Social Psych exam 2

Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________.

modifying either the attitude or the behavior to be more consistent with each other

Modern racism

more subtle, dont share racist views in public, but do so in private/ with family and friends

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

most common measure of implicit attitudes

According to the theory of planned behavior, what type of process precedes the decision to engage in a particular behavior?

A rational process

Explicit attitudes

Attitudes you are aware of, controllable, self reported

Glass Ceiling effect

Barrier that prevents women from reaching high level positions in the workplace

Effective Persuasion

Depends on 3 factors: Attractive communicator Message: whats trying to be persuaded Audience: people being persuaded

Comparing yourself to someone less competent than you is called _________________, whereas comparing yourself to someone more competent than you is called _________________.

Downward social comparison, Upward social comparison

Persuasion

Efforts to change attitudes by using various types of messages

Which attitudinal factor describes the extent of how strongly an individual feels about an issue?

Extremity

Peripheral route of persuasion

Heuristic processing use mental shortcuts, believe experts Effortless, Automatic, dont have to think about it

We hold values similar to, and identify with, ________.

Members of our reference group

Implicit attitudes about racism

People dont want to share prejudiced views, but hold them, -Sometimes not even aware that they have them Use measures such as IAT, Priming techniques

Contact Hypothesis

Prejudice is reduced when there is more contact between groups, realize similarities Reduces "us" versus "them"

How do we resist being persuaded ?

Reactance: Negative reactions to others telling us what to do Forewarning: Resist persuasion when we know in advanced that we're going to be targeted Selective Avoidance- Don't pay attention to info that challenges our attitudes Counter arguments- come up with arguments that undermine attitudes different from our own

What is the most common method used to measure personal self-esteem as an overall assessment of self-evaluation?

Rosenberg self-esteem scale

The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions is known as ________.

Self efficacy

Essences

Some people feel that certain groups of people have some underlying, biologically-based features that distinguish that group from other groups. These supposed distinguishing features are known as ________.

Central route of persuasion

Systematic carefully consider message content and ideas Effortful, Deliberate

Which of the following is usually true of a persuasive communicator?

They are attractive, attractive people persuade more easily

Puristic ignorance

We believe others have different attitudes than we do, even when they don't.

Observational Learning

acquire attitudes or behaviors by observing other people

Self handicapping

actions people take to handicap their own performance in order to build an excuse for anticipate failure. Making up an excuse because they might fail

Ingratiation

attempting to convey to others that we like them by flattering or praising them

Gender-based discrimination affects a substantial proportion of the population by ________.

blocking women's progress in the workplace

Glass cliff effect

choosing women for leadership positions after some sort of crisis in the company, makes the position more risky and likely to result in failure.

Collective Guilt

feeling collective guilt can reduce prejudice Thinking about white advantages leads to more guilt thinking about black disadvantages More collective guilt--->>> Lower prejudice When combined with efficacy, leads to anti discrimination behaviors

We form attitudes via classical conditioning by

forming associations

One result of tokenism is that it ________.

helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair When a few members of a marginalized group are admitted to some role, makes it look like there is equality.

Self deprication

implying that were not as good as other people by building others up and bringing ourselves down. Opens doors for complements Might make us look humble, people like humility

The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that ________.

increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups

Research on self-control has demonstrated that engaging in self-regulation

is like a muscle in that the more we practice self-control, the easier it becomes to self-regulate

Social influence

our groups attitudes strongly influence our own Changing perceptions of group attitudes can change own attitudes.

Implicit Attitude

positive and negative evaluations that occur outside of our conscious awareness and/ or control Attitudes you may not be aware of

Ingratiation involves __________, whereas self-deprecation involves __________.

praising another person or using flattering language; lowering an audience's expectations of one's abilities

Identity Fusion

see the self strongly as part of a group, when this happens, more willing to go to extreme lengths to protect in-group

Re categorization

shift boundary between "us" and "them" "them" become "us" View ones self as members of a single social group- More positive attitudes

Positive self-talk such as "I am a lovable person" tends to ________.

sometimes decrease happiness for people with low self esteem

Effective messages

spread by word of mouth, subtle, are not based on fear

Training individuals to refute their own stereotypes is known as ________ training and has the effect of ________ stereotype activation.

stereotype negation; reducing

Instrumental Conditioning

strengthening of responses that lead to positive outcomes or avoidance of negative outcomes.

Ideal Self

the self it is your goal to be

Feared self

the self you fear becoming

Ought self

the self you think you Ought to be

How do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced?

they compare themselves to extreme bigots and do not feel they are that extreme or racist

When are women more likely to gain access to high-status positions?

when companies are in a time of crisis

self promotion

"Talk yourself up" attempt to present our positive characteristics to other people

Due to the fact that we can define ourselves differently at any time, we have many selves. Can we say that one of these selves is the "true" self?

No, because all selves can be accurate, depending on the context and comparative dimension.

Resisting stereotypes and biases

We can reduce our reliance on stereotypes when we learn to respond "no" to them

Which of the following is a reason why introspection can be misleading?

We don't always know or have conscious access to the reasons for our actions.

Cognitive dissonance

We experience discomfort when we realize our attitudes and behaviors dont line up, we like consistency

Why do stereotypes exist?

develop mental frameworks that allows us to process info more quickly Schemas Activated automatically

Introspection is an effective means of understanding ourselves when the _

Focus is on a conscious decison making process

self verification perspective

we want others to agree with our view of ourselves. If we think we are good/ bad at something, we want others to think the same thing.