psych exam 4

When people are worried about what others think of them and decide to go along with the crowd is known as what?

Descriptive norms

Cynthia smiles when her friend tells her a joke. She also smiles when her boss gives her criticism. Even though Cynthia might not actually be feeling happy, she knows the ________ rules of her work environment. In other words, she knows when emotions are appropriate to show.

Display

When you drink spoiled milk or put a rancid piece of cheese in your mouth, you may spit it out before you have any cognitive awareness of why you are feeling disgusted. From an evolutionary perspective, this demonstrates which concept?

Emotions help us act with minimally conscious awareness.

Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience and more recent replications have shown that:

Female participants obediently shocked the experimental victim at a rate similar to males in the Milgram and other studies which was approximately 65% of participants.

Which of the following is an example of the planning fallacy?

Herald is graduating next week and believes the happiness he will feel will last for the next year. Herald is surprised when his happiness returns to normal level only a day after graduation.

Mood-congruent memory is occurring in which of the following scenarios?

John is currently sad and can more easily recall a time when he got in trouble for a late assignment.

People are usually motivated in some way when making social judgments and decisions. What often occurs as a result of having directional goals?

People may be skeptical about evidence that goes against their directional goal.

What is a potential positive outcome of the planning fallacy?

People might attempt projects that otherwise might have been avoided had the amount of effort or time needed been understood.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about affective forecasting?

People tend to be accurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings but inaccurate regarding the strength or duration of these emotions.

What did Ekman find from his work with the Facial Action Coding System?

The majority of culturally-diverse participants matched the expression with the emotion

___________ relies on psychological techniques; whereas, ______________ emphasizes communicating objective information.

The peripheral route processing; the central route processing

Which of the following is a possible outcome when individuals' implicit and explicit attitudes do not match?

They are unaware they hold an actual bias, such as a bias towards an ethnic minority.

Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer? (e.g., "Just answer one quick question")

They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction.

What is one of the implications of the Triad of Trustworthiness?

Without carefully considering the facts, people will believe someone high on the three factors

The durability bias occurs when a person overestimates how long their feelings might last. This bias is a type of:

affective forecasting

Obedience, even when it is destructive, is more likely when:

all are correct

Which factor decreased the rates of obedience in studies conducted by Milgram?

all are correct

Complementary views for assessing and understanding a phenomenon in psychology are referred to as levels of _____, and they range from the most general to the most specific.

analysis

A(n) __________ is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a target with a degree of favor or disfavor.

attitude

Jacinta believes that people who are military veterans are all brave, honorable, and respectable. These beliefs represent a(n) ______ that she has for veterans.

attitude

________ are opinions, feelings, and beliefs that a person holds about another person, a concept, or a group.

attitudes

The study of ______, which is a major topic of focus for social psychologists, examines the psychological process involved in having a sexual interest in another person.

attraction

Which of the following is NOT part of the proposed Triad of Trustworthiness?

attractiveness

Kathy is looking at a stack of books at a local bookstore, when Daina brushes past her, gently pushing Kathy. "Wow, she is very rude," Kathy thinks. This is an example of social _____, when occurs when we make educated guesses about the efforts or motives of another person.

attribution

Which heuristic would you likely use if you were asked, "are there more words in the English language that start with the letter "k" or that have "k" as the third letter in the word?"

availability heuristic

Shortly after she gets to her new college, 2500 miles away from home Tomasa goes to the school's activity fair to find some groups to join. She immediately signs up to audition for two different musical clubs, which are her interest. Her desire to join these groups may help to satisfy her need to _____.

belong

Which processing route focuses on logic and relevant material?

central

When being considered for a job opening, people being interviewed often mirror the interviewer's behavior. This can be explained by what concept?

chameleon affect

______ is the tendency to change one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm.

conformity

Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing?

descriptive norm

What do we rely on in situations in which there are no clear societal norms?

descriptive norms

In a popular movie about the Mafia, the head of the family chastises one of his sons, Sonny, for letting other people know what he was thinking and feeling. "Never let anyone outside the family know what you are thinking," the Mafia boss says to Sonny. From an emotions perspective, the father is speaking about _________.

display rules

Oscar would like to go to a movie without supervision. To try and get what he wants, he starts by asking his mom if he can go on a trip to the Rollercoaster Park with just his friends. When his mom says no, like he predicted, he goes on to ask if he can at least go to the movies by himself. Oscar's strategy in asking to go to the movies is an example of what persuasion trick?

