The Race Beat Test
Which of the following was NOT a part of Martin Luther King's Speech at Washington in 1963?
"...This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance."
What was Wallace's response to Evers' question?
"It's going to take a hundred big funerals"
What was the last thing Medgar Evers asked news reporter Wallace Terry?
"What do you think it's going to take to change things?"
How much did Sullivan sue the Times for?
$500,000
Who was Silas Rogers?
1. 21 year old Negro handyman serving a life sentence for killing a police officer 2. Freed after Jack Kilpatrick wrote articles convincing the governor to grant a pardon 3. A year after being freed Rogers was charged with rape in New JerseyThis answer is correct. 4. The Rogers experience convinced Jack Kilpatrick that there was a profound genetic, behavioral, and cultural gulf between white and Negro people that could not be closed.
In 1947 the NAACP's legal defense fund sued South Carolina and the University of South Carolina for what offenses? Check all that apply
1. Failure to integrate law school 2.Failure to outlaw all-white political primary
What did the lawsuit, Briggs v. Elliot, attack as evidence of unequal state support?
1. Inadequate physical structures (plants) 2. Inadequacy of teacher pay 3. Inadequate materials 4. nadequate number of teachers
Autherine Lucy's first day of class was February 3, 1956. Which of the following statements were true of her experience in the first week of classes?
1. Lucy's first two days were peaceful. But by the third day of classes crowds were formed that threatened her safety. 2. Even the vice president of the college got attacked trying to help keep Autherine Lucy safe.
What happened following Medgar Evers funeral? Check all that apply
1. Mourners went on a massive parade, joined by leaders Martin Luther King and Roy Wilkins 2. Younger marchers broke away from the originally planned parade route and went into the white business district to protest
According to Myrdal, which of the following were true statements?
1. Myrdal could not find a single case in which a grand jury had indicted a White man for participating in a lynch mob, even though lynchers were named and their were plenty of pictures depicting their proximity to the crime. 2. Whites could cheat and steal from Negroes, knowing that when it was White testimony against a Negro, White almost always prevailed. 3. Negroes were terrified of the court system 4. Grand Juries seldom indicted a White man if his accuser was Black
Check all that were true on the day Meredith was brought to campus.
1. Nearly 2,500 noisy angry people from all over the south formed a mob that quickly got out of control 2. Reporters quickly became the targets of mob attacks 3.Police were supposed to keep non-students off campus and failed
Who was Lloyd Gaines and what became of him? Check all that apply
1. Negro man who applied for admission to the University of Missouri's law school 2. Even though the Supreme Court ruled in his favor stating there were no equal law schools equivalent to UM's school of law, Gaines mysteriously disappeared. 3. Lloyd Gaines disappeared and was never again found.
Out of his experience in Albany and Brimingham, King developed a four step strategy for the voting campaign. Select all that apply:
1. Nonviolent demonstrators go into the streets to exercise their constitutional rights. 2. Racists resist by unleashing violence against them. 3. American of conscience in the name of decency demand federal intervention and legislation. 4. The Administration, under mass pressure, initiates measures of immediate intervention and remedial legislation.
Check all the ways the Citizens Councils of Humphrey County Mississippi denied Negroes the vote:
1. Poll Taxes had to be paid before Negroes could register 2. Repeated visits to the registration office would often mean repeated harassment and intimidation 3. Before being permitted to vote they were handed a paper with ten questions including "are you a member or do you support the NAACP."
What key issues to leaders of the SNCC grapple with after Selma? Check all that apply
1. Should they embrace violence as a method for change 2. Should they purge white people from the organization
Check all the errors Sullivan claimed the Times article had used:
1. The dining hall had not been padlocked, and there had been no attempt to starve the students 2. Large numbers of police had assembled near the campus but had not "ringed it" 3. It was the national anthem, not 'My Country 'Tis of Thee' that the students sung 4. King was arrested four times not seven
What happened to the Smith murder case?
1. There were witnesses, who provided descriptions of one of the fleeing blood splotched assailants, but witnesses would not talk on official record and would not be of assistance in court. 2. The Sheriff was focused not on who had killed Smith but on whether Smith's absentee ballot operation had been legal 3. The Grand Jury could not proceed with three men who were arrested because "people standing 20 to 30 feet from the killing claimed to know nothing about it."
What are the two leading theories about what happened inside the gocery store that day on August 24, 1955? Check both
1. Till whistled at Carolyn Bryant and boasted that he had been with white women before 2. Till was hit by a longtime stuttering problem and inadvertently let out a sound that resembled a wolf whistle
What two cities did the images of Charles Moore matter most? Check both
1. Washington 2. Birmingham
In what alarming way did the Watts riots differ from ealier events of the civil rights movement? Check all that apply
1. Whites were targeted to violence 2. violence center to the event
What factors explain Southern society allowing the Negro Press to openly and defiantly attack Whites and White institutions without violent recourse? Check all that apply.
