Speech Midterm
What should not be in a specific purpose statement?
"And"
Tips for formulating the specific purpose statement
-write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as fragment -express your purpose as a statement -avoid figurative language -limit to one distinct idea -not too vague or general
What are methods of delivery?
1) Reading from a manuscript. 2) Reciting from memory. 3) Speaking impromptu. 4) Speaking Extemporaneously
What are the components of a speakers voice?
1) Volume 2) pitch 3) rate 4) pauses 5) vocal variety 6) pronunciation 7) articulation 8) dialect
How should you practice delivery?
1) go through your notes aloud to see how it translates into spoken disclosure 2) prepare your speaking notecards 3) practice the speech aloud several times 4) polish and refine your delivery 5) give your speech a dress rehearsal
What is the body of a speaker?
1) personal appearance 2) movement 3) gestures 4) eye contact
What are the 4 steps to impromptu?
1) state the point your answering 2) point you wish to make 3) support your point with statistics 4) summarize your points *make an outline if you have time
how many types of plagiarism are there?
3
how many types of connectives are there?
4
What do audiences prefer?
A delivery comibing formality with the best attributes of good conversation (animation, directiveness, spontaneity, animation, vocal/facial expressiveness and a lively sense of communication)
what is feedback affected by?
Feedback is affected by one's frame of reference, you have to understand feedback to deal with it.
What does the success of a speaker depend on?
Listener (you)
Who sends speech feedback?
Listeners send speech feedback. When they do, you must be alert and adjust your message accordingly.
sample of introduction with commentary
relating topic to the audience, reveals topic, imagery, explains interest in topic, establishes credibility, intro ends with preview of main points discussed in body
components of conclusion
signal the end of the speech, reinforce the central idea, sample the conclusion with commentary (Sginal the end, summarizations, final sentence with dramatic ending)
eye contact
small group- look from person to person large group- scans the audience
What is reading from manuscript?
speech written word for word. Ex.euology
What is rate?
speed at which a person speaks
patchwork plagiarism
stealing ideas from two or more sources without referencing them
What is kinesics?
study of body language as systematic mod of communication
how to reinforce central idea
summarize your speech, end with a quotation, make a dramatic statement, refer to the introduction
What is pronunciation?
the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
What is volume?
the loudness or softness of a person's voice
What is a channel?
the means by which a message is communicated
what is feedback?
the message, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
What is a speaker?
the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
What is a listener?
the person who receives the speakers message
What is articulation?
the physical production of particular speech sounds
Why is a speech's message dependent on the speakers tone?
Your tone can have reluctance, hesitation, so you want your tone to be appropriate and clear so the message is communicated
internal summaries
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points
preview the body of the speech
a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
What hormone causes nervousness? (chap 1)
adrenaline
determine the general purpose
broad goal of speech
What is a nonverbal message?
tone, appearance, gestures, facial expression, eye contact. The non verbal message must not distract from the verbal message.
What are the names of the four types of connectives ?
transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, signposts
causal order
cause and effect, ex: collapse of mayan civilization
What is a residual message?
central idea
What is vocal variety?
changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
types of main points
chronological order, spatial order, causal order, problem-solution order, topical order
Reveal the topic
clearly state the topic of your speech
What is internal interference?
comes from the audience
What is reciting from memory?
concentrate on communicating with the audience and not just memorizing the words. ex. reading poetry or acting exercise
What is positive nervousness? (chap 1)
controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation
What is good delivery?
conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience
global plagiarism
copying an entire work
Spatial order
directional pattern (Ex: lowest, middle, and top of eiffel tower)
Personal appearance
way speakers dress, groom, and present themselves physically. i. Listeners see you before they hear you ii. dress and look appropriate
What is a message?
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
transitions
words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
How can you deal with nervousness? (chap 1)
don't eliminate it, make it positive.
incremental plagiarism
failing to give credit, improper paraphrasing
What is speaking extemporaneous?
fully prepared, delivered from brief set of notes
components of an introduction
get attention and interest, reveal the topic, establish credibility/goodwill, previews the body of the speech, sample introduction with commentary
What is speaking impromptu?
little to no preparation
topical order
main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics ex. artistic versatility of Pablo Picasso
What are major points?
major points developed in a body of speech "central features"
gestures
motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech (do not let your gestures distract from message)
What is a verbal message?
narrow topic down to the time it will take to discuss, do research, organize ideas, express the message accurately and clear.
