Unit 5

Noble rebellion in France

"The Fronde" nobles rebel because they think that monarch is becoming too powerful

Differences/Similarities between France and England

-The monarch and parliament had conflict

Parliament

-refers to a legislative body that goes by this name, England uses it -lowercase it is a generic term for any legislature

Ideas of Beccaria

1. Due process (example: lawyer, speedy trial, trial rights) 2. Corporal punishment (physical punishments) 3. Capital punishment (violation of human rights: death penalty) 4. Abolish torture (thought it was unreasonable)

Mosque

1. Separation of Powers (branches) 2. Checks & Balances (Check each other from abusing balances)

What type of monarchy did England have from then on?

A constitutional monarchy (a monarchy limited by laws)

Open Society

A society is one where there if freedom of expression, where there is tolerance.

What form of government was used to justify devine right of kings?

Absolute

Three things about Louis XIV

Absolute Monarch, King of France, Made nobles live at palace, did not have a Parliament

When did absolutism end in England?

After the glorious revolution

Social Compact

Agreement among people that they are going to give up their rights so that a government can govern them and keep them safe.

Oliver Cromwell

Became an absolute ruler after the English Civil War. Made Puritan traditions into laws (wouldn't let kids play on Sundays because it was a day for the Gods).

How did Hobbes justify that same form of government differently?

Believed human nature was naturally bad, hand all their rights

What did Hobbes think about human nature?

Believed humans were naturally evil and that they need government to keep them in order

What did Locke think about government ?

Believed in a self ruling government and natural rights

What did Locke think about human nature?

Believed that humans were naturally good and could improve themselves from their experiences

What did Hobbes think about government?

Believed that people should give up their rights and get an absolute ruler in return

Rousseau

Believed that people were naturally good and sociable but that they have been corrupted by a society that is not suitable for their nature. Thought the only remedy would be and egalitarian society. "Men are born free but everywhere they are in chains." The founder of Modern democracy

English Civil War

Between the King and his supporters against Parliament and its supporters. War over power of the King, Puritans supported Parliament. Lasted 4 years.

James I

Came to English throne in 1603 & was King of Scotland, believer in the Devine Right of Kings

James II

Catholic, caused an uproar in Parliament. Parliament demanded that James two daughters were raised Parliament, Charles gave in to this.

Who fought in the English Civil War? Why? Outcome?

Charles I supporters (Royalists) vs. Puritans (Cavaliers) Outcome: Charles was sentenced to an execution

Voltaire

Considered to be the representation of the Enlightenment. Critiqued his own society and proposed ideas to make them better. Lived in the 18th century. Did not introduce any new ideas.

Voltaires Views on Religion

Critical of the Catholic church (didn't believe in the teaching of the church). Skeptical of religion.

Philosophers in general

Embraced liberty, humanity, and were religious skeptics.

What events lead to the Magna Carta

England, John was the king that signed it.

Civil Liberties

Freedom of speech, press, and religion. Called human rights in other parts of the world.

Mary Wollstonecraft

From England (Great Britain). Example of feminism. She thought that if women had the same education as men that they would be just as useful.

Beccaria

From Italy. Concerned about how government operated. Critical of Justice systems.

Secular

Government without religion

Equality Before the Law

Hallmark of an egalitarian society. Meant that everyone should be equal and no one get more privileges than others. (Civil Rights)

Devine Right for Kings

He and every king had a right for absolute power because God gave them this authority and that people should obey the King like they do God

How did Charles avoid getting in trouble by prisoning people?

He didn't in-prison them on English territory; they were on a colony. He said this was not illegal

How did Charles II come to throne?

He had to accept the limitations that his father (Charles I) didn't to come to the thrown. He had to follow Parliaments rules.

Who wrote leviathan?

Hobbes

Three beliefs of Voltaire's

Human Rights, equality, freedom of speech Egalitarian society, Humanitarian, doubted religion

Who do you agree with more: Hobbes or Locke?

I agree with Locke in that humans were born with a blank slate and that their experiments and how they react/change from them determines whether or not they are a good person.

What is meant by "the end justifies the means?"

If the ending outcome is good it justifies the bad you did to get the good

Scotland

Ignored the King and Parliament ran the country. They said no to the King and rebelled. Scottish won.

Similarities between Hobbes and Locke.

In a state of nature things would be unsafe. The situations forced them to act for themselves

What did Locke say about government?

It is made to protect the people natural rights and if they violate them the people have the right to overthrow the government

What form of government did Montesquieu admire?

Italy's. Liked the idea of constitutional government. Did not like absolute or democratic governments.

What happened in 1688 that changed the English's thoughts that they would be saved by James daughters?

James had a son who was raised protestant and absolute. A noble man started preparing for a civil war. He called on William (Mary, James daughter, husband) to bring an army to England.

What was the problem with James II reigning after Charles II?

James was Catholic. In return Parliament made a bill that no Catholic could rule, Charles II vetoed it. Parliament tried again, and Charles II sent them home.

