questions i keep freakin missing pt 2 2019

string quartet

2 violins, viola, cello, was developed into its present form by the Austrian composer Joseph Haydn

gnosticism

A group of heretical religious movements that claimed salvation comes from secret knowledge available only to the elite initiated in that religion. Denied the existence of God entirely, and accepted that the body was evil.

Apocrypha

A word that means "hidden." The term describes the extra section of Protestant Bibles where the additional Old Testament books of the Greek Septuagint from Catholic Bibles are placed. Also refers to scripture that is not canon

John Cage

American composer, music theorist, artist, and philosopher. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, he was one of the leading figures of the post-war avant-garde. He was also instrumental in the development of modern dance, mostly through his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also his romantic partner for most of their lives. He was also a pioneer of the prepared piano (a piano with its sound altered by objects placed between or on its strings or hammers), for which he wrote numerous dance-related works and a few concert pieces. The best known of these is Sonatas and Interludes. Through his studies of Indian philosophy and Zen Buddhism in the late 1940s, he came to the idea of aleatoric or chance-controlled music, which he started composing in 1951. He composed Water Music using conch shells, Imaginary Landscape No.4 for 12 radios tuned to random stations, and Music of Changes for piano. Name this composer of aleatory music who composed 4'33"

Dvorak

Czech composer, one of the first to achieve worldwide recognition. He frequently employed rhythms and other aspects of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia. His own style has been described as "the fullest recreation of a national idiom with that of the symphonic tradition, absorbing folk influences and finding effective ways of using them". Name this composer of the Slavonic Dances, Stabat Mater, Dumky Trio, the American String Quartet, Rusalka, and his Symphony From the New World

The Nose

Dmitri Shostakovich's first opera, a satirical work completed in 1928 based on Nikolai Gogol's story of the same name. The opera was written between 1927 and 1928. The libretto is by Shostakovich, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Georgy Ionin, and Alexander Preis. Shostakovich stated it was a satire on the times of Alexander I. The plot concerns a Saint Petersburg official whose title facial feature leaves his face and develops a life of its own.

vermeer

Dutch Baroque Period painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle class life. He is particularly renowned for his masterly treatment and use of light in his work, as well as his use of expensive pigments and relatively view artworks. "Almost all his paintings are apparently set in two smallish rooms in his house in Delft; they show the same furniture and decorations in various arrangements and they often portray the same people, mostly women." His works include The Girl with the Wine Glass, The Music Lesson or A Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman, Art of Painting or The Allegory of Painting, The Little Street, The Astronomer, A View of Delft after the Explosion, The Geographer, and Lady Seated at a Virginal. Name this Dutch artist of his most notable pieces The Milkmaid, View of Delft, and Girl with a Pearl Earring

Cezanne

French artist and Post-Impressionist painter who is said to have formed the bridge between late 19th-century Impressionism and the early 20th century's new line of artistic enquiry, Cubism. His careful study of his subjects, repetitive brushstrokes, planes of color are characteristic of his most notable works Pyramid of Skulls, Mont Sainte-Victoire seen from Bellevue, Apothéose de Delacroix, Rideau, Cruchon et Compotier,The Card Players, and The Bathers. Name this artist dubbed "the father of us all" by Matisse and Picasso

Henri Rousseau

French post-impressionist painter in the Naïve or Primitive manner. He was also known as Le Douanier (the customs officer), a humorous description of his occupation as a toll and tax collector. Some of his most notable works include The Sleeping Gypsy, Tiger in a Tropical Storm, The Hungry Lion Throws Itself on the Antelope, and Boy on the Rocks. Name this artist whose final painting is The Dream.

Schiller

German poet, philosopher, physician, historian and playwright. Contributing to Weimer Classicism with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, they worked together on Xenien. Name this Sturm und Drang playwright of works such as The Robbers, Don Carlos, Wallenstein Trilogy, Mary Stuart, and William Tell

Bertolt Brecht

German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet. Coming of age during the Weimar Republic, he had his first successes as a playwright in Munich and moved to Berlin in 1924, where he wrote The Threepenny Opera with Kurt Weill. Immersed in Marxist thought during this period, he wrote didactic Lehrstücke and became a leading theoretician of epic theatre (which he later preferred to call "dialectical theatre") and the so-called V-effect. Name this playwright of Life of Galileo, The Good Person of Szechwan, Mr Puntila and his Man Matti, The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, The Caucasian Chalk Circle, and Mother Courage and Her Children

Mies van der Rohe

German-American architect, regarded as one of the pioneers of modernist architecture. He was the last director of the Bauhaus, a seminal school in modern architecture. He emigrated to the United States and accepted the position to head the architecture school at the Armour Institute of Technology, in Chicago. He called his buildings "skin and bones" architecture and is often associated with his fondness for the aphorisms, "less is more" and "God is in the details". Name this International style architect of the Seagram Building, the Farnsworth House, Tugendhat House, Crown Hall, and the Barcelona Pavilion

Amazons

In Greek mythology, they were a tribe of warrior women believed to live in Asia Minor. Apollonius Rhodius, in his Argonautica, mentions that the tribe were the daughters of Ares and Harmonia (a nymph of the Akmonian Wood), that they were brutal and aggressive, and their main concern in life was war. Notable queens of this mythical tribe are Penthesilea, who participated in the Trojan War, and her sister Hippolyta, whose magical girdle, given to her by her father Ares, was the object of one of the labours of Heracles.

Python

In Greek mythology, this was the serpent, sometimes represented as a medieval-style dragon, living at the center of the earth, believed by the ancient Greeks to be at Delphi. He presided at the Delphic oracle, which existed in the cult center for its mother, Gaia, "Earth," Pytho being the place name that was substituted for the earlier Krisa. Greeks considered the site to be the center of the earth, represented by a stone, the omphalos or navel, which this monster guarded. Name the Greek monster who became the chthonic enemy of the later Olympian deity Apollo, who slew it and took over it's former home and oracle.

