SOC 202 Final Exam

In one community, doctors and teachers are considered to have the most honored jobs, then business managers, and then those who work in politics. The more honored the job, the more income and influence the person holding the position has. This job ranking represents a(n)

status hierarchy

Mike's uncle is always making generalizations about certain racial/ethnic groups, describing them as being smart, good with money, lazy, unmotivated, or prone to crime. Mike knows that these assertions are unfounded but he does not know how to address his uncle. These generalizations are

stereotypes

Which sociological perspective focuses on interpersonal interactions?

symbolic interactionist

All of the following have contributed to undocumented workers in the United States EXCEPT

the border being poorly patrolled and so many workers being able to cross over.

________ refers to the gap between those who have access to computers and the internet and those who do not.

the digital divide

What is commodification?

the process of transforming all things into products that can be bought and sold

Which of the following would be part of an organizational environment?

the state of the economy and political arena

Collective bargaining allows workers to have a unified voice in the negotiation process with employers.

true

Deviance contributes to change and innovation in society.

true

Deviant behavior reinforces conformity within society.

true

In a pluralistic society, each group has relatively equal standing.

true

Public-order crimes are the most common type of crime.

true

Research suggests that some people develop prejudices as young as age three.

true

Social change regarding race in the United States has historically come about only after struggle and conflict.

true

The effects of social media and internet use are dependent on the social factors that users bring to the experience.

true

Workers in the sharing economy do not receive benefits, such as retirement, health insurance, or paid vacations.

true

Scientific management is when jobs are

up-skilled to keep pace with changing technology. ?

Rebekkah loves the Twilight series of movies. She owns every video and book about the series. She also starts her own website where she posts Twilight-related news for other fans. Her website is an example of

user-generated media

On what does control theory focus on in order to understand why people engage in deviant behavior?

why people follow rules

When were Native Americans granted full, unrestricted American citizenship?

1924

Upon what grounds did white Americans justify the racialization of slavery?

All of these answers are correct

Which of the following is a function of the media?

All of these answers are correct.

Which of the following accurately describes stealth advertising and product placement, according to sociologists?

Both are hidden forms of advertising that individuals do not always readily recognize.

Who invented a classification system of four subspecies of humans?

Carolus Linnaeus

What is one consequence of the concentration of media ownership?

Fewer perspectives are presented, and those that are presented represent the most powerful groups.

Albert is in his first year as a sociology graduate student. He wants to be a symbolic interactionist and is starting a project on soccer teams. Which of the following research questions would Albert be most likely to explore?

How do soccer players and coaches relate to one another during practice and matches?

Which of the following accurately describes deviance?

It changes with time and social context.

What was the key to the development of new media?

Linking digital media to internet

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe current patterns in worldwide literacy?

Literacy rates have declined in developing nations in recent decades.

Increasingly, movie ticket sales are described in terms of worldwide rather than only American sales. What does this indicate about the changing structure of mass media?

Mass media are more global in their scope today.

What is one consequence of the gender division of labor?

Men have greater access to higher paying jobs.

Why do organizations, as they grow larger, tend to become more formalized?

Organizations become more complex and former informal structures become inadequate. ?

Which of the following accurately describes culture and organizations?

Organizations have unique cultures that influence how their members operate.

What is the effect of identifying certain physical traits as socially significant?

People create a social reality based on how they view physical and cultural differences.

What does impersonality mean in terms of a bureaucracy?

People move in and out of positions, but the structure remains.

Which of the following states was a "majority minority" state in 2014?

Texas

How does middle-class students' cultural capital benefit them in school?

Their cultural capital aligns with that of the school.

Why are unions created?

They are a way for employees to have a collective voice.

Why would schools with poorer or working-class student bodies tend to stress obedience and authority?

They are preparing students for their eventual lower-level jobs, where obedience is essential.

What is one outcome of worker alienation that researchers have found?

