The Second Triumvirate & Death of Cicero - Quick Questions [POTLR]
Which province did Antony send Brutus to, following Caesar's assassination and the negotiations with the conspirators?
Asia Minor
What happened after Cicero got onto a ship to flee from Italy, after the release of the proscription lists?
He dallied and returned to one of his villas
On the 29th of May, who defected to Antony's side (shifting the strategic balance and strength held by the two sides overnight)?
Lepidus
After the deaths of Hirtius and Pansa, which two commanders took over the senatorial armies stationed at Mutina?
Lepidus and Plancus
What was the name of Antony's original province, and the name of the province which he switched over for (following negotiations with the conspirators)?
Macedonia, Cisalpine Gaul
Where was Brutus, after Antony had fled to Southern Gaul / Lepidus had defected?
Macedonia, with several legions
In response to the demands of the senate at the start of 43 BC, what did Antony do?
Made a counter-offer (and thus appeared to be negotiating)
How did Cicero respond to Antony's speech in the September 1st senate meeting, denouncing him and his boycott of the meeting?
Made a speech mildly critical of Antony
What did Antony's speech on the life of Caesar do to the mobs and rioting within Rome?
Made them worse
When did Cicero deliver the twelfth and thirteenth Philippic speech against Antony?
March 43 BC
Following the senate's refusal to grant him a consulship, what did Octavian do on the 19th of August 43 BC?
Marched on Rome and declared himself and his cousin consuls
Who had the conspirators responsible for murdering Caesar decided not to kill in advance?
Mark Antony
Who was left as the sole consul of the Roman state after Caesar's assassination, and thus enjoyed huge legal power?
Mark Antony
Which two Caesarian figures reconciled with each other, following the intervention of Caesar's armies on Antony?
Mark Antony and Octavian
Where was Decimus when Octavian and Hirtius came to relieve him, whilst he was under siege by Antony?
Mutina
What did Fulvia allegedly to with Cicero's remains, whilst they were displayed in the forum (as revenge against the Philippics)?
Pulled out his tongue and jabbed it with her hairpin
What two things had Dolabella achieved as co-consul in 44 BC, which delighted Cicero (but frustrated Attcius and the consul-designates for the following year)?
Put down Caesarian riots and took down a column erected in Caesar's honour
Where was Cicero's villa, where he escaped to following the assassination of Caesar (and where he remained 'depressed' as he believed the conspirators had wasted their chances)?
Puteoli, near Naples
What did Octavian do outside of Rome at the turn of the new year, without imperium power (meaning that his actions were constitutionally illegal)?
Raised an army
What did Cicero's third and fourth Philippic speeches call for between the senate and Octavian against Antony?
Reconsiliation
What was Octavian's first official act as consul?
Rescinded amnesty for the conspirators
What is the name of Cicero's first speech criticising Antony (made in September 44 BC)?
The First Philippic
What is the collective name of Cicero's speeches between September 44 BC and April 43 BC, in which he became bolder and bolder in his criticisms of Mark Antony?
The Philippics
Where were Cicero's remains taken and displayed in Rome?
The Rostra in the forum
Why was Antony so desperate to receive Cisalpine Gaul over Macedonia in the post-assassination negotiations with the conspirators?
It was Caesar's old province
When did Cicero hold his seventh Philippic speech, and who did he deliver it to?
Late January 43 BC, to the senate
When did Antony counter the First Philippic speech, made by Cicero?
Late September 44 BC
What witticism had Cicero been credited for at around the time Antony was declared a public enemy, which implied that Octavian could be easily dumped by the senate?
Laudanum, adulscentem, ornandum
What did Octavian demand of the senate (which they refused), following their request for Octavian to march to Gaul to defeat Antony and back up Plancus?
A consulship (perhaps with Cicero)
By the time Cicero delivered the fourth Philippic speech, how many days did Antony have left of his consulship?
10
How many speeches comprise The Philippics?
14
What did Antony (sponsored by Cicero) negotiate with the optimates / conspirators in the senate, following Caesar's assassination?
A general amnesty
What day was Caesar's funeral, in which huge rioting broke out in the streets of Rome?
18th of March 44 BC
How old was Octavian when Caesar was assassinated?
19
On what date did Antony set a senate meeting before his journey to Cisalpine Gaul, in which new honours were showered on Caesar (and which Cicero refused to attend)?
1st of September 44 BC
On what date did Cicero deliver the fourth Philippic speech against Antony?
20th of December 44 BC
When did Cicero deliver the fourteenth Philippic speech?
21st of April 43 BC
On what date did the second triumvirate officially come into effect?