1. Whites were unaware of the Negro press or written articles within 2. White Southerners deeply valued the 1st Amendment
What lessons did King learn in Albany? Check all that apply
1. You need to be specific with your target and goals 2. It must be clear that he is in charge 3. He must not play the role of a "fireman" saving a movement already begun by others. 4. And it was better to attack businesses than city councils or government
What were the three demands the Montgomery Improvement Association had before they would end the boycott? Check all correct demands
1. more courteous treatment by bus drivers of Negro passengers 2. a seating arrangement in which Negro patrons would enter the back of the bus and white patrons would enter the front; Negro customers would sit in the back so long as seats were available there but would be permitted to take seats progressively closer to the front as the back filled up. 3. The hiring of Negro bus drivers on predominantly Negro routesThis answer is correct. 4. Nobody would be asked to give up a seat for anyone else.
To defeat the civil rights activists, Pritchett made arrests for many light and flimsy reasons. Check types of arrests he used:
1. trespassing 2. creating a disturbance 3. contributing to the delinquency of minors 4. parading without a permit 5. failure to obey an officer
How did the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals rule on the Harrison Salisbury Case? Check all that apply
1.Dismissed all seven libel cases that stemmed from Salisbury's story 2.Ruled that since the Times was printed in New York the case could not be brought in Alabama
What factors led the Carnegie Foundation to choose an outsider for its study? Check all that apply.
1.The foundation wanted an outsider whose country had no history of institutionalized slavery or colonialism 2. The foundation was influenced by earlier works of Alexis de Tocqueville, a Frenchman, whose earlier study seemed fair and exceptionally done.
Whic of the following reasons made Selma a logical choice for the SCLC? (Select all that apply)
1.The sheriff of Dallas County, James G. Clark, had a quick temper and propensity for violence 2.Blacks accounted for half the city's 30,000 voting age population but only 335 had managed to get registered
What two actions by the police did photographer Charles Moore capture that shocked the nation? (Check both)
1.The use of police dogs on demonstrators 2.The use of hoses on demonstrators
How many students began the first Sit-In?
12
Besides the news media, how many "Riders" were on the first trip?
13
More shocking news followed, when a report surfaced (NAACP Dr T.R.M. Howard confirmed) that Negro field hands may have helped with the beatings, torture, and evidence clean up. According to Witnesses, how many black men were in the barn and then truck with Till, Bryant, and Milam?
2
How many days after Till was reported abducted was his body found?
3
Approximately what percentage of the Montgomery bus passengers each day were black?
75%
How many students were finally chosen to integrate at Central High?
9
What was the average lifespan in years of a Negro newspaper?
9 years
Of the Negroes that daily rode the busses to and from work - what percentage boycotted?
90%
What key event in the history of the civil rights movement took place on August 28, 1963 in Washington D.C.?
A March on Washington planned by civil rights leaders
What did reporter John Chancellor use against a local gang of bullies when he was covering the Till Trial that he later called "the technological equivalent of a crucifix" and he credited for saving his life?
A microphoneThis answer is correct.
Who was Ira Lipman?
A student from Central High who organized a student group for Frank McGee's NBC televised interview
Of the three television stations covering the movement, which was considered the number three "come-lately network" in 1965.
ABC
In 1946 what did the Supreme Court outlaw that began to change the nature of politics in the South?
All-white democratic Primary
What newspaper did Harry Ashmore finally decide to work for that was controlled by J.N.Heiskell?
Arkansas Gazette
Where was Medgar Evers buried?
Arlington National Cemetary
What did CBS news cameraman Robert Schakne, who realized he failed to capture the crowd's response to Eckford's arrival, do that "revealed the raw immaturity of this relatively new medium and newsgathering?"
Asked the crowd, after it had fallen quiet, to demonstrate it anger again by yelling for the camera
Which city did Fred Shuttlesworth urge King to focus on next in their civil rights movement?
Atlanta
Who were the two African American girls that tried to enroll in the University of Alabama? (Check Both)
Autherine Lucy and Pollie Hudson
Which city did King, Shuttlesworth, and the SCLC target for confrontation in 1963?
Birmingham
Who was Claude Neal?
Black man who was tortured, burned and lynched in Florida in 1934 because he was accused of Killing a white woman
Where was the Klan rally held that author Gene Roberts found himself being saved by members of the KKK by an even more dangerous extremist group?
Bogalusa
Which of the following leaders was viewed as a more non-threatening black leader to whites, but viewed by many in the Negro press to be too accomodation to whites?
Booker T. Washington
What Court case ruled that "separate but equal" was permissible (legal or constitutional) as long as Blacks were provided with equal facilities?
Brown V. Board of Education Topeka Kansas
What was the topic of the first story run in Southern School News?
Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas
Who was the editor of The Tuscaloosa News that became a lightning rod for attacks by white segregationists because he advocated fair treatment for Negroes?
Buford Boone
Who was the police chief of Birmingham that used such aggressive tactics?
Bull Connor
Which organization sponsored and mailed out press releases urging coverage for the Freedom Rides?
CORE
When stores closed in response to the sit-ins, what did the SCLC do?
Changed strategies to marches, pilgrimages, and "kneel-ins" in churches
Where was 14 year old Emmitt Till from?
Chicago
What did Mississippi delta plantation manager Robert B. Patterson create in response to the Brown ruling?
Citizens Council
Which reporter, a friend of Evers, wrote a report the Evers assassination that became the central story used by most of America's press?
Cliff Sessions
What was the purpose of the study?
Conduct a comprehensive study of race in America and especially on segregation and white supremacy in the South.
What did King's "Project C" stand for?
