Psychology final

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. flashpoint sensory memory hyperthymesia flashbulb memory

flashbulb memory

________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards. habit intrinsic extrinsic instinct

extrinsic

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________. extrovert neurotic archetype introvert

extrovert

The facial ________ hypothesis states that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions. reaction response mediation feedback

feedback

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? automatic processing sensory encoding effortful processing memory

memory

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? Erik Erikson Lawrence Kohlberg Abraham Maslow Jean Piaget

Erik Erikson

Which of the following statements about drive theory is incorrect? According to drive theory, deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs. According to drive theory, once our behavior successfully reduces a drive, we are more likely to repeat the behavior if the drive reoccurs. According to drive theory, we are driven to develop new physiological needs in order to motivate our own behavior. According to drive theory, needs result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need.

According to drive theory, we are driven to develop new physiological needs in order to motivate our own behavior.

Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion? According to the James-Lange theory, our appraisal of the stimulus determines our cognitions, which then influence our emotions; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus. According to the James-Lange theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal. According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor. According to the James-Lange theory, facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, facial expressions are incapable of influencing our emotions.

According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.

Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian Erik Erikson Carl Jung Karen Horney Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura

Who developed social-cognitive theory? Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Erik Erikson Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura

Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa? Anorexia is associated with binge eating, and bulimia is associated with starvation. More men than women suffer from bulimia. More men than women suffer from anorexia. Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.

Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect. Asch Milgram majority Zimbardo

Asch

Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common? Both theories focus on individual choices. Both theories are humanistic. Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy. Both theories reject biological determinism.

Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy

The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture. Cultural Themes Contemporary Stereotypes Contemporized-Themes Thematic Subjects

Contemporized-Themes

________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors. Dispositionism Moralism Collectivism Situationism

Dispositionism

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime.

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________. Five Factor Model Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Five Factor Model

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true? Authoritative parenting is never as beneficial as authoritarian parenting. In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting. American children benefit the most from authoritarian parenting. Authoritarian parenting is never as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study? Milgram was unethical. The Milgram study could never be repeated again because too many people know about it. Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person. Groups will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Who proposed the locus of control concept? Albert Bandura Walter Mischel Julian Rotter Carl Jung

Julian Rotter

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages? Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud Lawrence Kohlberg Jean Piaget

Lawrence Kohlberg

Who was the social psychology professor at Yale who designed an obedience study in order to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis? Asch Zimbardo Milgram Phillips

Milgram

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other. Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents. How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality. Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood.

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages? Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson Lawrence Kohlberg Jean Piaget

Sigmund Freud

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality? Sigmund Freud Hippocrates Wilhelm Wundt Immanuel Kant

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law? Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis. An individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task influences his ability to complete the task. Humans experience a spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization. Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? The amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories. The amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory. Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories. The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hostile aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain. The word "hostile" should be changed to the word "influential." The word "aggression" should be changed to the word "attitude." The word "hostile" should be changed to the word "instrumental." The word "goal" should be changed to the word "norm."

The word "hostile" should be changed to the word "instrumental."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation. The word "self-regulation" should be changed to the word "reactivity." The word "temperament" should be changed to the word "character." The word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity." The word "personality" should be changed to the word "self."

The word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity."

Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate? There are five types of love that can be described from the three components of love. There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. There are three types of love that can be described from the three components of love. There are three components of love: romance, fatuous, and infatuation.

There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. Character Rorschach Jungian Trait

Trait

How can we use conversion therapy to change someone's sexual orientation? We can follow the guidelines provided by Dr. Spitzer. We can use the James-Lange theory to change cognitions and emotions associated with the sexual orientation we wish to change. We cannot change someone's sexual orientation because it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed. We can apply the principles of the Yerkes-Dodson law to change the motivation for sexual orientation.

We cannot change someone's sexual orientation because it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed.

According to research, the need for ________ encourages Adam to engage politely with his coworkers. affiliation power intimacy achievement

affiliation

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to mow the lawn? after he has received some exciting news during a period of tranquility after he is relaxed from finishing his daily meditation immediately after his calming afternoon nap

after he has received some exciting news

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________. low self-efficacy a dependent personality an internal locus of control an external locus of control

an external locus of control

What is the just-world hypothesis? an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve a belief common in the United States that we will be rewarded in the afterlife a belief common in the United States that rejects the idea that people get the outcomes they deserve an ideology common in the United States that the rich are bad people who will eventually be punished

an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

________ is an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise. bulimia nervosa leptin nervosa satiation nervosa anorexia nervosa

anorexia nervosa

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others. regard attachment security nourishment

attachment

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? permissive authoritarian authoritative disorganized

authoritative

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively. lose their effectiveness result in a complete mental breakdown become neurotic strategies result in obsessive-compulsive behavior

become neurotic strategies

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. change the word "storage" to the word "engram" change the word "short-term" to the word "episodic" change the word "memory" to the word "neurotransmitter" change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. chunking elaborative rehearsal mnemonic device persistence

chunking

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. emotional artistic psychosocial cognitive

cognitive

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________. peripheral dissension perceptive deception cognitive dissonance aggressive discord

cognitive dissonance

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. construction; reconstruction information; misinformation equipotentiality; amnesia coding; recoding

construction; reconstruction

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________. consummate fatuous infatuation romantic

consummate

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood? developing a secure attachment to a caregiver confirming one's sexual orientation controlling the id developing a positive sense of self

developing a positive sense of self

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? reversibility conservation egocentrism pretend play

egocentrism

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________. society and social interaction, families, ecology, and religion emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition prejudice and discrimination, helping behavior, aggression, and group processes ethnographies, case studies, archives, and statistics