Paganini

Italian violinist, violist, guitarist, and composer. He was the most celebrated violin virtuoso of his time, and left his mark as one of the pillars of modern violin technique. His 24 Caprices for Solo Violin Op. 1 are among the best known of his compositions, and have served as an inspiration for many prominent composers. Many of his variations, including Le Streghe, The Carnival of Venice, and Nel cor più non mi sento, were composed, or at least first performed, before his European concert tour. Sounds of different musical instruments and animals were often imitated. One such composition was titled Il Fandango Spanolo (The Spanish Dance), which featured a series of humorous imitations of farm animals. Even more outrageous was a solo piece Duetto Amoroso, in which the sighs and groans of lovers were intimately depicted on the violin. He owned both a Stradivari and a Guarneri violin. Name this legendary violinist who allegedly "sold his soul to the devil," for his amazing talent, but was probably more accurately his Marfan syndrome, giving him his longer than average fingers

Frank Capra

Italian-American film director, producer and writer who became the creative force behind some of the major award-winning films of the 1930s and 1940s. Born in Italy and raised in Los Angeles from the age of five, his rags-to-riches story has led film historians such as Ian Freer to consider him the "American Dream personified." Among his leading films were It Happened One Night, You Can't Take It with You, and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington; he was nominated as Best Director and as producer for Academy Award for Best Picture on all three films, winning both awards on the first two. During World War II, he served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and produced propaganda films, such as the Why We Fight series. Name this Italian-American director whose later film It's a Wonderful Life was a box-office flop

groundlings

Peasants; The lower class in Shakespeare's time who paid a penny to see a play, also called "penny stinkers"

Jupiter Symphony

The longest and last symphony that he composed, it is regarded by many critics as among the greatest symphonies in classical music. The work's nickname stems not from Mozart but rather was likely coined by the impresario Johann Peter Salomon. What is this alternative name for Mozart's Symphony No. 41

foreshortening

The use of perspective to represent in art the apparent visual contraction of an object that extends back in space at an angle to the perpendicular plane of sight. Name this art technique exemplified in The Mourning over the Dead Christ by Andrea Mantegna.

The Night Watch

a 1642 painting by Rembrandt van Rijn and is one of the most famous Dutch Golden Age paintings. The painting is famous for three things: its colossal size, the dramatic use of light and shadow (tenebrism) and the perception of motion in what would have traditionally been a static military group portrait. With effective use of sunlight and shade, Rembrandt leads the eye to the three most important characters among the crowd: the two men in the center (from whom the painting gets its original title), and the woman in the centre-left background carrying a chicken. Name this painting whose full title is Militia Company of District II under the Command of Captain Frans Banninck Cocq or The Shooting Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch

All for Love

a 1677 heroic drama by John Dryden which is now his best-known and most performed play. It is a tragedy written in blank verse and is an attempt on Dryden's part to reinvigorate serious drama. It is an acknowledged imitation of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, and focuses on the last hours of the lives of its hero and heroine. Although it ostensibly deals with the same topic as Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, Dryden confines the action to Alexandria and focuses on the end of their doomed relationship. Name this Dryden work, which carries the subtitle "or, the World Well Lost"

No Exit

a 1944 existentialist French play by Jean-Paul Sartre. The original title is the French equivalent of the legal term in camera, referring to a private discussion behind closed doors. It is a depiction of the afterlife in which three deceased characters are punished by being locked into a room together for eternity. It is the source of Sartre's especially famous quotation "L'enfer, c'est les autres" or "Hell is other people". Name this existentialist drama featuring the three damned souls, Joseph Garcin, Inès Serrano, and Estelle Rigault.

Exit Through the Gift Shop

a 2010 British documentary film, directed by street artist Banksy. It tells the story of Thierry Guetta, a French immigrant in Los Angeles, and his obsession with street art. The film charts Guetta's constant documenting of his every waking moment on film, from a chance encounter with his cousin, the artist Invader, to his introduction to a host of street artists with a focus on Shepard Fairey and Banksy, whose anonymity is preserved by obscuring his face and altering his voice, to Guetta's eventual fame as a street artist himself. The film premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival on 24 January 2010, and it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Since its release, there has been extensive debate over whether the documentary is genuine or a mockumentary, although Banksy answered "Yes" when asked if the film is real.

I.M. Pei

a Chinese-American architect. His first major recognition came with the Mesa Laboratory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado. Among his buildings are the John F. Kennedy Library, Dallas City Hall, the East Building of the National Gallery of Art, Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center, the Miho Museum, Suzhou Museum, and the Museum of Islamic Art. Name this Pritzker prize winner, famous for his glass and steel pyramids, seen in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Musee de Louvre?

Smetana

a Czech composer who pioneered the development of a musical style that became closely identified with his country's aspirations to independent statehood. He has been regarded in his homeland as the father of Czech music. Internationally he is best known for his opera The Bartered Bride and for the symphonic cycle Má vlast ("My Homeland"), which portrays the history, legends and landscape of the composer's native Bohemia. It contains the famous symphonic poem "Vltava", also known by its English name "The Moldau".