Confrontation
What did the Alabama state grand jury indict Martin Luther King, Jr for?
Conspiring to hinder a lawful business by boycotting the bus service
What area of Selma became the precise focal point of turbulence because jurisdiction shifted from Baker to Sheriff Clark?
Courthouse
What was the only part of Negro news that the Northern press consistently covered?
Crime
Which NAACP leader was principally in charge of when the nine students would try to go to school again after the National Guard left?
Daisy Bates
What event led to SCLC strategists to plan a March from Marion through Selma then 54 miles away to Montgomery?
Death of Jimmie Lee Jackson who was protecting his mother from police brutality
Who was the reporter from The Times who sat besides Elizabeth Eckford on the bench and tried to comfort her. He was later warned "to be careful" by Major General Sherman Clinger over how the crowds were starting to build around and target him.
Dr. Benjamin Fine
According to the authors', who was Tom Dewey's VP candidate that because Dewey lost would ultimatley be on the Supreme Court?
Earl Warren
Which Negro magazine created by John H. Johnson was originally meant to present "the happier side of Negro life."
Ebony
Which of the nine black students arrived to Central High School first, on a municipal bus and alone to be tormented by a crowd that awaited?
Elizabeth Eckford
What reporter hatched a plan to desegregate The University of Alabama by encouraging Autherine Juanita Lucy to apply to the school?
Emory Jackson
Which African American reporter seemed to have lost his resolve to protest because he fell in love with a younger woman?
Emory Jackson
Which reporter working for the Birmingham World played a significant role in getting Lucy admitted to Alabama?
Emory Jackson
Who was the news editor of the Birmingham World that had inside coverage and informative reporting first on the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
Emory Jackson
The South, researchers discovered, was 56 years away or a single lifetime away from what event or era?
End of Reconstruction
Of all the stories Relman "Pat" Morin covered leading up to the Little Rock story, which shocked him the most?
Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
The courts decision in Brown, althought favorable for the NAACP, saw three justices dissent in the 6-3 ruling. All three judges that dissented were from the south (AL., TN., & KY.)
False
The immediate response to Brown was a wave of violent attacks on Negroes across the South.
False
Truman's support for the Committee's Civil Rights legislation ultimatley lost him Southern Support and the 1948 Presidential Election.
False
Who was Levi Pearson?
Father of three school children who sued state saying government should provide equal public transportation for black children that they do for white.
In the reading, Orval Faubus' opponent for the Democratic nomination Francis Cherry was said to have "unleashed the Commonwealth issue" to ruin him. What was "the Comonwealth issue?"
Faubus went to Commonwealth College - and thus associated with socialists
Who was Moneta Sleet, Jr?
First African American to win the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in 1969
Who did the Tuscaloosa News editor Buford Boone appeal to for help in the crisis of allowing blacks into the University of Alabama?
Football Coach "Bear" Bryant
Who write the article for the Atlanta Constitution that called out white people living in the South for the murder of the girls and the injustices that have ravaged the south?
Gene Patterson
Who ran for governor uttering the lines "Segregation Now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!"
George C. Wallace
Who won the 1962 Governor's race after pledging to defy segregation orders "even to the point of standing in the schoolhouse door, if necessary."
George C. Wallace
Where was Claude Sitton when when "Zeke" Matthews and his gang of 13 officers terrorized the Mount Olive Baptist Church?
Georgia
The first time Meredith arrived on campus to seek admission, who confronted him and read him a proclamation rejecting him?
Governor Barnett
Where was the first Sit-In?
Greensboro, NC
Who was the moderate editor for The Birmingham Advertiser (whose father defended the Scottboro Boys), who liked to wear colored shirts before they were in vogue and who was torn about which side to defend in the press because the Negro position seemed so reasonable.
Grover C. Hall, Jr
Where was Governor Barnett when he gave his famous four sentence "I Love Mississippi" speech?
Halftime of Ole Miss Football Game
Who was the journalist that compared Alabama to Nazi Germany and ran an article on Birmingham titled "Fear and Hatred Grip Birmingham"?
Harrison Salisbury
Which editor was asked to write a study of the South by the Ford Foundation?
Harry Ashmore
Which reporter's office by day and home at night became a workplace and social club respectively to the white reporters?
Harry Ashmore
Who wrote Faubus' pivotal speech that helped him overcome the "Commonwealth issue" and win the nomination?
Harry Ashmore
What President called for Congress to create a Civil Rights Committee to study the question of race and recommend action in 1947?
Harry S. Truman
What did Governor Faubus say on Television that shocked America?
He ordered in the National Guard to prevent violence and informed the viewing audience he was suspending the school integration plan out of fear of violence
How did Governor Wallace finally decide to respond to the march?
He publicly ordered troopers to use whatever measures were necessary to prevent the march.
What did Wallace do on June 11, 1963 that brought national attention?
He stood in the doorway of the University of Alabama and protested the enrollment of black students. But he left once Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach asked him to move.
Why was Levi Pearson's case ultimatley thrown out?
He was declared to have no legal standing since his farm was a few feet outside the school district where his children attended.
What happened to the last registered voter in Humphrey county - Gus Courts?
He was gunned down inside his grocery store for refusing to remove his name from the voter registration list.
