sports Management chapt 18
Stereotypical depictions and inaccurate portrayals of Native Americans assume what two forms?
1. Untamed Savages (Washington Redskins) 2. Noble Savages (Chief Wahoo for Redskins)
The positions of scholars and activists on Native American Mascots are based on what three major points?
1.Imagery 2.Reflects and reinforces stereotypes and biases 3. Representations harm Native Americans and they have no control over such images. Ex: Chief Wahoo for Cleveland Indians
2016 Season: What % of NFL Head Coaches were men of color?
18.7% (6 of 32 NFL Coaches) were men of color
Why does it matter that fewer women occupy leadership positions relative to "role learning?"
Because from an early age children and influenced by role learning. With the scarcity of female role models in sport, girls may devalue their own abilities and may fail to realize own potential.
Why have institutions show reluctance to change their mascots?
Because they fear economic backlash from loyal fans and donors The debate from Native American imagery is far from over (Ex: Redskins Owner Daniel Snyder will continue using mascot despite 2 lawmakers threatening to hold hearings from name is not changed)
% of Female Sport Administrators Before Title IX vs. After Title IX (2014-2015)?
Before Title IX: Women occupied the vast majority, about 90% of a ll athletic director positions throughout women intercollegiate athletics. After Title IX: Women accounted for only 18.8% of those same administrator positions
In contrast, individuals and institutions who defend the use of Native American Mascots believe what?
Believe they are resisting correctness, claim the images honor local tribes, or make the assertions that mascots have been supported by Native Americans
Media Coverage of Female Athletes: •Amount of Coverage?
Females receive only 2-4% of total coverage on average. This figure continues to decline
What % of Head Coaches in College Sport are Female?
In college sports today only 20% of the head coaches are female.
•% of Female Head Coaches Before Title IX vs. After Title IX (2014)?
In terms of national trends before Title IX (1972), more than 90% of all head coaches in women athletics were women. After Title IX (In 2014) there were only about 43.4% of female head coaches
•What are some examples of how sport and sport figures have served as a catalyst for social change?
Jackie Robinson - Broke color barrier of baseball in 1947 Movie Glory Road 1966: Texas Western vs. UK (5 African American players started for Texas Western) 1968: Olympians Tommie Smith & John Carlos: Both were stripped of their medals in boxing. Protests brought light. 1990s: Magic Johnson: Infected by HIV 2016: Colin Kaepernick: Made social and political statement by kneeling during national anthem (Black Lives Matter Movement)
Media Coverage of Female Athletes: Type of Coverage?
Media portray male athletes in ways that emphasize their athletic strength and mental toughness Media highlights women's physical attractiveness and heterosexuality rather than accomplishments as athletes
-2016-17 School Year: What % of FBS D1 Ads were men of color? And, how many were women of color?
Men of Color: 14.1% Women of Color: 0%
WHY do Sociologists argue that despite substantial gains in sports offered since the passage of Title IX, males still outnumber females in positions of power in sport and receive a disproportional amount of resources toward participation?
Power hierarchies dominated by men - "Old Boys Network" Organizational Structure of sport organizations Societal Beliefs that sport is primarily about men
Sports serves as a unifier:
Sport brings people together and cuts across social classes, races and genders and cultures (Institutions can unite people the way that sport does largely because of the popularity of sport and the tension it garners)
What are the sociological benefits of sport?
Sport shapes social values held in high regard Hard work, fair play, self-discipline, sacrifice, commitment, as well as greater physical, social, emotional, and psychological development
Title IX
The education amendment act that was passed by the U.S. in 1972. Prohibits sex discrimination in educational settings. Despite financial gains, males still outnumber females in terms of power and females also receive a disproportional amount of resources.
% of Women who are Associated Press Sport Editors/Columnists/Reporters?
Women make up of only 10% or less of the associated press work editors Women make up only 11-16% of sport reporters/designers/Columnists
•Although homophobia is present in both men's and women's athletics, fears or concerns about being gay have long been associated with _________ sports?
Women's Such fears range from assertions that women participation in sport. Masculinize women or harm reproductive capacities, make them fail to fulfill roles such as wife and mother Women who are involved in sport, that are heterosexual, feel a great deal of pressure to act Men's sports are oppressive and tolerance when it comes to gay athletes (Men appear to feel more pressured to be more masculine) Due to history of sport, not surprised that male athletes that are gay is a contradiction in sport
race logic
an attributional pattern of athletic success in which Black athletes' successes are attributed to natural athletic abilities and genetic advantage and White athletes' achievements are attributed to discipline, intelligence, and hard work.
Stacking
assignment of players to less central positions on the basis of race or ethnicity Minority groups are steered away from or into certain player positions that are more or less central to key decision making and leadership positions on the field (Ex: White MLB players have dominated positions such as pitcher, catcher, and infield positions, which is thought of thinking positions. African Americans have mostly dominated outfield positions, that rely on speed and athleticism).
Socialization
the process by which people learn and develop through social interactions and come to know the environment around them