Vermeer

a Dutch Baroque Period painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle class life. Regarded as one of the best artists of the Dutch Golden Age, he utilized expensive pigments and a masterful use of light in his works. Among his works are "The Little Street", "The Milkmaid", "Woman Holding a Balance", "View of Delft", and most notably "Girl with a Pearl Earring"

Rembrandt

a Dutch draughtsman, painter, and printmaker. He is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art and the most important in Dutch art history. In a number of biblical works, including The Raising of the Cross, Joseph Telling His Dreams and The Stoning of Saint Stephen, this artist painted himself as a character in the crowd. He has nearly 40 self portraits in his repertoire. He completed Judas Repentant, Returning the Pieces of Silver and The Artist in His Studio, works that constitute the first major progress in his development as a painter. Name the artist responsible for The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, Belshazzar's Feast, The Night Watch, Bathsheba at Her Bath, Syndics of the Drapers' Guild, and the etching The Hundred Guilder Print

Sibelius

a Finnish composer and violinist of the late Romantic and early-modern periods. He is widely recognized as his country's greatest composer and, through his music, is often credited with having helped Finland to develop a national identity during its struggle for independence from Russia. His best-known compositions are Finlandia, the Karelia Suite, Valse triste, the Violin Concerto, the choral symphony Kullervo, and The Swan of Tuonela (from the Lemminkäinen Suite), the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala, and the opera Jungfrun i tornet (The Maiden in the Tower). He composed prolifically until the mid-1920s, but after completing his Seventh Symphony, the incidental music for The Tempest and the tone poem Tapiola, he stopped producing major works in his last thirty years, a stunning and perplexing decline commonly referred to as "The Silence of Järvenpää", the location of his home.

Renoir

a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. He had his first success at the Salon of 1868 with his painting Lise with a Parasol, which depicted Lise Tréhot, his lover at the time. This man created two paintings including another artist and colleague of the time period, Portrait of Claude Monet and Claude Monet Painting in His Garden at Argenteuil. Name this artist of Dance in the Country, Dance in the City, A Girl with a Watering Can, Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette, and his famous Luncheon of the Boating Party

Matisse

a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known primarily as a painter. The intense colorism of the works he painted between 1900 and 1905 brought him notoriety as one of the Fauves (wild beasts). Other artists of the time period greatly influenced his early works, such as Study of a Nude and Still Life with Compote, Apples, and Oranges. After plunging into his famous Fauvist style, he painted the most important of his works in the neo-Impressionist style, Luxe, Calme et Volupté. He showed Open Window and Woman with the Hat at a completely Fauvist exhibit at the Salon d'Automne in 1905. Name this Frenchman responsible for such works as Blue Nude, Luxembourg Gardens, Portrait of Madame Matisse (The green line), and The Dance

Guaguin

a French post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, he is now recognized for his experimental use of color and Synthetist style that were distinct from Impressionism. His work was influential to the French avant-garde and many modern artists, such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. He was an important figure in the Symbolist movement as a painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, and writer. He met and painted with Camille Pissaro and van Gogh, even featuring van Gogh in 2 of his works; The Painter of Sunflowers and Vincent van Gogh, (Man in a Red Beret). Name this artist of numerous scenes of Breton and French Polynesia, as well as The Yellow Christ and Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?

Richard Strauss

a German composer, conductor, pianist, and violinist. Considered a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras, he also represents the late flowering of German Romanticism after Wagner. His compositional output began in 1870 when he was just six years old and lasted until his death nearly eighty years later. His first tone poem to achieve wide acclaim was Don Juan, and this was followed by other lauded works of this kind, including Death and Transfiguration, Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks, Also sprach Zarathustra, Don Quixote, Ein Heldenleben, Symphonia Domestica, and An Alpine Symphony. His first opera to achieve international fame was Salome that was a German translation of the French play Salomé by Oscar Wilde. This was followed by several critically acclaimed operas: Elektra, Der Rosenkavalier, Ariadne auf Naxos, Die Frau ohne Schatten, Die ägyptische Helena, and Arabella and his last operas, Daphne, Friedenstag, Die Liebe der Danae and Capriccio. Other well-known works by this composer include 2 symphonies, lieder (especially his Four Last Songs from 1948), the Violin Concerto in D minor, the Horn Concerto No. 1, Horn Concerto No. 2, his Oboe Concerto and other instrumental works such as Metamorphosen.

The Picture of Dorian Gray

a Gothic and philosophical novel by Oscar Wilde, first published complete in the July 1890 issue of Lippincott's Monthly Magazine. The title character is the subject of a full-length portrait in oil by Basil Hallward, an artist impressed and infatuated with his beauty; he believes that Dorian's beauty is responsible for the new mood in his art as a painter. Through Basil, Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton, and he soon is enthralled by the aristocrat's hedonistic world view: that beauty and sensual fulfilment are the only things worth pursuing in life.Newly understanding that his beauty will fade, Dorian expresses the desire to sell his soul, to ensure that the picture, rather than he, will age and fade. The wish is granted, and Dorian pursues a libertine life of varied amoral experiences while staying young and beautiful; all the while, his portrait ages and records every sin. Name this only novel by Oscar Wilde

Lohengrin

a Romantic opera in three acts composed and written by Richard Wagner. The story of the eponymous character is taken from medieval German romance, notably the Parzival of Wolfram von Eschenbach and its sequel, itself inspired by the epic of Garin le Loherain. It is part of the Knight of the Swan legend. The most popular and recognizable part of the opera is the Bridal Chorus, better known as "Here Comes the Bride", often played as a processional at weddings in the West. Name this opera that ends with Elsa falling to the ground dead with grief after the title Knight begins his return home.

Mussorgsky

a Russian composer, one of the group known as "The Five". An innovator of Russian music in the romantic period, he strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music. Many of his works were inspired by Russian history, Russian folklore, and other national themes. Such works include the opera Boris Godunov, the orchestral tone poem Night on Bald Mountain and the piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition.

August Strindberg

a Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist and painter. Among his famous works are The Father, Miss Julie, Inferno, To Damascus, The Dance of Death, and A Dream Play, The Ghost Sonata. Name this figure who is considered the "father" of modern Swedish literature and his The Red Room has frequently been described as the first modern Swedish novel.

waltz

a ballroom and folk dance, normally in triple time, performed primarily in closed position.