Which federal case said the Southern Railway's standard practice of using curtains, partitions, signs and seperate tables to divide Negroes from whites in its dining cars was unconstitutional?
Henderson v. United States
Who was one of the first editors who dared to attack the Citizen Councils - and on a national stage in a national magazine - Look, and then took on most of the Mississippi State legislature?
Hodding Carter, Jr.
What position, drawn from a long history of Southern support for states rights, did Kack Kilpatrick advance to fight the Supreme Court's recent decisions on desegregation?
Interposition
Although many civil rights leaders like Reverend King were pleased by the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, what part of it were they disappointed?
It would have little impact on voting rights
What was the first race story both the white and black press covered?
Jackie Robinson
Who was the conservative editor of The Albany Herald who worked with Pritchett and who consequently also had grown up in Massachussetts and had friendly relations with the Kennedy brothers?
James H. Grey
Who attempted to enroll at the University of Mississippi in 1961-62 that caused a confrontation between segregationists and integrationist supporters?
James H. Meredith
Who was the young brash Richmond editor that called for "massive resistance" to federal authority? He raised camellias and often opened speeches with Latin punch lines...
James Jackson Kilpatrick
Who organized the Nashville Sit-Ins? He was a former student at Vanderbilt University that studied Gandhian protests in India. He believed the NAACP had grown too conservative and too reliant on lawsuits.
James Lawson
Which magazine carried a close up of Till's disfigured face? (You had to purchase the magazine to see the pictures).
Jet
Who saved Jackson during the protests from turning into a bloodbath?
John Doar
Who was the last person storied in the book? An individual who's success story included everything from the Freedom Rides to Selma and eventually became a congressman representing King's birthplace, Atlanta?
John Lewis
Who was the likeable, hopeful, and native southerner reporting for the New York Times that toured the south with many reporters and tried to help create a bridge between the north and the south?
John Popham
Who was "the mustard man?"
John Salter
Who did police find protesting from a porch of a house, that they first identified him among the crowd and shouted "here he is" and then clubbed him so violently in the head Sitton though he had to have died?
John SalterThis is the correct answer.
Who was the federal judge that was the lone dissentor in the Briggs v. Elliott case?
Judge Watie Waring
What Sunday Night Movie on ABC was interrupted by news of the attack at Selma that made people connect the "Bloody Sunday" to Nazi Germany?
Judgement at Nuremberg
Who said "If you create enough tension you attract attention to your cause." And that, he added, was how the movement might "get to the conscience of the white man."
King
What two groups did Los Angeles Times reporter Jack Nelson continue to investigate after Selma? Check both:
Klu Klux Klan and FBI
Whose house became a base for the Negro Press reporters?
L.C and Daisy Bates
Who was CBS's remarkable cameraman who managed to get his camera into the right places at critical moments and even designed an harness for his camera and a bar for defense if attacked? He moved into the crowd during "Bloody Sunday" and recorded critical scenes.
Laurens Pierce
Who was the hulking police chief from Albany that came to understand the strengths of the civil rights leaders well.
Laurie Pritchett
What field of study was MLK in before deciding to become an minister?
Law
What magazine did Moore work for that changed the nation when they printed his pictures using their large format pages?
Life
Who was the "piss and vinegar" editor of the Jackson Daily News that battled the Hederman family for control of the paper and type of coverage it represented?
Major Frederick Sullens
Who was the Black Muslim leader in the north who was seen as a more ominous threat and led to newspapers portraying King more favorably because of his peaceful tactics?
Malcolm X
Who did the Montgomery Improvement Association elect their leader of the boycott?
Martin Luther King Jr
Over the SNCC's objections, who did the movement's chairman phone and telegraph to come to Albany to help revitalize their protest?
Martin Luther King, Jr
What was the article about that forever changed Ray Jenkins career?
Martin Luther King, Jr charged for perjury
Which federal case said the University of Oklahoma was wrong is seperating a black education student by assigning him to remote places within the school such as the library and cafeteria to learn?
McLaurin v. Oklahoma Board of RegentsThis is the correct answer.
Who was the NAACP leader in Jackson, Mississippi, who had led the local civil rights movement for nearly ten years from the days of the Emmitt Till case up through the Ole Miss tragedy and into 1963?
Medgar Evers
Where and When was King assassinated?
Memphis, Tennessee April 1968
Where was Till when the incident or misunderstanding with Carolyn Bryant took place?
Milam's Gocery and Meat in Summer, Mississippi
Which state did King specifically single out in his speech, describing it as "a state sweltering with the heat of injustice..."
Mississippi
By 1961 which Southern States continued to RESIST integration in their Insitutions of Higher Learning (Universities and Colleges)? Check all that apply:
Mississippi and Alabama
What prior leader in world history did Martin Luther King Jr get many of his ideas and concepts for 'passive resistance'?
Mohandas K. Ghandhi
Who was the first officer from Alabama to sue the Times for libel?
Montgomery Police Commissioner L. B. Sullivan
Who was Mrs. Daisy Gabrielle?
Mother of six who walked her daughter to school against the taunts and warnings of her neighbors.
What was the first television station to make covering integration a top priority of their coverage?
NBC
The trial, as Myrdal had predicted, brought news reporters into Mississippi from all across the North. Check all the papers that sent reporters to the trial:
New York Times Chicago Tribune Washington Post Life Magizne
What caused reporter Simeon Booker to make his first trip into Mississippi?