door in the face

"Oh I know that I'll just be sad forever," Monique cries, after her first boyfriend broke up with her. "I'm never going to love again. My life is RUINED!" Given that she is unlikely to be sad forever, Monique is demonstrating the __________ bias.

durability

Which of the following is an implicit attitude task: the task presents images of faces of men and women and then measures the time it takes the research participant to label the photo as good or bad?

evaluating priming task

Calvin is interested in measuring his school's willingness to do volunteer work around the community. He sends out a self-report survey that asks students to directly fill out their _________ attitudes on the topic.

explicit

What is compared to a "recording" that always happens in the same way every time?

fixed action patterns

Which of the following is NOT a basic emotion?

guilt

Which of the following is an example of manipulating the trustworthiness of a speaker?

have the speaker present his/her message as educational or objective information

People naturally use mental "shortcuts" to simplify their social world. These shortcuts are known as:

heuristics

The Implicit Association Task (IAT) used in research, which records participants' reaction times to categorizing objects, is measuring what type of attitude?

implicit attitude

Conformity and obedience are two widely researched forms of social ____ that have received attention in the field of social psychology.

influence

Lulu has never been to the United States and is unsure what behavior is socially appropriate in certain situations. As a result, she conforms by going along with the crowd in order to understand the norm. Which of the following terms BEST describes this example?

informational influence

Exposing participants to weak arguments before presenting them with strong persuasive messages helps participants resist persuasion. What is this effect called?

innoculation

Kari visited the doctor recently who told her she needed to start eating better or she is at risk for a heart attack within the next few years. Kari is very motivated to view herself in a positive light and doesn't like the news the doctor gave her. She wonders if the doctor's tests could have been inaccurate. Kari's uncertainty over her health results from the doctor is an example of what?

motivated skepticism

Which research method is used in social psychology to avoid the problem of having participants change their thoughts or behaviors as a result of being watched?

naturalistic observation

Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. To fit in with the others and to avoid any disapproval, Hammond also begins to do the stretching exercises. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior?

normative influence

The line study conducted by Asch is a prime example of what process?

normative influence

Persuasion is most effective when individuals are:

not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened

Which processing route relies on heuristics?

peripheral

Emotions have

physiological and cognitive elements.

In order to study fear, a neuroscientist connects Natalie to an electroencephalograph (EEG) and then shows her a brief video of scary animals. These include wasps, snakes, and alligators. He then observes at Natalie shows activation in her amygdala. At which level of analysis has this scientist made his observations?

physiology

All of the following are functions of emotions EXCEPT

rationalizing past behavior

Tracy enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a salesman offering her water or soda and a cookie. The salesman is likely relying on what social norm to help persuade Tracy to buy a car?

reciprocity

When a bartender offers you a free taste, you feel obligated to purchase the drink. This is an example of:

reciprocity

Javari is teaching a psychology class and tells his students, "Kenna is 31, single, outspoken, and bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, Kenna was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues." When Javari asked his class if it was more likely that Kenna was A) a bank teller or B) a bank teller AND a feminist, most people in his class chose option B. Javari explained that their answer was incorrect because their _____________

representativeness

The ________ heuristic is one in which the likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one's mental conceptualization of the category.

representativeness

What is the area of social psychology that focuses on how people think about others and about the social world?

social cognition

______ describes the tendency to favor one's own in-group over another's outgroup.

social identity theory

Ben is playing basketball with his friends one day when he notices everyone else has name brand shoes. He is uncertain how the quality of his shoes compares to his friends but because of __________ he feels pressure to conform and ends up buying name brand shoes for himself by the following week.

social proof

The fact that none of us are alone in the world - that we are all affected by others and, in turn, affect others - is the emphasis of the study of _____.

social psychology

Rueben is in a biology class and the professor tells the students to find a lab partner. Rueben immediately approaches an Asian classmate because he believes that all Asian students are naturally good in math and science. Rueben's mental shortcut is an example of a(n) ______.

stereotype

The physiological reaction we feel when we experience fear is due to the activity of the ____ nervous system.

sympathetic

Jessica thinks the guy who cut her off on the freeway is a jerk. When she needs to exist herself, she cuts off the driver next to her as she switches lanes. She does not believe that she, herself, is a jerk; instead she thinks the situation led to her behavior. This is an example of:

the fundamental attribution error

Humans have a strong, innate desire to form connections with other people. This is known as:

the need to belong

Research suggests that the six basic emotions are

universal to all human beings.

Listening to your friend's advice for the best place to get ice cream over an ad that states the same place as the best ice cream shop in town is based on what technique?

word of mouth