Quiz #1 Substance, use, and abuse
Select the incorrect statement concerning receptors in the nervous system. Many psychoactive drugs exert their pharmacological effects by either activating or inactivating receptors on neurons. Activation of most receptors alters the functioning of the cell. They are protein sites on cells that respond to endogenous chemical messengers, such as neurotransmitters. Drugs that are agonists keep the receptor from being activated.
Drugs that are agonists keep the receptor from being activated.
Due to the fact that the majority of drug users have parents who used or use drugs, The American Psychiatric Association has classified severe drug dependence as a genetically related abnormality. TRUE FALSE
FALSE
Hormones are chemical messengers used by neurons to communicate with each other. TRUE FALSE
FALSE
In contrast to centuries past, today's drug dependence mainly refers to psychological preoccupation. TRUE FALSE
FALSE
Interdiction is defined as increasing the supply of illegal drugs by imposing stiff penalties for trafficking. TRUE FALSE
FALSE
The Opium Poppy Control Act was the first legitimate effort by the government to regulate addicting substances. TRUE FALSE
FALSE
Select the incorrect statement. Parkinson's disease is due to damage of dopamine neurons in the basal ganglia. For the most part, drugs of abuse decrease the activity of dopamine in the limbic system. Drugs that alter the activity of dopamine-releasing neurons often affect motor activity. The Reticular Activating System helps to regulate the brain's state of arousal.
For the most part, drugs of abuse decrease the activity of dopamine in the limbic system.
______ is the maintenance of internal stability. Dependence Homeostasis Withdrawal Rebound
Homeostasis
hallucinogens include
LSD, mescaline, MDMA(ecstasy), PCP, "magic mushrooms"
equal-opurtunity affliction
refers to the use of drugs,stressing that drug use cuts across all members regardless of income
endocrine system
relating to hormones, their functions, and sources
nervous system
relating to the brain, spinal cord, neurons, and their associated elements
habituation
repeating certain patterns of behavior until they become established or habitual
The most common example of this strategy is the use of the narcotic methadone to treat the heroin addict. supply reduction experimentation therapy replacement therapy none of the above
replacement therapy
relief phase
satisfaction derived from escaping negative feelings by using the drug
compulsive users
second category of drug users, an insatiable attraction followed by a psychological dependence on drugs
Which of the following is least likely to be caused by abusing anabolic steroids? sedation and a mellowing of temper stimulation of muscle mass headaches disrupted sleep patterns
sedation and a mellowing of temper
dendrites
short branches of neurons that receive transmitter signals
drug calls
similar to tourists cells consisting of only three to five members to ensure operational security
synapse
site of communication between a message-sending neuron and its message-receiving target cell
Which of the following effects is least likely to be caused by a sympathomimetic drug? enlarged pupils of the eye reduced muscle contraction in the stomach slowed heart rate increased blood pressure
slowed heart rate
retrospective interpretation
social psychological process of redefining a person in light of a major status position
receptors
special proteins in a membrane that are activated by natural substances or drugs to alter cell function
neurons
specialized nerve cells that make up the nervous system and release neurotransmitters
Drugs that result from altered chemical structures of already existing illicit drugs are referred to as: structural analogs organic solvents structural mimickers underground CSA's
structural analogs
genetics
study of cellular DNA and its function
molecular biology
study of cellular functions and their regulation
SAMHSA
substance abuse and mental health services administration
drugs
substances that affect both mind and body functioning
glia
supporting cells that are critical for protecting and providing sustenance to the neurons
dependency phase
synonym for addiction
increased use phase
taking increasing quantities of the drug
substance use disorder
the american psychiatric association's diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, used for diagnosing mental disorders
disease model
the belief that people abuse alcohol because of some biologically caused condition
moral model
the belief that people abuse alcohol because they choose to do so
neurotransmitters
the chemical messengers released by nervous cells for communication with other cells
national institute on drug abuse(NIDA)
the federal agency responsible for directing drug use and abuse related research
Harrison Act of 1914
the first legitimate effort by the US government to regulate addicting substances
socialization
the growth and development process responsible for learning how to become a responsible, functioning human being
ethanol
the pharmacological term for alcohol
interdiction
the policy of cutting off or destroying supplies of illicit drugs
The word addiction is derived from the Latin verb addicere, which refers to_________________. the process of desiring things the process of binding things the action of desiring things the process of adding unnatural things
the process of binding things
labeling theory
the theory emphasizing that other people's perceptions directly influence one's self-image
characterological or personality predisposition model
the view of chemical dependency as a symptom of problems in the development or operation of the system of needs, motives, and attitudes within the individual
control theory
theory that emphasizes when people are left without bonds to other groups, they generally have a tendency to deviate from upheld values and attitudes
floaters or chippers
third category of drug users, need for pleasure seeking and the desire to relieve moderate to serious psychological problems/ using other peoples drugs, chronic drug users and experimenter types
comorbidity
two or more disorders or illnesses occurring in the same person, they can occur either simultaneously or one after the other
sensation-seeking individuals
types of people who characteristically are continually seeking new or novel thrills in their experience
drug testing
urine, blood screening, or hair analysis used to identify those who may be using drugs
Thalidomide: was used as a sedative for pregnant women. causes phocomelia in mothers that used the drug. is a schedule I narcotic. is available OTC to treat morning sickness.
was used as a sedative for pregnant women.
Which of the following concepts can be attributed to the control theory: 1) Individuals that are strictly controlled and disciplined are more likely to deviate from norms. 2) Individuals with weak bonds to conventional society are more likely to engage in drug use. 3) Drug users are more likely than non-users to have close relationships with their parents. 4) Drug users are less likely to participate in social organizations and engage in team sport activities. Only 1 and 2 None of the above are correct. All of the above are correct. Only 4 Only 2 and 4
Only 2 and 4
the 2 stimulant drugs that are mostly abused
adderall and ritalin
anticholinergic
agents that antagonize the effects of acetylcholine
sympathomimetic
agents that mimic the effects of norepinephrine or epinephrine
gateway drugs
alcohol, tobacoo, and weed when used excessively may lead to use more addictive drugs (cocaine, heroin)
The orphan drug law: provides financial assistance to children lacking one or both parents. allows companies to receive tax advantages if they develop drugs designed to treat rare diseases and hence are not very profitable. permits rarely used drugs to be marketed by prescription. permits rapid development of drugs for serious illnesses for which there is no cure
allows companies to receive tax advantages if they develop drugs designed to treat rare diseases and hence are not very profitable.
switching policy
an FDA policy allowing the change of suitable prescription drugs to over-thee-counter status
double wall of encapsulation
an adaption to pain and avoidance of reality in which the individual withdraws emotionally and further anesthetizes himself/herself by chemical means
axon
an extension of the neuronal cell body along which electrochemical signals travel
secondary deviance
any type of deviant behavior in which the perpetrator identifies with deviance
primary deviance
any type of initial deviant behavior in which the perpetrator does not identify with the deviance
demand reduction
attempts to decrease individuals tendencies to use drugs, often aimed at youth, with emphasis on reformulating values and behaviors
conventional behavior
behavior largely dictated by custom and tradition, which is often disrupted by the forces of rapid technological change
cannabinoid system
biological target of tetrahydrocannabinol in weed
the most widely used illicit drug
cannabis(weed and hashish)
It is believed that most drugs with abuse potential enhance pleasure centers by_____________________. causing the retention of dopamine causing the release of dopamine causing the release of serotonin causing the over production of serotonin
causing the release of dopamine
hormones
chemical messengers released into the blood by glands
anabolic steroids
compounds chemically like the steroids that stimulate production of tissue mass
preoccupation phase
constant concern with the supply of the drug
autonomic nervous system ANS
controls the unconscious functions of the body
frontal cortex
cortical region essential for information processing and decision making
low-risk drug choices
developing values and attitudes that lead to controlling the use of alcohol and drugs
high-risk drug choices
developing values and attitudes that lead to using drugs both habitually and addictively
substance use disorders and substance induced disorders(addictive disorders)
differentiations for substance dependence in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
employee assistance programs(EAPs)
drug assistance programs for drug-dependent employee's
DEA
drug enforcement administration, forcing drug laws
Insiders
drug users and/or sympathizers
experimenters
first category of drug users, often use drugs for recreational purposes
euphoria
high
steroids
hormones related to the corticosteroids released from the adrenal cortex
psychoactive effects
how drug substances after and affect the brain's mental functions
illicit drugs
illegal drugs such as marijuana, cocaince, and LSD
Taking drugs without a prescription to treat a health problem or illness, such as the use of amphetamines by truckers, is termed ________use, whereas taking illicit drugs to experience fun, pleasure, or euphoria is termed _________use. legal instrumental; legal recreational legal instrumental; illegal instrumental illegal recreational; legal recreational illegal instrumental; illegal recreational
illegal instrumental; illegal recreational
Psychological theories tend to focus more on the ______ state of the individual; while sociological theories focus on factors that are ______. mental; behavioral external; internal internal; external emotional; social
internal; external
Phase I clinical trials: involve thousands of health volunteers. involve healthy volunteers or even patients with a medical problem a drug is intended to treat, and is designed to determine the safety of a drug. precede filing of an IND. do not require FDA oversight.