They buy more things to cope with dissatisfaction and unhappiness.

What does it mean to say that traditional media were only involved in one-way communication?

They did not rely on audience participation.

What is one way that schools perpetuate inequality?

They prepare students for various jobs, which have varying levels of income and prestige.

According to sociologists, what are the societal consequences of stereotypes?

We often negatively pre-judge people based on stereotypes.

Which statement best describes Americans' opinions on capital punishment?

Whites are more likely than people of color to be in favor of capital punishment.

During which war were Japanese Americans sent to internment camps?

World War II

Which of the following statements is true regarding intermarriage?

Younger people are more likely to intermarry than older generations.

Kali, a television producer, creates a new show that she knows will appeal to young people. She also believes it will achieve good ratings, so advertisers will want to buy commercial time for the program as well. This represents

a dual product market

What is a bureaucracy?

a hierarchical administrative system with formal rules and procedures

Which of the following is an example of cultural imperialism?

a major American movie company having the number-one movie worldwide

Which of the following best describes Jeremy Bentham's panopticon?

a type of prison where guards look out at all inmates from a central location

Dustin, a carpenter, works for a large furniture factory. He must follow strict plans and cannot be creative. He feels distant from his coworkers and he finds his work tedious and unrewarding. Sociologists would see Dustin as being

alienated

All of the following statements are true regarding Arab Americans and the Arab world EXCEPT that

almost all arab americans are muslim

According to Elijah Anderson's research, the "code of the street" defines life in poor neighborhoods. What does he mean by the term?

an alternative social structure

The factors that exist outside an organization that affect an organization's functioning constitute

an organizational environment

Which of the following is an example of cultural capital?

appreciation of music and ballet

Receiving an email about gourmet cooking after you buy a cookbook online is an example of

behavioral targeting

How do business owners typically exhibit power in the workplace?

by making broad decisions regarding how the business runs

In examining the portrayal of black women in the media, it is not uncommon for those who appear to have lighter skin as well as straightened hair to be perceived as "the norm" and what is desirable. Straightening one's hair goes back to the time after slavery when black women were inundated with the message that straight hair was more socially acceptable. The practice of hair straightening is still common among black women today. How are these women responding to majority domination in this example?

by passing

How do professionals generally derive power in the workplace?

by possessing credentials and highly specialized skills needed in the workplace

Punk rock based its appeal on the rejection of mainstream culture and its artifacts. It lost its nonconformist credibility once its symbols were sold in stores. This scenario is consistent with which concept?

commercialization of deviance

A city's leadership decides to restructure the city's pay scale. The leaders decide to evaluate jobs based on managerial responsibility, education required, and special skills needs. They decide that jobs that men typically perform will receive a bonus because they are generally the primary breadwinners in a family. This goes against what principal?

comparable worth

Michels's analysis of the iron law of oligarchy reflected the ideas of which of the following perspectives?

conflict

What do sociologists call it when a society emphasizes shopping and possessions as a road to personal happiness?

consumerism

Which of the following is characteristic of networks?

contact between individuals

Strain theory proposes that when ________, people resort to deviant means to accomplish socially defined goals.

conventional opportunities are blocked

What is the most widely recognized form of electronic surveillance on the internet?

cookies

Kevin's family moves and he attends a new high school. His new school stresses fitting in with the school environment, which includes creativity, close relationships between students and teachers, and respect for others. Kevin's new teachers comment on how well he is fitting in. What type of conformity is being rewarded in this scenario?

cultural conformity

The efforts of disability rights activists to remove the stigma attached to disabilities demonstrate how the definition of normal versus abnormal depends upon

cultural definition

Which of the following is an important factor that contributed to the declining trend in crime rates in the 1990s?

decline in poverty and unemployment

Role distance is the idea that people

distance themselves from a role as they carry it out.