Arch Bridge

a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. These bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side. A viaduct (a long bridge) may be made from a series of the title support, although other more economical structures are typically used today. Name this type of bridge heavily utilized in Ancient Greek, Ancient Roman, French, and Japanese architecture

St. Peter's Basilica

a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal enclave which is within the city of Rome. Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, it is the most renowned work of Renaissance architecture and the largest church in the world. The "old" version of this building was the 4th-century church begun by the Emperor Constantine the Great between 319 and 333 AD. The basilica is cruciform in shape, with an elongated nave in the Latin cross form, though its original plan featured a more Roman inspired floor plan. One of the decorated bronze doors leading from the narthex, or entrance hall, is the Holy Door, only opened during jubilees. Name this staple of the Vatican skyline, surrounded by a square of the same name.

Well-Tempered Clavier

a collection of two sets of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys, composed for solo keyboard by Johann Sebastian Bach. Each set contains twenty-four pairs of prelude and fugue. The first pair is in C major, the second in C minor, the third in C♯ major, the fourth in C♯ minor, and so on. The rising chromatic pattern continues until every key has been represented, finishing with a B minor fugue. Bach gave the title Das Wohltemperirte Clavier to a book of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys, dated 1722, composed "for the profit and use of musical youth desirous of learning, and especially for the pastime of those already skilled in this study"

H.M.S. Pinafore

a comic opera in two acts, with music by Arthur Sullivan and a libretto by W. S. Gilbert. The story takes place aboard the title ship. The captain's daughter, Josephine, is in love with a lower-class sailor, Ralph Rackstraw, although her father intends her to marry Sir Joseph Porter, the First Lord of the Admiralty. She abides by her father's wishes at first, but Sir Joseph's advocacy of the equality of humankind encourages Ralph and Josephine to overturn conventional social order. They declare their love for each other and eventually plan to elope. The captain discovers this plan, but, as in many of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, a surprise disclosure changes things dramatically near the end of the story. Name this 4th operatic collaboration between Gilbert and Sullivan, whose alternate title is The Lass That Loved a Sailor

largo

a composition or passage that is to be performed in a slow and dignified manner.

1812 Overture

a festival overture in E♭ major, Op. 49 is a concert overture written in 1880 by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to commemorate the successful Russian defence against Napoleon's invading Grande Armée in 1812. Tchaikovsky himself conducted another performance at the dedication of Carnegie Hall in New York City. That was one of the first times a major European composer visited the United States. The 15 minute overture is best known for its climactic volley of cannon fire, ringing chimes, and brass fanfare finale. It has also become a common accompaniment to fireworks displays on the United States' Independence Day. Name this piece, one of Tchaikovsky's most popular works, whose full title is The Year 1812 Solemn Overture

concertina

a free-reed musical instrument, like the various accordions and the harmonica. It consists of expanding and contracting bellows, with buttons (or keys) usually on both ends, unlike accordion buttons, which are on the front.

The Last Judgement

a fresco by the Italian Renaissance painter Michelangelo covering the whole altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City. It is a depiction of the Second Coming of Christ and the final and eternal judgment by God of all humanity. The work took over four years to complete between 1536 and 1541, began working on it twenty-five years after having finished the Sistine Chapel ceiling, and was nearly 67 at its completion. Michelangelo originally accepted the commission from Pope Clement VII, but it was completed under Pope Paul III, whose stronger reforming views probably affected the final treatment. In the lower part of the fresco, Michelangelo followed tradition in showing the saved ascending at the left and the damned descending at the right. In the upper part, the inhabitants of Heaven are joined by the newly saved. The fresco is more monochromatic than the ceiling frescoes and is dominated by the tones of flesh and sky. The cleaning and restoration of the fresco, however, revealed a greater chromatic range than previously apparent. Orange, green, yellow, and blue are scattered throughout, animating and unifying the complex scene.

pastoral

a genre of literature, art, and music that depicts the life of shepherds in an idealized manner, typically for urban audiences, also known as bucolic, from the Greek, meaning a cowherd. Rousseau's Le Devin du village draws from the roots of this style, and Metastasio's libretto Il re pastore was set over 30 times, most famously by Mozart. Beethoven also wrote a famous symphony bearing this name, avoiding his usual musical dynamism in favour of relatively slow rhythms.

blank verse

a literary device defined as un-rhyming verse written in iambic pentameter.In poetry and prose, it has a consistent meter with 10 syllables in each line (pentameter); where, unstressed syllables are followed by stressed ones, five of which are stressed but do not rhyme.

noh

a major form of classical Japanese dance-drama that has been performed since the 14th century. Developed by Kan'ami and his son Zeami, it is the oldest major theatre art that is still regularly performed today. It is often based on tales from traditional literature with a supernatural being transformed into human form as a hero narrating a story, integrates masks, costumes and various props in a dance-based performance, requiring highly trained actors and musicians. Name this form of Japanese drama legendarily enjoyed by nobles and samurai

Jehovah's Witness

a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. Their Governing Body, a group of elders in Warwick, New York, United States, establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity. The group emerged from the Bible Student movement founded in the late 1870s by Charles Taze Russell, who also co-founded Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881 to organize and print the movement's publications. Name this religious sect best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and for refusing military service and blood transfusions.