involve healthy volunteers or even patients with a medical problem a drug is intended to treat, and is designed to determine the safety of a drug.
why is psychoactive drugs(substances) preferred?
is more precise in referring to how drugs affect the body, how they affect the CNS
drug cartels
large, highly sophisticated organizations composed of multiple drug trafficking organizations and calls with specific assignments
over-the-counter(OTC)
legalized drugs sold without a prescription
licit drugs
legalized drugs such as coffee, alcohol, and tobacco
The use of _______drugs causes far more deaths, sickness, violent crimes, economic loss, and other social problems than the use of all other drugs combined. prescription licit illicit stimulant
licit
homeostasis
maintenance of internal stability
master status
major status position in the eyes of others that clearly identifies an individual
androgens
male sex hormone
endorphins
neurotransmitters that have narcotic-like effects
designer drugs/synthetic drugs
new drugs that are developed by people intending to circumvent the illegality of a drug by modifying a drug into a new compound, ecstasy
outsiders
nonusers and/or those who are against drug use
drug courts
a process that integrates substance abuse treatment, incentives and sanctions and places nonviolent, drug involved defendants in judicially supervised rehabilitation programs
nicotinic
a receptor type activated by ACh, usually excitatory
muscarinic
a receptor type activated by ACh, usually inhibitory
thalidomide
a sedative drug that, when used during pregnancy, can cause severe developmental damage to a fetus
addiction to pleasure theory
a theory assuming that it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus once begun
psychoanalysis
a theory of personality and method of psychotherapy originated by sigmund freud
social learning theory
a theory that places emphasis on how individual learns patterns of behavior from the attitudes of others, society, and peers
agonistic
a type of substance that activates a receptor
antagonistic
a type of substance that blocks a receptor
needle-exchange programs
publicly funded programs that distribute new, uncontaminated needles to drug addicts in exchange for used injections needles to prevent spread of HIV and hepatitis B and C
differential reinforcement
ratio between reinforcers, both favorable and disfavor able, for sustaining drug use behavior
opiate receptors
receptors activated by opioid narcotic drugs such as heroin and morphine
Within the past month approximately ____ percent of ________ workers reported alcohol use. 65; full-time 65; part-time 23; full-time 82; part-time
65; full-time
In 2011, approximately __________ people used an illicit drug during their lifetimes. 55 million (23.2%) 200 million (53.7%) 1.3 billion (76.2%) 121 million (47%)
121 million (47%)
An over-the-counter drug not generally recognized as safe or effective for the claimed therapeutic indication is classified as: Category I Category II Category III Category IV
Category II
worlds largest producer of opium
Afghanistan
Select the incorrect statement concerning the hypothalamus. Because it is isolated, drugs of abuse are less likely to affect the hypothalamus than other brain areas. It is important in the CNS regulation of endocrine systems. It serves as the CNS control center for the autonomic nervous system. It is important in maintaining homeostasis in the body.
