Psych Chapter 5
Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
Vicarious Conditioning
Classical Conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
Conditioned Response
Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
Observational learning
Learning a new behavior by watching a model perform
Latent learning
Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
Classical Conditioning
Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex
Unconditioned stimulus
Naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response
Biofeedback
The use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control
Behavior Modification
The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
Token Economy
Type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens
Punishment
Any event or object that, when following a response, decreases the likelihood of that response occurring again
Thorndike's Law of Effect
A law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasurable response will tend to not be repeated
Unconditioned Response
An involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
Operant
Any behavior that is voluntary
Reinforcer
Any event of object that, when following a response, makes that response more likely to happen again
Negative reinforcement
Removal or escape from an unpleasant stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus
Neutral Stimulus
Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response
Insight
Sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
Instinctive Drift
Tendency for animal's to revert to genetically controlled patterns
Ivan Pavlov
The Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning though his work with dogs
Positive reinforcement
The addition of a pleasurable stimulus
Extinction
The disappearance or weakening of a learned response
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred
Positive Reinforcement
The reinforcement of a response that occurs when that response is followed by a pleasurable consequence
Continuous Reinforcement
The reinforcement of each and every correct response
Shaping
The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
Reinforcement
The strengthening of a response that occurs when that response is followed by a pleasurable consequence
Learned Helplessness
The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
Stimulus Discrimination
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
Stimulus Generalization
The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus