quiz for chapter 9 and 13

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node. a. can fly; bird b. has feathers; ostrich c. can fly; canary d. bird; penguin

A. CAN FLY; BIRD

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub? a. Occipital lobe b. Anterior temporal lobe c. Medial thalamus d. Parietal lobe

B ANTERIOR TEMPORAL LOBE

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts. a. superordinate b. semantic c. parallel d. symbiotic

B SEMANTIC

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered. b. matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced. c. matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed. D. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

. D. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? a. Prototype b. Exemplar c. Typicality d. Network

A PROTOTYPE

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________. a. actions b. colors c. artifacts d. abstractions

D ABSTRACTIONS

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience. a. exemplary b. prototypical c. subordinate d. basic

D BASIC

Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) a. availability heuristic. b. illusory correlation. c. permission schema. d. representativeness heuristic.

a availability heuroistic

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are skewed by the operation of the a. confirmation bias. b. falsification principle. c. permission schema. d. typicality principle.

a confirmation bias

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman? a. Deliberate b. Automatic c. Passive d. Rapid

a deliberate

The application of a(n) _________________ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. a. permission schema b. availability heuristic c. conjunction rule d. atmosphere effect

a permission schema

Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing? a. Choosing an entree from a menu b. Zipping your jacket when it's cold c. Making a left turn on a green light d. Turning the lights off at bedtime

a. Choosing an entree from a menu

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they a. ignore the falsification principle. b. confuse the ideas of validity and truth. c. are influenced by the atmosphere effect. d. incorrectly apply the permission schema.

a. ignore the falsification principle.

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network a. nodes. b. connection weights. c. hidden units. d. output units

b connection weights

Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). a. prototype b. exemplar c. semantic network d. definitional

b exemplar

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is a. prototypicality. b. family resemblance. c. instance theory. d. graded membership

b family resemblance

Utility refers to a. the validity of a syllogism. b. outcomes that achieve a person's goals. c. how useful a reasoning process is. d. degree of risk aversion one has.

b. outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, prefrontal cortex activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). Prefrontal cortex activation was a. greatest for rejected offers. b. the same for accepted and rejected offers. c. greatest for accepted offers. d. dependent on how much money the responder was offered

b. the same for accepted and rejected offers.

Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) ________ syllogism. a. irrational b. categorical c. conditional d. invalid

c conditional

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? a. Lydia is a state governor. b. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. c. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. d. Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement.

c. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman

Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Rosa decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _________________ , she will use a _________________ strategy. a. gains; risk-taking b. losses; risk-taking c. gains; risk-aversion d. losses; risk-aversion

c. gains; risk-aversion

The definitional approach to categorization a. is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. b. was proposed to replace the prototype approach. c. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. d. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

d. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that a. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana. b. neither kiwi nor banana is likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. c. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi. d. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana.

c. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning. a. inductive b. falsification c. intuitive d. deductive

d deductive

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using a. the conjunction rule. b. an omission bias. c. the similarity-coverage model. d. inductive reasoning.

d inductive reasoning

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. a. 653: 583: 518 ms b. 518: 583: 653 ms c. 583: 518: 653 ms d. 583: 653: 518 ms

d. 583: 653: 518 ms

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that a. learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning. b. learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept. c. these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. d. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

d. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

A syllogism is valid if a. the two premises and the conclusion are true. b. there is evidence to support the two premises. c. there is no more than one exception to the conclusion. d. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

d. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning a. the falsification principle. b. utility. c. confirmation bias. d. the representativeness heuristic.

d. the representativeness heuristic.

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model. a. cognitive economy b. back propagation c. typicality d. spreading activation

spreading activation