The Color Purple

a musical with a book by Marsha Norman and music and lyrics by Brenda Russell, Allee Willis, and Stephen Bray. Based on the 1982 novel of the same name by Alice Walker and its 1985 film adaptation, the show follows the journey of Celie, an African-American woman in the American South from the early to mid-20th century. Name this musical consisting of characters such as Celie, Shug Avery, Sofia, Mister/Albert, Harpo, and Nettie

Kiss me, Kate

a musical written by Bella and Samuel Spewack with music and lyrics by Cole Porter. The story involves the production of a musical version of William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew and the conflict on and off-stage between Fred Graham, the show's director, producer, and star, and his leading lady, his ex-wife Lilli Vanessi. A secondary romance concerns Lois Lane, the actress playing Bianca, and her gambler boyfriend, Bill, who runs afoul of some gangsters. Name this musical featuring the songs "So in Love" and "I Hate Men"

Lady with an Ermine

a painting by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci from around 1489-1490 and one of Poland's national treasures. The portrait's subject is Cecilia Gallerani, painted at a time when she was the mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, and Leonardo was in the Duke's service. It is one of only four portraits of women painted by Leonardo, the others being the Mona Lisa, the portrait of Ginevra de' Benci, and La belle ferronnière. The small portrait was painted in oils on a wooden panel. The woman in the portrait holds a white stoat and is in normal dress, with her hair flat against her head.

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

a play by Edward Albee first staged in 1962. It examines the complexities of the marriage of a middle-aged couple, Martha and George. Late one evening, after a university faculty party, they receive an unwitting younger couple, Nick and Honey, as guests, and draw them into their bitter and frustrated relationship. The play is in three acts, normally taking a little less than three hours to perform, with two 10-minute intermissions. The title is a pun on the song "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" from Walt Disney's Three Little Pigs, substituting the name of the celebrated English author Virginia Woolf. Martha and George repeatedly sing this version of the song throughout the play.

A Raisin in the Sun

a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959. The title comes from the poem "Harlem" (also known as "A Dream Deferred") by Langston Hughes. The story tells of a black family's experiences in south Chicago, as they attempt to improve their financial circumstances with an insurance payout following the death of the father. The New York Drama Critics' Circle named it the best play of 1959. Name this play that follows the story of Walter and Ruth Younger, their son Travis, along with Walter's mother Lena (Mama) and Walter's sister Beneatha

Abstract Expressionism

a post-World War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York in the 1940s. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris. In the United States, Alfred Barr was the first to use this term in 1929 in relation to works by Wassily Kandinsky. The movement encompassed "action painting" as well as color field painting, associated with Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko, respectively. Name this movement including other such artists as Willem de Kooning, Wassily Kandinsky, Jay Meuser, and Helen Frankenthaler, all dedicated to showing emotion rather than a coherent artwork

Diego Rivera

a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the Mexican mural movement in Mexican art. Between 1922 and 1953, he painted murals in, among other places, Mexico City, Chapingo, Cuernavaca, San Francisco, Detroit, and New York City. In 1931, a retrospective exhibition of his works was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. He had a volatile marriage with fellow Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. Among his notable works are his murals Man, Controller of the Universe, The History of Mexico, and Detroit Industry Murals. Name this memorably socialist muralist of Mexico

shinto

a religion originating from Japan. Classified as an East Asian religion by scholars of religion, its practitioners often regard it as Japan's indigenous religion. The faith is polytheistic and revolves around the kami ("gods" or "spirits"), supernatural entities believed to inhabit all things. The link between the kami and the natural world has led to Shinto being considered animistic and pantheistic. The origin of the kami and of Japan itself are recounted in two eighth-century texts, Kojiki and Nihon shoki. Name this Japanese religion which literally translates as "the way of the kami", and features gods such as Amenominakanushi, Takamimusuhi no Mikoto, Kamimusuhi no Mikoto, Amaterasu (the sun kami), Tsukiyomi (the moon kami), and Susanoo (the storm kami)

flying buttress

a specific form of buttress composed of an arch that extends from the upper portion of a wall to a pier of great mass, in order to convey to the ground the lateral forces that push a wall outwards, which are forces that arise from vaulted ceilings of stone and from wind-loading on roofs. Very prominent in Gothic and Neo-Gothic architecture

Baroque

a style of art that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1740s. It was encouraged by the Catholic Church as a means to counter the simplicity and austerity of Protestant architecture, art and music. The style used contrast, movement, exuberant detail, deep colour, grandeur and surprise to achieve a sense of awe. In their palette, they used intense and warm colors, and particularly made use of the primary colors red, blue and yellow, frequently putting all three in close proximity, as well as extreme uses of light and dark. All paintings were meant to convey intense movement and drama, as well as the heavy use of allegory. Famous pieces in this style include The Raising of the Cross by Peter Paul Rubens, Las Meninas by Diego Velazquez, Self-Portrait with Two Circles by Rembrandt van Rijn, The Garden of Love by Peter Paul Rubens, The Rokeby Venus by Diego Velazquez, and Landscape with a Calm by Nicolas Poussin.

Grand Canyon Suite

a suite for orchestra by Ferde Grofé, composed between 1929 and 1931. It was initially titled Five Pictures of this title location. It consists of five movements, each an evocation in tone of a particular scene typical of the place. Paul Whiteman and his orchestra gave the first public performance of the work, in concert at the Studebaker Theatre in Chicago on November 22, 1931. Name this suite whose movements consist of: I. Sunrise, II. Painted Desert, III. On the Trail, IV. Sunset and V. Cloudburst

A Doll's House

a three-act play written by Norway's Henrik Ibsen. The play is set in a Norwegian town circa 1879. The play is significant for the way it deals with the fate of a married woman, who at the time in Norway lacked reasonable opportunities for self-fulfillment in a male-dominated world, despite the fact that Ibsen denies it was his intent to write a feminist play. It aroused a great sensation at the time, and caused a "storm of outraged controversy" that went beyond the theatre to the world newspapers and society. Name this Ibsen play that features the Helmer family, Nora and husband Torvald, their children Bobby and Emmy, Dr. Rank, and Kristine Linde, in which Nora is the "doll" in question

tenor

a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the countertenor and baritone voice types. It is one of the highest of the male voice types. Otello and Doctor Faust are both famous opera roles in this voice type

Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis

a work for string orchestra by the British composer Ralph Vaughan Williams. It was composed in 1910 and performed for the first time on 10 September that year at Gloucester Cathedral for the Three Choirs Festival. The work takes its name from the original composer of the melody

Shiva

also known as Mahadeva, this god is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Shaivism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism. He is known as "The Destroyer" within the Trimurti, the Hindu trinity that includes Brahma and Vishnu. In Shaivism tradition, he is one of the supreme beings who creates, protects and transforms the universe. In the Shaktism tradition, the Goddess, or Devi, is described as one of the supreme, yet he is revered along with Vishnu and Brahma. A goddess is stated to be the energy and creative power (Shakti) of each, with Parvati (Sati) the equal complementary partner of this god. He is one of the five equivalent deities in Panchayatana puja of the Smarta tradition of Hinduism. The iconographical attributes of this god are the serpent around his neck, the adorning crescent moon, the holy river Ganga flowing from his matted hair, the third eye on his forehead, the trishula or trident, as his weapon, and the damaru drum. Name this major Hindu god who's name translates to "nothingness"

Rokeby Venus

also known as The Toilet of Venus, Venus at her Mirror, Venus and Cupid, or La Venus del espejo, is a painting by Diego Velázquez, the leading artist of the Spanish Golden Age. Completed between 1647 and 1651, and probably painted during the artist's visit to Italy, the work depicts the goddess Venus in a sensual pose, lying on a bed and looking into a mirror held by the Roman god of physical love, her son Cupid. The painting is in the National Gallery, London. Name this only surviving nude by Velasquez

graces

also known as the charites, these were the three or more minor goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, and fertility, the daughters of Zeus and Oceanid Eurynome. The usual roster, as given in Hesiod, is Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thalia ("Blooming"). Hesiod states that Aglaea is the youngest of this group and the wife of Hephaestus. Name these minor goddesses also associated with the Greek underworld and the Eleusinian Mysteries.

Islam

an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God (Allah), and that Muhammad is a messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion with over 1.9 billion followers, commonly known as Muslims. This religion teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and has guided mankind through prophets, revealed scriptures and natural signs. The primary scriptures are the Quran, believed to be the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative examples (called the sunnah, composed of accounts called hadith) of Muhammad. Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law (sharia), which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment. The cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in this faith. The religion features two dominant sects; Sunni and Shia, in which Sunni is the most abundant. Name this fastest growing major religion in the world

Alvin Ailey

an African-American dancer, director, choreographer, and activist who founded his namesake American Dance Theater, one of the most successful dance companies in the world. His choreographic masterpiece Revelations is recognized as one of the most popular and most performed ballets in the world. The ballet charts the full range of feelings from the majestic "I Been 'Buked" to the rapturous "Wade in the Water", closing with the electrifying finale, "Rocka My Soul in the Bosom of Abraham." Name this choreographer whose first dance masterpiece was titled Blues Suite

Whistler

an American artist active during the American Gilded Age and based primarily in the United Kingdom. He was averse to sentimentality and moral allusion in painting, and a leading proponent of the credo "art for art's sake". His signature for his paintings took the shape of a stylized butterfly possessing a long stinger for a tail. He entitled many of his paintings "arrangements", "harmonies", and "nocturnes", emphasizing the primacy of tonal harmony. Among his oddly named paintings are, "Symphony in White No.1: The White Girl," "Nocturne: Blue and Gold - Old Battersea Bridge," and "Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket". His most famous painting Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, commonly known as Whistler's Mother, is a revered and often parodied portrait of motherhood.

Norman Rockwell

an American author, painter and illustrator. His works have a broad popular appeal in the United States for their reflection of American culture. He is most famous for the cover illustrations of everyday life he created for The Saturday Evening Post magazine over nearly 5 decades. Among the best-known of Rockwell's works are the Willie Gillis series, Rosie the Riveter, The Problem We All Live With, Saying Grace, and the Four Freedoms series. He was also commissioned to illustrate more than 40 books, including Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn as well as painting the portraits for Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, as well as those of foreign figures, including Gamal Abdel Nasser and Jawaharlal Nehru. Name this artist with over 4,000 original artworks in his repertoire

Jerome Robbins

an American choreographer, director, dancer, and theater producer who worked in classical ballet, on stage, film, and television. Among his numerous stage productions were On the Town, Peter Pan, High Button Shoes, The King and I, The Pajama Game, Bells Are Ringing, West Side Story, Gypsy, and Fiddler on the Roof. He was a five-time Tony Award-winner and a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors. He received two Academy Awards, including the 1961 Academy Award for Best Director with Robert Wise for West Side Story. Name this man whose documentary was titled Something to Dance About

Bob Fosse

an American dancer, musical-theatre choreographer, actor and theatre and film director. He directed and choreographed musical works on stage and screen, including the stage musicals The Pajama Game (choreography) in 1954 and Chicago in 1975 and the film Cabaret in 1972. His distinctive style of choreography included turned-in knees and "jazz hands." He is the only person ever to have won Oscar, Emmy, and Tony awards in the same year. He was nominated for 4 Academy Awards, winning Best Director for Cabaret, and won a record 8 Tonys for his choreography, as well as one for direction for Pippin.

Eugene O'Neill

an American playwright and Nobel laureate in Literature. Of his very few comedies, only one is well-known (Ah, Wilderness!). His masterpiece, Long Day's Journey into Night (produced posthumously 1956), is at the apex of a long string of great plays, including Beyond the Horizon, Anna Christie, Strange Interlude, Ah! Wilderness, and The Iceman Cometh.