News that two Negro grocers were leading a voter registration drive
What issues in pulling together a case against Bryant and Milam did prosecutor Gerlad Chatham face? (Check all that apply)
No witnesses of the killing No murder weapon or links to fan or barbed wire No idea where Till had been killed Only credible witness of any part of the abduction was Uncle Mose
What prize did King win in October 1964 that led to consternation among Atlanta's white civic leaders?
Nobel Peace PrizeThis answer is correct.
In 1955, of the 16,000 Negroes in Humphrey's county eligible to vote - how many actually cast a ballot on primary election day?
None
In 1957, Harry Ashmore was encouraged by news that three major cities of this state were going to try and integrate their schools peacefully with a plan to integrate 12 black students. What state?
North Carolina
According to Gunnar Myrdal, which press stood the best chance for reforming America's ideas about racism in America?
Northern
Where were the marchers when row after row of Alabama troopers suddenly charged and assaulted them?
On the Edmund Pettus Bridge crossing into Selma
Who did Harry Ashmore support for the next governonr of Arkansas in the 1954 elections?
Orval Eugene Faubus
Soon after arriving, King led a march of protestors. He and 256 other were arrested. Of what crime was he charged?
Parading without a permit
What word did Myrdal use to describe the plight of the Negroes of the South?
Pathological
Who was the first director/editor of Southern School News?
Pete McKnight
What Supreme Court case said "seperate but equal" was constitutional prior to the ruling of Briggs v. Eliott?
Plessy v. Ferguson
What previous court case did the Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas overturn?
Plessy v. Ferguson
Who was the last victim of violence at the end of chapter 20: The Killing Season?
President Kennedy
What was the hoax the Advertiser tried to pull to end the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
Ran a story that the bus boycott had ended in an agreement between three Negro leaders and the City Commissioners
Who was the UPI reporter who was in Albany covering the movement and was literally caught with his pants off when a march of more than 200 blacks had begun?
Robert Gordon
Who ushered in the era of "passive resistance" when she violated city ordinance and Alabama state law by refusing to give up her seat on a municipal bus to a white man on December 1, 1955.
Rosa parks
Who was the Governor of Mississippi that came out against integrating Ole Miss?
Ross Barnett
Who abducted Emmitt Till? Check all that apply
Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam
Whose political posturing and bullying convinced Tom Waring that he was a newsman first and a segregationist advocate second?
Roy V. Harris
Which Tallahatchie authority figure tried to bar Negro reporters from the trial?
Sheriff H.C. Strider
How was Reverend George Lee killed?
Shot to death by someone in a passing car
On September 15, 1963 what did the Ku Klux Klan bomb that led to the deaths of four innocent children?
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church
What organization did Martin Luther King Jr lead?
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)This is the correct answer.
Where was Medgar Evers when he was assassinated?
Standing in his own driveway
After being suspended, what decision did Emory Jackson argue that Autherine Lucy should not make?
Sue the University for being complicit in with the mob that endangered Lucy
Where was the murder trial of Emmitt Till held?
Sumner, Mississippi
Which Federal institution did Wallace believe was wrong in his argument on Meet the Press?
Supreme Court
What did Evers holding when he was shot?
Sweatshirts that said "Jim Crow Must Go"
Which federal case ruled that a University of Texas law student could not be seperated from white students and given a seperate education?
Sweatt v. Painter
What occupation did Myrdal use to highlight the inequality of pay between the races (Whites made $833.00 a year and Blacks made $510.00) proving that seperate but equal was not reality.
Teacher
On September 13 what did the Mississippi governor declare as an attempt to stop Ole Miss from integrating?
That he was interposing himself between the federal government and university
What major foundation directed and funded Mydal's study?
The Carnegie Corporation
Why did King postpone the boycott and campaign until April 3? Check all that apply
The Easter season was a time of shopping for black women and he knew it would hit merchants hard
According to The Race Beat, the Negro Press was responsible for what major event in American History at the beginning of the 20th Century?
The Great Migration
Who was the title of the book Gunnar Myrdal was working on in the late 1930's?
The Race Beat
According to the authors, how were newspapers changing in the 1940's that was important to understand how they operated?
They were friendlier to business interests and worried more about corporate America and less about community
Although more than 50 reporters came from all over the United States to cover the Trial, The Clarion Ledger, perhaps the largest and most influential paper in all of Mississippi, sent only a single reporter and replied on most of its information from the Associated Press.
True
Editors Ashmore and Carter were convinced the South would never accept forced integration.
True
In 1955 Mississippi had the highest percentage of Negroes in the nation and the lowest percentage registered to vote.
True
John Lewis was ousted from the SNCC and replaced by Stokely Carmichael because of his adherrance to the ideals of non violent resistance.
True
More than 63% of Tallahatchie County's (where Till's body was discovered) population was Negro, but not a single Negro person was registered to vote; therefore none was allowed to sit on a jury. Selected:
True
Mrs. Bradley decided she would never be able to describe the condition of her son's body to anyone who had not seen it, so she insisted that the casket remain open for all to witness.