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. enigmatic processing encoding failure effortless processing effortful processing

encoding failure

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. physiological esteem self-actualization security

esteem

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________. fundamental attribution error fundamental attitude shift fundamental attitude shift central attitude shift

fundamental attribution error

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family? trust vs. mistrust intimacy vs. isolation generativity vs. stagnation initiative vs. guilt

generativity vs. stagnation

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? language acquisition cognitive capacity genes and biology environment and culture

genes and biology

What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus? group patterns groupthink pattern bias inter-group bias

groupthink

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. healthy cognitive processes high self-efficacy low self-efficacy moderate reciprocal determinism

high self-efficacy

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. transient hindsight egocentric stereotypical

hindsight

A person's ________ rate is the amount of energy she expends in a given period of time. leptin calorie satiation metabolic

metabolic

Drive theory states that deviations from ________ create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need. biology homeostasis emotions motivations

homeostasis

Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back into ________. locus homeostasis alignment neutral

homeostasis

________ refers to prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their same-sex orientation. misogyny sexism homophilia homophobia

homophobia

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. semantic implicit explicit sensory

implicit

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias. in-group scapegoating out-group confirmation

in-group

What is episodic memory? type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things information about events we have personally experienced knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts storage of facts and events we have personally experienced

information about events we have personally experienced

The concept conservation refers to ________. understanding that objects can be changed and then returned to their original form thinking logically about real (concrete) events knowing that symbols represent words, images, and ideas knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

In the following sentence, identify the extrinsic motivation. Kit, who lives with her father, maintains a 3.5 grade average in order to keep her phone, visits her mother every weekend because she wants to, and joins the high school basketball team because she enjoys the sport. living with her father joining the wrestling team visiting her mother maintaining a 3.5 grade average

maintaining a 3.5 grade average

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information happy memories are processed better than sad memories short-term memory itself has different forms

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal. instinct drive habit motivation

motivation

When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using? moving against people repression moving toward people reaction formation

moving toward people

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? stranger anxiety reversibility egocentrism object permanence

object permanence

Which type of persuasion involves an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message? head-in-the-sand peripheral route foot-in-the-door cognitive route

peripheral route

Food, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. social emotional physiological acceptance

physiological

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________. time and fear physiological and cognitive stimulus and appraisal physiological and arousal

physiological and cognitive

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? conventional post-conventional formal operational pre-conventional

pre-conventional

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires. self-report inventory psychoanalysis projective test trait analysis

projective test

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. psychosocial physical psychological mental

psychosocial

When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ________. altruism intimacy reciprocity balancee

reciprocity

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? reaction formation sublimation repression regression

regression

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. relearning hyperthymesia declarative memory rehearsal

rehearsal

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. hyperthymesia retrieval encoding hyperthymesia

retrieval

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. proactive active inactive retroactive

retroactive

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. flashbulb; retro-antero antero-retro; flashbulb anterograde; retrograde retrograde; anterograde

retrograde; anterograde

In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants. In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ________: the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal. in-group bias confirmation bias scapegoating discrimination

scapegoating

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? resistant disorganized avoidant secure

secure

The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs. selective migration discrimination emigration personality location elective immigration

selective migration

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. love good parenting self-efficacy self-actualization

self-actualization

If you believe you will win the hot dog eating competition, then you have a sense of ________, and you are more likely to enter the hot dog eating competition. self-efficacy instinct fulfillment extrinsic motivation

self-efficacy

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. sensory visual semantic acoustic

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory? procedural and implicit implicit and explicit semantic and episodic short-term and long-term

semantic and episodic

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. concrete operational formal operational preoperational sensorimotor

sensorimotor

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________. diagnosed with ADHD abused born addicted to cocaine separated from their parents

separated from their parents

Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________. xenophobic racist sexist typical

sexist

The ________ response cycle includes four phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. hormone luteal leptin sexual

sexual

Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________. diffusion of responsibility altruism aggression social loafing

social loafing

Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group. stereotypes cognitive dissonance diffusion of responsibility social exchange

stereotypes

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify? egocentrism pretend play conservation stranger anxiety

stranger anxiety

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? identity vs. confusion autonomy vs. shame/doubt industry vs. inferiority trust vs. mistrust

trust vs. mistrust

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory. how a fruit tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself your most recent visit to the dentist what the word chocolate means how to play the piano

what the word chocolate means

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood? younger average age for marriage changes in the workforce changing cultural expectations taking longer to complete a college degree

younger average age for marriage