Arthur Miller

an American playwright, essayist, and a controversial figure in the twentieth-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, The Crucible and A View from the Bridge. He wrote several screenplays and was most noted for his work on The Misfits. Name this playwright who was often in the public eye, partly due to his numerous awards on account of his literary genius, and partly due to his marriage to Marilyn Monroe

mamet

an American playwright, film director, screenwriter and author. He won a Pulitzer Prize and received Tony nominations for his plays Glengarry Glen Ross and Speed-the-Plow. He first gained critical acclaim for a trio of off-Broadway 1970s plays: The Duck Variations, Sexual Perversity in Chicago, and American Buffalo. His plays Race and The Penitent, respectively, opened on Broadway in 2009 and previewed off-Broadway in 2017.

Mamet

an American playwright, film director, screenwriter and author. He won a Pulitzer Prize and received Tony nominations for his plays Glengarry Glen Ross and Speed-the-Plow. He first gained critical acclaim for a trio of off-Broadway 1970s plays: The Duck Variations, Sexual Perversity in Chicago, and American Buffalo. His plays Race and The Penitent, respectively, opened on Broadway in 2009 and previewed off-Broadway in 2017. Name this graduate of Goddard who is known as the "master of realism"

Tennessee Williams

an American playwright. After years of obscurity, at age 33 he became suddenly famous with the success of The Glass Menagerie in New York City. It was the first of a string of successes, including A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Sweet Bird of Youth, and The Night of the Iguana. In 1979, four years before his death, he was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Name this famous playwright whose real name is Thomas Lanier Williams III, and who allegedly choked to death on a bottle cap

Joseph Smith

an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was 24, he published the Book of Mormon. He+ said he experienced a series of visions, including one in 1820 during which he saw "two personages" (presumably God the Father and Jesus Christ), and another in 1823 in which an angel directed him to a buried book of golden plates inscribed with a Judeo-Christian history of an ancient American civilization. In 1830, he published what he said was an English translation of these plates called the Book of Mormon. In 1831, he and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. Name this religious founder/leader who was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, where he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse.

Oscar Wilde

an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, the early 1890s saw him become one of the most popular playwrights in London. He is best remembered for his epigrams and plays and his only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. Name this playwright of Salome, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, Lady Windermere's Fan, An Ideal Husband, A Woman of No Importance, and most notably, The Importance of Being Earnest

double sharp

an accidental for a note that has two sharps, meaning the original note is raised by two half-steps (also called semitones). The symbol resembles a bold letter "x" and is placed before a notehead, similar to other accidentals.

Woolworth Building

an early American skyscraper located at 233 Broadway in Manhattan, New York City. Designed by architect Cass Gilbert, it was the tallest building in the world from 1913 to 1930, with a height of 792 feet. More than a century after its construction, it remains one of the 100 tallest buildings in the United States. Name this New York building designed in the neo-Gothic style

8 fold path

an early summary of the path of Buddhist practices leading to liberation from samsara, the painful cycle of rebirth. It consists of eight practices: right view, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right samadhi ('meditative absorption or union'). It is one of the principal teachings of Theravada Buddhism, taught to lead to Arhatship. In the Theravada tradition, this path is also summarized as sila (morality), samadhi (meditation) and prajna (insight). In Mahayana Buddhism, this path is contrasted with the Bodhisattva path, which is believed to go beyond Arahatship to full Buddhahood. Name this teaching, which is often represented by means of the dharma wheel (dharmachakra), in which its eight spokes represent the eight elements of the path.

Art Nouveau

an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, known in different languages by different names: Jugendstil in German, Stile Liberty in Italian, Modernisme in Catalan, etc. In English it is also known as the Modern Style. It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and flowers. Other characteristics of were a sense of dynamism and movement, often given by asymmetry or whiplash lines, and the use of modern materials, particularly iron, glass, ceramics and later concrete, to create unusual forms and larger open spaces. Name this movement exemplified by Tiffany lamps and Gustav Klimt's painting The Kiss

The Kiss

an oil-on-canvas painting with added gold leaf, silver and platinum by the Austrian Symbolist painter Gustav Klimt. It was painted during the height of what scholars call his "Golden Period". It was exhibited in 1908 under the title Liebesparr (the lovers). The painting depicts a couple embracing each other, their bodies entwined in elaborate beautiful robes decorated in a style influenced by the contemporary Art Nouveau style and the organic forms of the earlier Arts and Crafts movement. The painting now hangs in the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere museum in the Belvedere, Vienna, and is considered a masterpiece of Vienna Secession (local variation of Art Nouveau) and Klimt's most popular work.

La Scala

an opera house in Milan, Italy. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and was originally known as the Nuovo Regio Ducale Teatro alla Scala (New Royal-Ducal Theatre alla Scala). The premiere performance was Antonio Salieri's Europa riconosciuta.

La Mer

an orchestral composition by the French composer Claude Debussy. It was the second of Debussy's three orchestral works in three sections. The first, the Nocturnes, was premiered in Paris in 1901, and though it had not made any great impact with the public it was well reviewed by musicians. It features 3 movements, translated as "From dawn to noon on the sea", "Play of the Waves", and "Dialogue of the wind and the sea". Name this venerated Debussy piece, whose full title translates as The sea, three symphonic sketches for orchestra

Endgame

by Samuel Beckett, is a one-act play with four characters. It was originally written in French (entitled Fin de partie); Beckett himself translated it into English. The play was first performed in a French-language production at the Royal Court Theatre in London, opening on 3 April 1957. The follow-up to Waiting for Godot, it is commonly considered to be among Beckett's best works. Name this tragicomedy featuring the characters Hamm (unable to stand and blind), Clov (Hamm's servant; unable to sit. Taken in by Hamm as a child.), Nagg (Hamm's father; has no legs and lives in a dustbin.), and Nell (Hamm's mother; has no legs and lives in a dustbin next to Nagg.)