Constitutional Monarch

King of State under the constitution

John Locke

Lived during the Glorious Revolution. Fled the country when James came to throne. Life, liberty, property, and religion.

Absolute Monarch

Louis XIV was one of the first absolute monarchs

Versailles

Louis made the great nobles live at Versailles so that he could watch them. The greatest part of the kingdom were playing as servants to King Louis.

Louis XIV

Louis made the laws without having to consult anybody. Built Versailles to show his power. Nick named himself Sun King. Very skilled at manipulating people to gain power.

Where did Puritans flee to?

Massachusetts in New England since Charles I was trying to demolish the Puritans

Early Modern Period

Monarchs gain more power and the Parliament can't limit them

Bastille

Name of the prison Voltaire got thrown in for challenging the Duke to a duel. He was thrown in without a trial.

Natural Right

Nature has given us life and no one can rightfully take it from us. If anyone takes from us what nature has given us they are violating our rights.

Why did the English let James II come to thrown?

Parliament was afraid that if they tried to prevent James from taking the throne there would be a civil war.

Closed Society

People weren't allowed to say what they want. For example, Galileo.

Galileo

Scientist that participated in the study of how the solar system actually worked. Inspired the enlightenment thinkers to rethink. Put on trial for heresy, he took it all back because he didn't want to be executed.

Humanitarian

Somebody who wants to end human suffering and relieve someone from their society. Voltaire wanted a humanitarian society.

Charles I

Son of James I, believer in the devine right of kings. Had conflict with Parliament. Violated Magna Carta by collecting taxes without Parliaments consent and prisoning them without trial if they did not pay taxes. Dissolved Parliament (Like Louis XIV in France). Wanted Religious Uniformity (disliked Puritans, liked Anglicans).

What did James II try to enforce on the English?

Started pressuring high officials to convert to Catholicism. This was all a violation of the laws. He was acting like an absolute monarch. 1686: dissolved parliament.

Thomas Hobbes

Supporter of the King in the English Civil War. Book name: Leviathan.

Who was most powerful in Medieval Europe government?

The Church. The King was among them nobles

Limited Monarchy

The King did have as much power due to the common customary laws

Censorship

The government used censorship and Voltaire wanted to get rid of it.

Tabula Rasa

The idea that people are born a blank slate and what they become is what experiences they have, but they were born with reason and the ability to think about their experience and change.

Who won: James II or the people?

The people. William called on Parliament and he became king.

How were Locke and Hobbes similar?

They both started in the same place. They both thought they had to know the nature of humans to have a good government.

Charles II

Towards the end of his reign it started falling apart because he had no children. His brother James II came to throne. Died in 1685.

Charles I and Scotland

Tried to force the Scottish people to become Anglicans too. Charles I was also the King of Scotland, like his father.

Famous things about Voltaire

Voltaire hated Religious Uniformity . I may not agree with what you say but I will fight for the death for your right to say it.

The English Bill of Rights

William and Mary had to sign this document that restricted their power.

Why did Parliament offer the throne of England to William and Mary?

William and Mary were Protestant, so they thought that they could save protestantism and James II son was Catholic

The Glorious Revolution

William overthrowing James.

Gender Equality

Wollstonecraft wanted a gender equality society.

Magna Carta

a signed document that limited the monarchs power in England (Medieval period). Associated with weak kings

Tolerance

allowing people to be what they want to be and say what they want to say, relates to an open society

A Constitutional Monarchy

any government limited by laws

State of Nature

before there were rules and laws (Old Stone Age) that tells us what people are naturally like

King John

broke the common laws and his authority grew violated the customary limits, lead to the nobles rioting. Medieval king

Habeas Corpus

document that allows you to appeal to a judge if you are ever imprisoned. A law against arbitrary arrest and imprisonment.

Magna Carta

document that the nobles forced King John to sign that made rules for things he could not do; limiting the king

Machiavellian

doing whatever it takes to get power

Noble Savage

everyman is equal but power causes corruption

Constitutional Government

government that is controlled by the set rules of the constitution

What does it mean "The end justifies the means"

if the ending outcome is good it doesn't matter what you do to achieve it

Lettre de Cachet

illegal document King Louis used to in-prison somebody without travel

Secular

non religious

Nicolo Machiavelli

philosopher who wrote "The Prince"

Corporal Punishment

physical torture. Beccaria believed it was not reasonable.

Feminism

the act of actually doing something for gender equality

Feminism

the effort to get gender equality

Rule of Law

the idea that every person, no matter there power, they had to obey and follow the same laws. Connection with the glorious revolution

Constitution of Government

the rule of law (the idea that every person is under the law)

Deism

they acknowledge the gods but don't pick sides (Voltaire, Montesique, and Beccaria)

Arbitrary arrest and imprisonment

without a reason

Merit

worthy of respect, honor, praise. Voltaire's idea, a society were they rewarded merit not status.