Urbanisation-Geography Year 8

Similarities in the USA and AUS' urban patterns 1. Size of country 2. Rainfall 3. Number and distribution of major cities 4. Urbanisation 5. Internal Migration Patterns 6. Urban Concentration 7. Suburban Patterns

1. Both are large in area; the USA is larger 2. The centres of both countries receive the least amount of rainfall. 3. In both countries, most of the largest cities are around the coast - specifically the eastern coast. 4. Similar populated Urbanisation - USA 82%, AUS 89% 5. People in both countries moving within the country due to lifestyle choices. 6. People in both countries tend to live in the largest city of the region in which they are living in. 7. *People moving back to inner city areas to live. Urban consolidation is occurring in both countries.

Social Impacts of Urbanisation

1. Greater access to health services. 2. Lack of infrastructure in slums means waterborne diseases spread rapidly. 3. Air pollution, more sedentary lifestyles, isolation and high-fat diets contribute to poor health. 4. The destruction of local communities to build offices and retail stores destroys its 'social heritage' 5. Housing shortages and overcrowding can impact on the quality of life as shortages drive up rent. 6. High unemployment and low wages increases crime rates 7. Slums and squatter settlements may develop on urban fringes 8. Higher standards of living has led to the development of an urban middle class in many LEDC's 9. Greater inequality has occurred between the 'haves' and 'haves-not'. 10. Developing intercultural understanding and respect through access to a wider variety of cultures.

Economic Impacts of Urbanisation

1. Increases trade has widened the variety of goods and services available to consumers. 2. Increased demand for goods and services fuels economic growth. 3. Rural to urban migration depletes rural population and workforce, reducing demand for infrastructure and services in rural areas. 4. Unemployment can grow as creation of new jobs does not keep pace with population growth 5. Skills of rural migrants do not always match skill requirements of urban jobs. 6. Urban infrastructure's costs redirects government funding from rural to urban areas.

5 Pull Factor

1. More employment opportunities in cities 2. Cities have more services - health and education 3. Travel times significantly reduced compared with the countryside. Cities have public transport 4. Urban areas are seen as cultural and recreational rich environments 5. Economics opportunities - urban areas are centres of innovation

Positive cause and consequence

1. Potential for Higher Wages, Better Infrastructure and Services, Higher Standard Living - Some workers receive a higher wage and has access to more services and facilities, resulting in a better living standard. 2. Employment and Business Opportunities - more workers for industries, produce more goods and businesses makes more money. 3. Better Working Conditions - Better education and health for some workers.

Negative cause and consequence

1. Poverty, Poor Infrastructure, Housing Shortages - people have to live in slums. 2. Lack of Efficient systems - lots of rubbish that are either burned or dumped in waterways, pollution and traffic congestion

Differences in the USA and AUS' urban patterns 1. Size of Population 2. Rainfall 3. River systems 4. Arable land 5. Population Distribution 6. Number of States 7. Number and Distribution of major cities

1. USA >317 million, has many more people than Australia >23 million 2. The east coast receives the majority 3. USA has more major river systems and more evenly distributed throughout the country. 4. USA has more arable land than Australia - 3x as much 5. USA has a more even spread of people than Australia 6. USA (50) has many more states than Australia (6 states and 2 territories) 7. USA has more cities inland and on the west coast USA has megacities - Australia doesn't have any USA has a greater number of major cities overall and are much larger.

5 Push Factors

1. Work is harder to find in rural areas 2. Lack of services - education and health 3. Distance to travel to employment can be off-putting/ lack of public transport 4. Perceived lack of entertainment and culture in country areas 5. Lack of economic opportunity - harder to start up a business in rural areas

Environmental impacts of Urbanisation

Cities are responsible for emitting 70-75% of human-induced carbon. Cities use large volumes of water, and produces vast quantities of waste. Traffic jams, congestion and pollution have negative impacts on the environment and on its health. Air, water and soil quality are affected Wider use of public transport reduces CO2 emissions *Urban sprawl impinges on agricultural land, destroying the habitat of many plants and animals.

Why Do People Move In And Out Of Australia

Employment - infrastructure and services Fly-In-Fly-Out (FIFO) Sea Change - the beauty of a coastal environment Tree Change - avoid congestion and pollution Affordable Housing - needs to be available and within their budget

Rural-Urban Migration

People moving from the countryside to towns and cities EG. China - in 2012, the country's urban population became larger than that of rural areas as people were moving to cities to seek better living conditions

Slums

a run-down area of a city characterised by poor housing and poverty and usually along railway lines or rubbish dumps EG. they consist of makeshift made out of materials lying around - in Jakarta 25% of people live in slums

Urban Agglomeration

an extended urban area consisting of built-up area of a central place and any surrounding area linked by continuous urban area EG. JaBoDeTaBek compromises Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi - has approximately 28 million people

Sustainable city

is a city designed to reduce its environmental impact by minimising energy use, water use and waste production (including heat), and reducing air and water pollution EG. London, Frankfurt

Ecological footprint

is the amount of productive land in a selected that are needed by each person for food, water, transport and housing and waste management

Net Interstate Migration (NIM)

is the net gain or loss of population through the movement of people from one state/territory to another

Population Density

is the number of people living within a square kilometre; it identifies the intensity of land use or how crowded a place is EG. In India, there are regions with over 2000 people per square kilometre while in Canada, there are regions with under 1 person per square kilometre

Liveability

is the sum of the factors that add up to a community's quality life - including the built and natural environments, economic prosperity, social stability and equality, educational opportunity, and cultural entertainment and recreational possibilities. EG. infrastructure - water and sewerage systems, road and rail networks, energy networks, communication systems

Sustainability

means meeting our own current needs while still ensuring that future generations can do the same; it is now about protecting in order to ensure a liveable future EG. environmental resources need to be sustained so that our lifestyle can be sustained (sustained - to keep something going for a long time)

Sea change/Tree change

movement of people from major cities to live near the coast or forests, to achieve a change of lifestyle

FIFO fly-in fly-out

system in which workers fly to work to places such as remote mines and after a week or more, they fly back home

Urbanisation

the growth and expansion of urban area and involves the movement of people to town and cities EG. South America is becoming one of the most urbanised regions in the world - by 2050, it is expected to have 91% of its population living in urban areas

Urban Sprawl

the spreading of urban areas into surrounding rural areas to accommodate an expanding population EG. residential estates are now being built on the edge of many cities and replacing land that was once productive farmland or wildlife habitats