True
On July 26, 1955 Negroes in Natchez, Mississippi filed a formal petition for admission to white public schools for the coming fall. The local paper, the Natchez Democrat, stopped the petition by publishing the names of those who signed the petition to desegregate and by asking readers to "check" the names.
True
Pritchett had studies Martin Luther King and Mahatma Ghandi and believed it was not necessary to use force in arresting civil rights activists.
True
Sheriff H.C. Strider tried to claim that the body found in the river was not Till's. That the corpse, and the ring, was planted by the NAACP. The body was too composed to "prove" it was Till's who was probably living in Detriot while the NAACP was wasting everyone's time.
True
The abduction of Till, even before his body was found or his death was confirmed, quickly became news, partly because the Sheriff of Leflore County acted swiftly to take Roy Bryant into custody as a suspect.
True
The three federal judges that heard the Briggs case ruled, 2-1, that seperate but equal was essentially a fine doctrine.
True
While King was in jail, Marion Page, secretary of the SNCC, said King and the SCLC had no leadership role in the local organization.
True
What did Wallace protest in 1963 that brought him national attention and an appearance on Meet the Press?
Two black students enrolling at the University of Alabama
What event took place on May 28, 1963 that escalated into mass protests by the black community of Jackson Mississippi?
Two students and another youth sat in the white section at Woolworth's lunch counter
Who ordered that Central High be opened to the black students on the second day of school, September 4?
U.S. District Judge Ronald N. Davies
Which university had been the first public institution of higher learning in the South to integrate?
University of Arkansas
What tactic did police in Greenwood on March 28 use that played into King's hands and gave him the event he needed to start the protests?
Use of police dogs This is the correct answer.
During World War II, what did the Double V V campaign mean for the Negro press?
Victory from without and within
What war steadily diverted attention from the civil rights movement?
Vietnam
The chapter ended with the passage of what critical and ground breaking act signed by President Johnson on August 6, 1965? It was a victory that was harkened as the beginning of the end of the civil rights movement.
Voting Rights Act
Who was the confrontational editor for the NAACP newspaper "The Crisis"?
W.E.B. Du Bose
In a New York debate, who represented the NAACP and chastized Ashmore for defending the South's refusal to move on integration?
Walter White
Who was the reporter working for Look Magazine that paid the Bryant's and Milam for an exclusive story? A story where they confessed how and why they killed Emmitt Till.
William Bradford Huie
Who was Selma's top law enforcement officer that clearly did not want Selma to become another Birmingham and disagreed with the violent tactics of Sheriff Clark?
Wilson Baker
How did the police respond to the black communities march in protest of the assassination of Evers?
With violent and deadly force. Clubbing and beating people so violently that Claude Sitton could hear the sound of billy clubs hitting skulls.This answer is correct.
Where - what store - was the site of the first Sit-In?
Woolworth's
What event in Europe had halted the research and writing of An American Dilemma?
World War II
What war experience caused Harry Ashford to develop a very strong belief in democracy and equality?
World War II
In what ways did World War I place Negro newspapers and their editors in a bind?
a. Negro press felt reluctant to support a war abroad for democracy when at home blacks did not have equal rights b. Negro editors sensed most blacks felt a deep sense of patriotism and to be critical would be to appear unpatriotic or worse. c. The war had created thousands of job opportunities for blacks and to openly criticize the government would jeopardize those possibilities d. The editors of the Negro newspapers worried criticism of the government could also lead to imprisonment and fines because of the federal anti sedition laws.
New leadership of the SNCC had wanted to change everything about the civil rights organization. They even demanded change in racial terminology. They aboandoned the word "Negro" and now wanted to be called?
black
What did the boycotters organize so incredibly well that allowed their boycott to succeed?
car pools
In Little Rock what school was chosen in 1957 to be the first to integrate black students?
central high school
A panel of federal judges ruled 2-1 that local bus segregation was LEGAL thus ending the boycott.
false
Although Negro newspapers were more militant then their white counterparts, they gave less space for columnists and editorials.
false
Birmingham's black community was unified over how best to proceed after the election of a new mayor - Albert Boutwell.
false
Few reporters were on hand to cover the Autherine Lucy story at Alabama because most were further South in Birmingham covering the bus boycott.
false
Harry Ashmore loved being an editor but could not stand The Gazette's owner J.N. Heiskell in part because he felt every decision was not based upon the desire to write about the news and inform the reading audience but to simply make money.
false
If there was any positive that came from the actual trial, it was that Negro reporters for the first time were fully accepted into the court, shared the spotlight with white reporters, and did not fear for their lives.
false
In 1957 a new civil rights bill easily passed the Senate with the leadership of Strom Thurmond, the former Dixiecrat who formerly had opposed Harry Truman for doing the exact same thing. The bill created a Commission on Civil Rights to investigate violations and created a Civil Rights Division within the Justice Department to prosecute violations of the law.
false
In the end it was Governor Faubus who removed the National Guard from the school.
false
It was largely due to Jack Kilpatrick's upbringing in the state of Virginia that the editor carried such strong feelings about race and segregation.
false
James H. Meredith was actually part of a well conceived plan by Martin Luther King, JR and the NAACP to try and integrate Mississippi.
false
King was convicted of perjury.
false
King was further frustrated because he could not get out of jail. Pritchett refused to allow anyone to pay his fines.