Because it is isolated, drugs of abuse are less likely to affect the hypothalamus than other brain areas.
The decline of patent medicines began with passage of the: Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 Harrison Act of 1914 Narcotics Control Act of 1956 Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Drugs in which of the following schedules generally have the lowest abuse potential? Schedule I Schedule II Schedule IV Schedule V
Schedule V
________ in ten drug users work ______ time. Seven; part Five; full Seven; full Five; part
Seven; full
______________ theories view a person's day-to-day social psychological relations as a primary cause for drug use, whereas _____________ theories tend to view the structural organization of a society, peer group, or subculture as responsible for drug use. Social influence; social recognition Social awareness; structural influence Social influence; structural influence Social recognition; structural awareness
Social influence; structural influence
___________ places emphasis on how people learn patterns of behavior from the attitudes of society, whereas ___________ explains drug use as a largely peer-generated activity. Structural influence theory; imitation theory Labeling theory; structural learning theory Learned action theory; pop-culture theory Social learning theory; subculture theory
Social learning theory; subculture theory
Anabolic steroids are used to increase muscle mass and their side effects include heart disease, liver cancer, high blood pressure, septic shock, impotence, genital atrophy, and mood swings. TRUE FALSE
TRUE
Both motor activity and mental state are usually altered by drugs that affect the neurotransmitter dopamine. TRUE FALSE
TRUE
Broadcast advertisements for prescription drugs must include the product's most important risk-related information. TRUE FALSE
TRUE
Natural chemicals, produced by the body, can cause the same effects as narcotic drugs. TRUE FALSE
TRUE
Social and cultural support perspective views drug use as a collective attempt to gain social status and prestige within a peer group. TRUE FALSE
TRUE
Socialization refers to the internalization of attitudes, values, and behaviors that are needed in order to become participating members in conventional society. TRUE FALSE
TRUE
The limbic system in the brain helps to regulate memory and emotional activities. TRUE FALSE
TRUE
Drug abuse has been historically evident since__________. The early pioneer days Travel between continents became commonplace The Hammurabi Code in 2240 BC The Depression era
The Hammurabi Code in 2240 BC
phocomelia
a birth defect, impaired development of the arms, legs or both
personality disorders
a broad category of psychiatric disorders, character disorders, includes antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorders, schizoid disorder
catecholamines
a class of biochemical compounds including the transmitters norepinephrine, epiniephrine, and dopamine
supply reduction
a drug reduction policy aimed at reducing the supply of illegal drugs and controlling other therapeutic drugs
inoculation
a method of abuse prevention that protects drug users by teaching them responsibility
self-medication
a method of self-care in which an individual users non prescribed drugs to treat untreated and often undiagnosed medial aliments involving his/her psychological conditions
synaptic cleft
a minute gap between the neuron and target cell, across which neurotransmitters travel
anandamide
a naturally occurring fatty acid neurotransmitter that selectively activates cannabinoid receptors
dopamine
a neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulates movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of pleasure
structural analogs
a new molecular species created by modifying the basic molecular skeleton of a compound
opioids
drugs derived from opium, prescribed for physical pain
Research revealed that the lowest rates of past month illicit drug use were found in_____________. construction and food service mining and finance educational services and utilities manufacturing and mining
educational services and utilities
holistic self-awareness approach
emphasizes that nonmusical and often recreational drug use interferes with the healthy balance among the mind, body, and spirit
subculture theory
explains drug use as a peer-generated activity
genetic and biophysiological theories
explanations of addiction in terms of genetic brain dysfunction and biochemical patterns
nucleus accumbens
part of the CNS limbic system and a critical brain region for reward systems
Which of the following is not a factor specifically listed as affecting how a user experiences a drug? cultural factors personal factors contextual factors social factors
personal factors
withdrawal phase
physical and/or psychological effects derived from not using the drug
what are the 6 types of major drug uses
prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, recreational drugs, illicit drugs, herbal preparations, commercial drugs
withdrawal symptoms
psychological and physical symptoms that result when a drug it absent from the body
addiction
psychological attachment to a drug