG, and also larger single spikes called _______. A) K complex

D) sleep spindles; K complexes

As a child, Adrienne received a burn from a campfire and subsequently developed a fear of open flames. As she got older, the fear gradually faded until Adrienne had all but forgotten it. In her late teens, Adrienne was invited to a party at a neighbor's house. As she walked into the backyard, she noticed flames roaring up from a fire pit, and she felt fearful. Her behavior is an example of

D) spontaneous recovery.

Priming is evidence for the idea that our memories are connected with one another, and that recalling one memory influences recall of another memory, a concept called

D) spreading activation.

A _______ is a physical event that a sensory receptor cell might detect, whereas a _______ is the final interpretation of that physical event.

D) stimulus; percept

A reinforcer is a consequence that _______ a behavior.

D) strengthens

The key aspect of the hard problem of consciousness is the _______ of each individual's conscious experience.

D) subjectivity

Imagine you have a sibling, Henry, who is two years old. When he is thirsty, he says "Henry milk." This is an example of

D) telegraphic speech.

Ashley was telling her friend about a movie she saw last night when she realized she could not remember the lead actor's name. She could only remember that it began with a B. This is an example of

D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Short-term memory is now discussed by psychologists in terms of a system that keeps memories available during performance. This is also known as _______ memory.

D) working