New Wave

category of popular music spanning the late 1970s and the early 1980s. Taking its name from the French cinema style bearing the same name of the late 1950s, this catchall classification was defined in opposition to punk and to mainstream "corporate" rock. The basic principle behind the movement was the same as that of punk—anyone can start a band—but artists, influenced by the lighter side of 1960s pop music and 1950s fashion, were more commercially viable than their abrasive counterparts. Its music encompassed a wide variety of styles, which often shared a quirky insouciance and sense of humour. In the United States this broad spectrum included the B-52s, Blondie, Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers, and The Go-Go's

Ishtar

in Mesopotamian religion, goddess of war and sexual love. Her primary legacy from the Sumerian tradition is the role of fertility figure; she evolved, however, into a more complex character, surrounded in myth by death and disaster, a goddess of contradictory connotations and forces—fire and fire-quenching, rejoicing and tears, fair play and enmity. As goddess of Venus, delighting in bodily love, Ishtar was the protectress of prostitutes and the patroness of the alehouse. Part of her cult worship probably included temple prostitution. Her popularity was universal in the ancient Middle East, and in many centres of worship she probably subsumed numerous local goddesses. In later myth she was known as Queen of the Universe. Name this goddess who has a namesake gate in Babylon

Buddhism

is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, known as Buddhists.It encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to Siddhārtha Gautama, and resulting interpreted philosophies. It originated in ancient India as a Sramana tradition sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, spreading through much of Asia. Two major extant branches are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (Pali: "The School of the Elders") and Mahayana (Sanskrit: "The Great Vehicle"). "The Four Truths express the basic orientation of this religion: we crave and cling to impermanent states and things, which is dukkha, "incapable of satisfying" and painful.This keeps us caught in saṃsāra, the endless cycle of repeated rebirth, dukkha and dying again. But there is a way to liberation from this endless cycle to the state of nirvana, namely following the Noble Eightfold Path"

Stephen Foster

known as "the father of American music", was an American songwriter known primarily for his parlor and minstrel music. He wrote more than 200 songs, including "Oh! Susanna", "Hard Times Come Again No More", "Camptown Races", "Old Folks at Home" ("Swanee River"), "My Old Kentucky Home", "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair", "Old Black Joe", and "Beautiful Dreamer", and many of his compositions remain popular today. He has been identified as "the most famous songwriter of the nineteenth century" and may be the most recognizable American composer in other countries

Rouen Cathedral series

painted in the 1890s by French impressionist Claude Monet. The paintings in the series each capture the façade of the title location at different times of the day and year and reflect changes in its appearance under different lighting conditions. Name this Monet series of paintings of the title Gothic cathedral, located at 3 rue Saint-Romain 76000 Normandy France

Cloud Gate

public sculpture by Indian-born British artist Sir Anish Kapoor, that is the centerpiece of AT&T Plaza at Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. Name this sculpture inspired by liquid mercury and has been fondly nicknamed "the Bean"

Koran

the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Allah). It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature. Slightly shorter than the New Testament, it is organized in 114 chapters, known as surah — not according to chronology or subject matter, but according to length of surah. Surah are subdivided into verses. Muslims believe that this holy book was orally revealed by God to the final prophet, Muhammad, through the archangel Gabriel, over the course of 23 years. It is regarded by Muslims as the culmination of a series of divine messages starting with those revealed to Adam, including the Tawrah (Torah), the Zabur ("Psalms") and the Injil ("Gospel"), and ending with Muhammad's revelation.

interval

the difference in pitch between two sounds. It may be described as horizontal, linear, or melodic if it refers to successively sounding tones, such as two adjacent pitches in a melody, and vertical or harmonic if it pertains to simultaneously sounding tones, such as in a chord

Perseus

the legendary founder of Mycenae and of the Perseid dynasty. He was, alongside Cadmus and Bellerophon, the greatest Greek hero and slayer of monsters before the days of Heracles. He beheaded the Gorgon Medusa for Polydectes and saved Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus. He was the son of Zeus and the mortal Danaë, as well as the half-brother and great-grandfather of Heracles.

odeon

the name for several ancient Greek and Roman buildings built for music: singing exercises, musical shows, poetry competitions, and the like. In a general way the construction, it was similar to that of an ancient Greek theatre and Roman theatre, but it was only a quarter of the size and was provided with a roof for acoustic purposes, a characteristic difference. The prototype versio was the one of Pericles (or of Athens), a mainly wooden building by the southern slope of the Acropolis of Athens. The most magnificent one of its kind was the one of Herodes Atticus on the southwest cliff of the Acropolis at Athens

Baruch Spinoza

was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardi origin. Jewish religious authorities issued a herem against him, causing him to be effectively expelled and shunned by Jewish society at age 23, including by his own family. One of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism, including modern conceptions of the self and the universe, he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. His magnum opus, the Ethics, was published posthumously in the year of his death. The work opposed Descartes' philosophy of mind-body dualism, and earned him recognition as one of Western philosophy's most important thinkers.

Chiron

was held to be the superlative centaur amongst his brethren since he was called the "wisest and justest of all the centaurs". The Education of Achilles wall painting, from the basilica in Herculaneum, is one of the most common Roman depictions of this figure, as he teaches Achilles the lyre. Most depictions of this figure include Achilles

rondo

words that have been used in music in a number of ways, most often in reference to a musical form but also to a character type that is distinct from the form. a principal theme (sometimes called the "refrain") alternates with one or more contrasting themes, generally called "episodes", but also occasionally referred to as "digressions" or "couplets". Possible patterns in the Classical period include: ABA, ABACA, or ABACABA. Name this musical term, whose French part-equivalent, rondeau, is a vocal musical form that was typically developed as of the 13th century and the 14th century, although both of them nearly disappeared by the beginning of the 16th century