Do vocalized pauses add to the creditability of the speaker?
no
How many times of general purposes are there?
objective (informative) and subjective (persuade)
What is strategic organization?
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
What word makes a persuasive speech no longer persuasive?
"should"
Plagiarism internet sources
* must cite internet sources * during speech specify the author and website
Questions to ask yourself about specific purpose statement
- does my purpose meet the assignment -can i accomplish my purpose in the time allotted -is the purpose relevant to my audience - is the purpose too trivial for my audience -is the purpose to technical for my audience
What must a speech bibliography include?
- title - author - date - updated
Why is organization important?
-allows listeners to see what ideas you have and to put mental hands on the most i8mporant ones - delivers message more fluently -boosts confidence as speaker
Guidelines for central idea
1. Should be expressed in a full sentence 2. Should not be in the form of a question 3. Should avoid figurative language 4. Should not be vague or overly general
What should speeches have?
2-4 main points, more than 5 can be difficult to follow
What is dialect?
A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
How can you lose listeners?
If your presentation is to basic or sophisticated
What are the 2 types of interference?
Internal and External
what is the nonverbal message based on?
It is based on a person use of voice and body, rather than the use of words.
What is the message of a speech depends on?
It is dependent on the speakers tone.
What is a speakers message filtered by?
It is filtered by the listeners frame of reference. ( their knowledge on the subject, goals,, values, attitudes and experiences) *no two people can have the same frame of reference
Where is plagiarism derived from?
Latin root- plagiarius (kidnapper)
Establish Credibility/Goodwill
Perception of whether speaker has best interests of audience in mind a. show your qualified b. let the audience know your expertise of source c. audiences perception of whether the speaker has their best interest
Consequences of plagiarism
Plagiarism can result in your work being destroyed. Plagiarism can result in expulsion from your academic institution. Plagiarism can result in legal action.
What affects the message received by the audience?
The amount of channels used by the speaker. Speakers can use one or more channels.
What should a first speech focus on?
The basics: - speaking intelligently -avoidance of distracting mannerism - establishing eye contact with your listeners
What are supporting materials?
The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.
What does communication depend on?
The verbal or nonverbal message
Why should speakers be excited when speaking?
When they are excited their audience tends to be too
How does speech communication begin?
With a speaker
what are pauses?
a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
What is external interference?
a noise in the room or surroundings
Central idea
a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
problem-solution
a relationship that shows how a conflict or issue (the problem) is answered (the solution)
determining the specific purpose
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
what is specific purpose?
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
internal previews
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
Signposts
a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
What are connectives?
a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them
Get attention and interest
a. Relate topics to the audience (makes listeners more interested) b. state importance of your topic (find ways to make it significant) c. Startle the audience (With an arresting or intriguing statement relating to the topic) d. arouse the curiosity of the audience (Series of statements that spark curiosity about subject of speech) e. Question the audience (rhetorical question; for them to answer mental; make sure to pause._ f. Begin with a quotation (short grabbing quotation) g. Tell a story (well known events, public figures, personal experinces) h. use visual aids (provide images to enhance speakers words)
how to signal the dnd of speech
a. use 6your voice to signal b. crescendo ending- speech builds to the zenith of power intensity c. dissolve ending- generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
What is stage fright? (Chap 1)
anxiety over giving a speech in front of an audience
What is interference?
anything that impedes the communication of a message
what do good deliveries have?
eye contact, sufficient volume, does no call attention to itself, and does not distract it.
What are the 4 steps to extemporaneous?
i) prepared, organized and structured with any word choice that comes out 2) exact wording chosen at the moment of delivery 3) encourages conversational quality (make the speech sound spontaneous even if it has been rehearsed)
What is the organization of a speech?
i. specific purpose ii. central idea iii. main points
Movement
i. stay calm, posied and confident ii. don't rush into the speech, give yourself some time. iii. establish eye contact iv. when the speech is over maintain eye contact
Why is the success of a speaker dependent on the listener?
it depends on the listeners personal adrenaline, knowledge of the subject, preparation of the speech, manner of speaking, sensitivity to the audience, amount of enthusiasm, and the occasion
What is plagiarism?
presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own
What is pitch?
the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice
Chronological idea
time, place, etc (ex great wall)
What is specific purpose?
to either inform or persuade an audience
What is the general purpose?
to inform or persuade.