27th of November 43 BC
How many senators and how many equestrians ended up on the proscription lists of the second triumvirs?
300 senators and 1000 equestrians
When did Cicero hold his sixth Philippic speech, and who did he deliver it to?
4th of January 43 BC, to the people of Rome
On what date was Cicero found by a group of assassins, whilst trying to flee from Rome?
7th of December 43 BC
Which three people did Octavian declare no-longer public enemies whilst consul (the last of which already being dead)?
Antony, Lepidus and Dolabella
What did Antony make in the senate following Cicero's failure to turn up at the September 1st meeting in the senate?
A speech denouncing him
In the sixth and seventh Philippic speeches made by Cicero, what did he insist Antony would refuse to do?
Accomodate the senate
Whilst consul, who was Octavian in negotiations with (and was rumoured to be allied with), much to the horror of Cicero?
Antony
Just before he was about to sail from Southern Italy for Greece, what news did Cicero hear that caused him to hurry back to Rome?
Antony and the conspirators were about to make peace
What was the outcome of the battle at Mutina, between Antony and Octavian / Hirtius / Pansa?
Antony lost and fled
As Caesar's legal adopted son, what religious duty did Octavian have regarding the conspirators who killed Caesar?
Bringing them to justice
Upon arriving back in Rome, after hearing the news of possible reconciliation between Antony and the conspirators, who greeted Cicero and told him that the opposite had happened?
Brutus
Following Octavian's rescinded amnesty for the conspirators as consul, which two people were declared public enemies of Rome?
Brutus and Cassius
What did Octavian's entourage call him, which Cicero was slightly annoyed by?
Caesar
What Latin term, meaning "divine son", did Octavian soon begin using as his name (following Caesar's deification at his funeral)?
Divi filius
What was the name of Cicero's son-in-law, who was a Caesarian (and managed to convince the senate to give him the now-vacant consulship)?
Dolabella
Despite Octavian's presence in Rome as legal heir, what aspect of Caesar's estate did Antony still have control over?
Caesar's papers
What did Antony take charge of immediately after Caesar's death, giving him an even higher level of control over the affairs in Roman politics?
Caesar's papers
What fatal underestimate had the optimates made in their assassination of Caesar, which gave Antony and the other Caesarians huge popularity and political leverage?
Caesar's popularity with the urban poor and army
What was the name of Caesar's illegitimate son by Cleopatra?
Caesarion
After the two days Antony spent barricaded inside his house, what did he do?
Called a senate meeting
Who had overcome Dolabella in 43 BC (as he was trying to establish himself as an alternative to both Antony and the senate)?
Cassius
Which two conspirators / serving-praetors fled the city following the mass rioting at Caesar's funeral?
Cassius and Brutus
Which two conspirators were then-serving praetors, whom Cicero urged to take charge of Rome after Caesar's assassination?
Cassius and Brutus
Who believed that the conspirators' decision not to kill Mark Anthony in advance was a fatal mistake?
Cicero
Who continuously pressured the senate to cut ties with Antony and reinstate their control over him, at the start of 43 BC (contributing to the senate's unwillingness to cooperate with Antony)?
Cicero
Who had the conspirators looked towards for leadership after Caesar's assassination (as a 'figurehead' of the republic), but who had instead taken a step-back and allowed Antony's growth in power?
Cicero
Who pleaded with Brutus to come back to Italy with his legions, to act as a counter-weight to Octavian?
Cicero
What official titles were given to the three members of the second triumvirate?
Commissioners for the restoration of the republic
What did the senate vote to do with Antony on the 26th of April, 43 BC?
Declare him a public enemy
True or false: After Caesar's assassination, Antony immediately felt threatened by Octavian?
False
True or false: Brutus agreed to come back to Italy to act as a counter-weight to Octavian, following Cicero's pleading.
False
True or false: By the time Cicero delivered the fourth and fifth Philippic (the latter on the 1st of January 43 BC), the senate had agreed to take a stand against Antony?
False
What was the name of Antony's then-wife and widow of Clodius, who had always been a long-time enemy of Cicero and treated his remains 'with indignity'?
Fulvia
Where did Antony retreat to following his defeat at the battle of Mutina?
Gaul
Having returned to one of his villas (after the release of the proscription lists) and staying there for a few days, where did Cicero then decide to flee to?
Greece
What characteristic about Octavian often made people underestimate him?
He was always sick
What was Antony's reaction to Cicero's boycott of his September 1st senate meeting?
He was furious
What about Octavian made it unlikely that Antony and Lepidus' troops would agree to battle with him?
He was the heir and title-bearer of Caesar
What did Octavian do the moment he heard the news about Caesar's assassination?