false
L. Alex Wilson, who had been badly beaten covering the Little Rock story, was the first Black reporter to sign up for the Freedom Rides.
false
Martin Luther King Jr. organized the first Sit-In.
false
Money was clearly the only goal in the Alabama v. New York Times lawsuits.
false
Mose Wright, fearing for his families lives, would not publicly finger point and identify Bryant and Milam in court.
false
Most southern states in early 1956 (Kentucky, Missouri, Virginia, Tennessee, etc) had refused to integrate their institutions of higher learning.
false
Much of the success behind the Montgomery boycott was due to the fear a Negro 'Goon Squad' instilled on fellow Blacks who would not participate.
false
On January 2, 1965, with the New Year less than 48 hours old, King travelled to Selma to kick off the civil rights campaign and announced that he would organize massive street resistance if Negroes in Dallas County were not allowed to ride on integrated public busses.
false
President Eisenhower had disagreed with the Supreme Court's Brown decision and refused to enforce it.
false
Rosa Parks stubborn refusal to move out of her seat and the "passive resistance" movement that followed received immediate and widespread attential all across the North.
false
Selma would be the last major outbreak of violence in race relations in the United States.
false
The Sit-Ins that began on February 1, 1960 were one of the most widely covered news events of the Civil Rights Era.
false
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) joined forces with King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to better coordinate their resistance.
false
The Times found it easy, however, to find legal representation in the case against Alabama.
false
The Times made a critical mistake when it specifically named Sullivan in its article.
false
The arrival of famed WW2 General Edwin Walker that the mob was able to be controlled.
false
The first bus was filled with people who refused to give up on the journey. Even after getting their tires slashed. They regrouped, jumped on a new Greyhound bus, and continued to travel through Alabama to New Orleans.
false
This time, on Monday the 23rd, there would be no crowd and no protest.
false
Under Popham's direction, The New York Times publised an eight page, 50,000 word "Report on the South" that clearly identified and detailed the battle over integration that was about to explode all over the south.
false
When Kennedy gave a televised report of the events at Ole Miss, he understood things were out of control and chose to misrepresent the situation to the public.
false
When Meredith showed up on campus to enroll, hardly a single member of the press was even in Oxford, Mississippi.
false
What was the largest city in Mississippi with a population of just 150,000 residents?
jackson
What type of crime against blacks did Negro newspapers rarely fail to cover even when they began broadening their appeal?
lynchings
What Negro sports editor resigned from the Chicago Defender over the issue of trying to get Major League Baseball racially integrated?
sam lacy
What target city would King and his followers select to make voting rights a national cause?
selma
How was Lamar Smith killed?
shot in broad daylight in the center of downtown Brookhaven Mississippi on a busy Saturday morning.
Where were most Negro newspapers sold?
south
Who was the SNCC leader who, after being arrested for the 27th time, said "Every courthouse in Mississippi out to be burned to get rid of the dirt," and ended with a dramatic stance for "Black Power" because he felt non violence had failed.
stokely Carmichael
What was the only major Northern newspaper with a significant white following to send a reporter to cover the Montgomery Bus Boycott (after six weeks)?
time
A month after the justice department filed their lawsuit, the Mount Olive Baptist Church was burned to the ground.
true
According to The Race Beat, Sheriff Bull Connor actually collaborated with the KKK to allow them time to attack the Freedom Riders.
true
After meeting with President Eisenhower Governor Faubus issued a stament declaring that Brown was "the law of the land and must be obeyed." He then returned to Arkansas and took the opposite position.
true
Alabama Governor John Patterson sued the New York Times, AND the four Alabama ministers, AND King for $1,000,000.00 for libel.
true
Although Gazette editor Harry Ashmore was once a supporter of the Governor, he quickly became greatest critic. Ashmore directly attacked his stance on bringing in the National Guard and stopping the nine black students from going to school and said his reason for doing so was made up and flimsy. It was Faubus, Ashmore insisted, who had "invited violence and disorder."
true
Although Harry Ashmore, Editor Hugh Patterson and Owner J.N. Heiskell's Gazette lost two million dollars on their stance to defend the right of the "Little Rock Nine" to integrate, in 1958 the paper won two Pulitzers for coverage.
true
As Meredith approached Governor Barnett in the Woolfork state office building to enroll, surrounded by all White people, the governor asked, "Which one is Meredith?"
true
Barnett had actually asked Kennedy to have agents pull a gun on him publicly as part of a staged show to secure Barnett's following after he relented on segregation.
true
Birmingham closed its city parks in 1963 to everyone rather than see blacks and whites mingle in the same playgrounds or ball fields.
true
Board members at Alabama accused Lucy of falsely defaming the University. The voted to expel her permamently. The day after she was expelled, Lucy left the state.
true
Bryant and Milam confessed they had killed Till because he had remained mouthy and would not recant that he had "had" white women.
true
Claude Sitton, editor of the New York Times, starting in October 1964, demanded that a Times correspondent cover King wherever he went.
true
Daisy Bates and the NAACP tried to enroll the students at the very first opportunity, the following Monday September 23.
true
Editors Kilpatrick, Bryan, Wise, and others were actually prepared to advocate succession over the Supreme Court's Brown decisions.
true
Even after Autherine Lucy was accepted by the University of Alabama, she still was not allowed to reside on campus.