Which theory draws attention to the situation in which a person refrains from racist comments in public, but freely makes such comments with his or her friends and family?

dramaturgical

What are stereotypes?

exaggerated, distorted, and untrue generalizations about groups that overlook individual variation

Dramaturgical theory is considered to be a part of the conflict theory perspective.

false

Majority groups need to learn about minority groups in their society in order to be successful.

false

Many researchers are discovering that our biases are overt and controllable.

false

People from India are the largest subgroup of the Asian American population in the United States today.

false

Power at the top of a bureaucracy can never be challenged by those in lower positions.

false

Saying that a particular ethnic group is "hardworking" is not a stereotype because it is a compliment.

false

Stereotypes are only negative statements and generalizations about a group. Positive attributes are never part of a stereotype. Group starts

false

Today, homosexuality is an example of the medicalization of a behavior.

false

When organizations (such as two companies) merge, there are never problems with blending their cultures; it happens naturally.

false

What is the goal of impression management?

for an individual to control the image that others have of him or her

Which of the following perspectives stresses how the various elements of society work together?

functionalist

White-collar crime

has serious costs, including physical injury

Symbolic interactionists would be most interested in studying which aspect of education?

how classmates interact with one another

Which aspect of schooling would a functionalist study?

how the educational system fits into the larger society

The goal of scientific management is to

increase efficiency by taking discretion away from the worker.

Strain theory suggests that deviance has its roots in

inequality

From the functionalist perspective, a society without deviance would be excessively conformist. Such a society would

limit change and innovation

How has the structure of the media evolved over the past couple of decades?

media companies have grown in size because of mergers

The tendency to define a deviant behavior as an illness, for which treatment is best left to medical professionals, is referred to as ________ deviance.

medicalization of

From the functionalist perspective, self-policing is

necessary for both the individual and society

Which of the following exists when the value of a product of service increases the more people use it?

network effect

What is the best way to describe the organization of contemporary society?

networked individualism

What is Manifest Destiny?

nineteenth-century white Americans' belief that they had a right and a duty to occupy the North American continent from coast to coast

Which of the following is a way that an individual employee could exert power at work?

not following rules, such as when to start work

A sociologist asks 100 people which jobs they find to be the most prestigious within society. He then ranks the jobs based on the responses from the 100 people he interviewed. What type of scale is the sociologist constructing?

occupational prestige

Secondary groups that have a more formal structure and are formed to accomplish a specific task (like a business) are known as

organizations

Which of the following has NOT contributed to the rise of consumer culture in the United States?

people being more frugal with their money

The media content that we watch, read, and listen to is referred to as a

product

From the sociological perspective, what causes people to engage in deviant behavior?

rational choice

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a bureaucracy, according to Max Weber?

reliance on technology

The negative attitudes held by people in the United States toward obese individuals is

rooted in norms that define fat bodies as deviant

________ is when managers study workflows and develop work practices that focus on increasing efficiency.

scientific management

A child who is continuously derided by his parents as "slow" will internalize this label as part of his identity. Instead of trying to succeed in school, he drops out and turns to drugs and alcohol. This is an example of

secondary deviance

Which of the following best describes a field audit?

sending two otherwise similar, but racially different, subjects into similar situations

Juanita lands a new job, and during her first few days she learns the company rules as well as the norms of the workplace—where people eat lunch, when people take coffee breaks, polite topics of conversation, and so forth. By doing so, Juanita is being socialized into a(n)

shopfloor culture

Sociologists have found that educational outcomes are better in

smaller schools with a communal structure

What we define as normal and abnormal behavior depends on

social context

We mostly abide by the rules and norms imposed on us by our culture because nonconformity is typically punished and conformity rewarded. This social mechanism is referred to as

social control

Ernest lives in a low-income area and his school is severely underfunded and lacks college prep courses and guidance counselors. Ernest, despite his aptitude, is not able to attend college. He ends up in a low-wage job similar to those of his parents. Ernest's experience supports which sociological idea?

social reproduction