Headed back to Italy to claim his inheritance
In February, which two commanders set off with an army to relieve Decimus, who was under seige by Antony?
Hirtius and Octavian
Despite their victory at Mutina, which two consuls died of their wounds following the battle against Antony?
Hirtius and Pansa
What were the names of the consul-designates for 43 BC, who were frustrated and unimpressed by the anti-Caesarian actions of Dolabella as consul?
Hirtius and Pansa
Upon returning to Rome, what two aspects of Caesar's estate did Octavian gain access to?
His fortune and his name
What two parts of Cicero did the assassins cut off after executing him (hint - the two things that an orator uses to communicate)?
His head and hands
Where did Mark Antony go immediately after the assassination, fearing for his life and barricading himself inside?
His house
What did Cicero offer to the assassins who caught him fleeing Rome, as a sign of his surrendering?
His neck
Following the proscriptions, where did Cicero decide to flee to from Rome?
His villa at Tusculum
What did the senate try to do in March, and what was the outcome?
Negotiate with Antony, they failed
Did Cicero attend the important June 1st senate meeting, following Caesar's death?
No
Was Octavian following the constitutional laws of Rome, whilst he was supported by Cicero as a counter to Antony?
No
When did Cicero deliver the second Philippic, against Antony and in response to his increasingly harsh criticism?
November / December
What was the name of Cicero's 'neighbour' in Puteoli, who was the great-nephew of Caesar as well as his legitimate heir?
Octavian
Who did the senate look towards to calm down the military situation with Antony, after Lepidus had defected on the 29th of May?
Octavian
Who, of the second triumvirs, is said to have been the most unwilling to put Cicero's name at the top of the proscription lists?
Octavian
Who were the official members of the second triumvirate?
Octavian, Lepidus and Antony
What death lists did the second triumvirate create shortly after coming into power, having been inspired by Sulla's dictatorship?
Proscriptions
What was the name of the second consul at the time, who, around the same time as Cicero's twelfth and thirteenth Philippic speech, traveled to back up Hirtius in battle?
Pansa
What did Cicero propose that the senate do in his sixth and seventh Philippic speeches, should Antony refuse to follow the will of the senate?
Persuade him by force!
Which Roman historian alleges that Antony insisted that Cicero's name be placed at the top of the proscription lists made by the second triumvirate?
Plutarch
What did Antony have stationed in Macedonia, in preparation for a war with the Parthians that was now unlikely to take place?
Several legions
Which province did Antony send Cassius to, following Caesar's assassination and the negotiations with the conspirators?
Sicily
Which scholar has said that Cicero's second Philippic speech is "a model of vitriolic diatribe"?
Stockton
What did Cicero tell Dolabella in one of his letters, after the latter got the vacant position of consul in Rome?
That the fate of the republic rested on his shoulders
What office did the senate grant Octavian the right to hold ten years later (in 44 / 43 BC), despite the fact that even then he would fall short of the age requirement?
The consulship
Who had granted Antony's new command in Cisalpine Gaul, meaning that neither Octavian or the senate could oppose it?
The people
What key difference is there between the first triumvirate (Caesar, Pompey and Crassus) and the second (Octavian, Antony and Lepidus)?
The second was legally ratified by the senate
What was Octavian granted membership of, despite the fact that he had never once held a position on the cursus honorum?
The senate
In which Philippic speech did Cicero quote at length a letter written to Octavian and Hirtius from Antony?
The thirteenth
What happened to Quintus and his son, after the release of the proscription lists?
They dallied for too long, got betrayed and were executed
What was Cicero planning on doing at the beginning of July, whilst away in his villa, due to the dire state of Rome?
To leave for Greece
What demand of Antony's had Decimus refused, leading to the former's siege of his province?
To rescind his province to Antony
What two demands made by the senate of Antony in 43 BC did he completely ignore?
To return from Cisalpine Gaul and obey the will of the senate
What did Antony bring into the city following his senate meeting on Caesar's assassination, in an attempt to restore public order?
Troops
True or false: Octavian eventually relented and allowed Cicero's name to be placed at the top of the proscription lists after Lepidus sided with Antony?
True
True or false: Octavian was not yet strong enough to bring the conspirators who killed Caesar to justice, upon his immediate return to Rome?
True
True or false: The Philippics are named after a speech made by Demosthenes in the fourth century BC, in which he defended himself against Philip of Macedon?
True
True or false: The second triumvirs had agreed to divide the western provinces of the Roman empire between themselves?
True
True or false: The senate refused to negotiate with Antony at the start of 43 BC, despite their previous desire to accommodate Antony?
True
How long did Antony stay barricaded inside his house for after the assassination?
Two days