true
Finally on March 21, 1965 after Judge Johnson had lifted the injunction a march took place that started in Selma and ended in Montgomery. The march lasted four days and five nights and was guarded heavily by Federal agents, marshalls, and soldiers. At the end of their journey no less than 20,000 people celebrated their arrival into Montgomery.
true
Governor Barnett actually tried to prevent Meredith from Ole Miss by having him arrested over a voter registration form he had previously filled out.
true
Governor Barnett was once hospitalized for walking into a running airplane propeller.
true
In 1955 101 of the 128 members of Congress from the Confederate States signed a "Declaration of Constitutional Principles," which became known as the Southern Manifesto. They declared official was on the Brown decision and sent the message that acts of defiance in furthering the message of the Manifesto were acts of virtue.
true
In many of the deep south counties, the black population outnumbered the whites, but whites remained in political control by tightly limiting the black vote.
true
It took the arrival of 13,000 soldiers to calm the situation.
true
It was on the Third Trip that the Federal Justice Department finally protected the "Freedom Rides".
true
Jackie Robinson, who was born nearby in Cairo, Georgia, came to pay his respects and lead a fund raiser.
true
Just eight days after "Bloody Sunday" President Johnson sent legislation to Congress and personally accompanied it - giving a speech that was interrupted 40 times with applause. He called for "no delay, no hesitation, no compromise." He ended with "We shall overcome".
true
Kennedy responded to the growing crisis by Federalizing the National Guard.
true
King had learned that the key to the movements success lay in the media capturing and reporting the violence unleashed upon protesters.
true
King himself had second thoughts about making the march and decided to have it delayed. But activists decided to march without him.
true
King launched the first of his demonstrations on January 18 by having black activists test seven restaurants to see wether they were complying with the public accomodations provision of the new Civil Rights Act. Blacks were served peacefully with the police looking on protectively.
true
King once lectured Life Magazines' Flip Schulke, who after watching children get shoved to the ground, intervened to protect them and put down his camera. King lectured him that his duty as a photographer was more important than being "another person joining in the fray."
true
L. Alex Wilson, editor of the Tri-State Defender , was held, strangled, and kicked by the crowd. His past training as a marine, years of experience covering the Korean War and deep South gave him the determination not to run as he was being attacked.
true
Life photographer had to leave Alabama as a wanted fugitive leaving behind his children.
true
Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett admitted he was just bluffing publicly about never letting Mississippi integrate.
true
Mississippi was the poorest state in the nation with the highest ratio (43%) of black population.
true
Most of the Mississippi newspapers were conservative and against integration.
true
On Autherine Lucy's third day of classes things had gotten out of control. That Monday morning a crowd had developed outside her first class. The vice president and dean of women had to spirit her away in a car that was bombarded by rocks, eggs, and foul language. Nevertheless, with crowds over 3,000 people demonstrating they delivered Lucy to her second class.
true
On Tuesday, just 48 hours after the violence, two thousand people joined King in a new march. But he turned the marchers back before they reached the Montgomery highway so as to not violate an injuction by Federal Judge Frank Johnson.
true
On a single day in Jackson, five hundred high school students were arrested after marching and hauled to the stockades, many of the transported in garbage trucks.
true
Only 5 percent of Americans owned televisions in 1950, but a mere seven years later more than eight out of ten homes owned televisions.
true
Organizers and students of the Sit-Ins quickly learned that how they were portrayed was all the difference in the success of the movement. So they dressed up, refused violent response, and allowed the media only to see violent action from white participants.
true
President Eisenhower sent in the 101st Airborne and federalized 10,000 members of the Arkansas National Guard to end the violence. His televised news conference was viewed by nearly 100 million people.
true
Protesters yelled to their children inside the school, demanding they come out. They cheered those who did, as well as the police officer who turned in his badge.
true
Reports made for National newspapers such as Time and Newsweek portrayed Faubus and the Little Rock protesters extremely negatively by calling the protesters "shabby", "ragged" and "trash" and portraying the Governor as a backwater slob.
true
School officials decided to secretly pull the nine black students out of school after a little over three hours because they were worried their exit at the end of the scheduled day would have been too dangerous.
true
Sheriff Jim Clark, the violent sheriff largely responsible for the violence at Selma, threw a political barbecue for black people in the hopes of getting re-elected.
true
Sullivan won $500,000.00 in his libel suit against the Times.
true
The Birmingham Grand Jury indicted Salisbury on 42 counts of criminal libel.
true
The Federal agents were only allowed to respond to direct gunfire with tear gas!
true
The NAACP was banned from the state of Alabama in 1956 by court order.
true
The Sit-Ins were different from the bus boycott because the boycott had not spread outside Birmingham, but the Sit-Ins ushered in a new form of civil disobediance that changed the South.
true
The charge against King was a misdemeanor. The trial lasted 4 days and King was convicted.
true
The first journey of the Freedom Riders ended in disaster as the lead bus was waylaid 6 miles outside Anniston, Alabama. Attackers threw bricks, an axe and even a Molotov cocktail into the bus.
true
Two men were killed during the riots and over 300 wounded.
true
Two weeks afte Claude Sittons story in the New York Times Attorney General Robert Kennedy filed a lawsuit against Matthews.
true
