US History- Chapter 26

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Enormously popular military figure from World War II who became the Republican presidential nominee in the 1952 election. - In favor of containment and a well-funded military but wary of expensive domestic social programs, Eisenhower decided to run to curtail the influence of conservative Republicans and the Democratic Party. - he won decisively and helped the Republican Party gain a narrow congressional majority .

Loyalty Review Boards

Established by Executive Order 9835 in March 1947, to investigate every federal employees as a result from the Red Scarce - people lost their jobs (2,000 civil service employees) -Bill of Rights were routinely violate by government investigators

Truman Doctrine

First articulated by President Truman in 1947 to gain support for USA intervention in Greece and Turkey. - The doctrine committed the nation to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. - the doctrine was subsequently used to support American aid to any kind of government if the only alternative appeared to be communism.

Mao Zedong

Fought the official Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek. - Leader of the Communists in china who toppled the Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek and in October 1949 established the People's Republic of China. - Feared U.S. - supported invasion to recapture China for the Nationalist, Mao signed a mutual defense treaty with the Soviet Union.

Fulton Speech

In Fulton, Missouri, Winston Churchill denounced Soviet interference in eastern and central Europe - He gave a speech, " from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent" since Stalin and Germany could not come to an agreement of heavy reparations to help rebuild the devastated Soviet economy.

X Article

Kennan's "firm policy of containment , designed to confront the Russians with unalterable counter force at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world"

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Rosenbergs were convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage and electrocuted in 1953, brought in by British physicist. - American communist couple that was executed in 1953 after being found guilty of committing espionage against the American government; Executed in 1953 as atomic spies for the USSR. Demonstrated the reality of the communist threat and almost justified the Red Scare. However, responses to their case showed how authorities exaggerated threats during the Red Scare (saying that it was because of the Rosenbergs Korea happened, the Soviets got the atomic bomb, etc.) and also showed the role anti Semitism played in the red scare.

Doctrine of Containment

The American commitment to resisting Soviet expansion. - Preseident Truman initiated and implemented the containment policy during the crosses in Turkey and Greece in 1947. - the strategy of containment shaped American foreign policy throughout the Cold War.

38th Parallell

The parallel that separates N. and S. Korea. - Demilitarized one (1953) - The USA and Soviet Union created two occupation zones separated by the the parallel . - This became the border for N. and S. Korea since Moscow and Washington could not agree on a unification plan.

National Security Act of 1947

United the military branches under single secretary of defense and created the National Security Council to advise the president. It also created the Central Intelligen Agency not only to gather information but also to perform any activities "related to intelligence affecting he national security". - Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council. These agencies would eventually lead to many illegal operations abroad in the name of halting the spread of communism.

Jackie Robinson

Was the first African American to play major league baseball. -integrated major league baseball, playing for the Brooklyn Dogers and braving abuse from fans and players to win the Rookie of the Year Award in 1947

Joseph McCarthy

Wisconsin senator who, beginning in 1950, led Senate investigations into alleged internal subversion of the USA. - McCarthy's charges were reckless and often ludicrous, but the press covered him avidly, and McCarthyism became a term synonymous with the anti-Communist crusade. - said, " the Communists within our borders have been more responsible for the success of Communism abroad than Soviet Russia." - caused the Red Scarce

Alger Hiss

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Richard M. Nixon

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House Un-American Activities Committee

A Congressional committee that investigated individuals' past and present political associations. - In 1947, HUAC investigated radical activity in Hollywood. - Hollywood Ten served jail sentences for contempt of Congress and then found themselves blacklisted in the movie industry. (Frank Sinatra)

Marshall Plan

A European Recovery Program approved by Congress in March 1948. - Between 1948 and 1953, the USA spent $13 billion to restore the economies of sixteen Western European nations. - The plan marked the first step toward economic benefits for both the USA and Europe. - first step toward the European Union.

George Kennan

A career diplomat and expert on Russia. - In February 1946, wrote a comprehensive rational for hard-line foreign policy. - it downplayed the influence of Communist ideology in Soviet policy. - This approach came to be known as X Article.

Central Intelligence Agency

Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947 to expand the government's espionage capacities and ability to thwart communism through covert activities. - CIA functions came to include propaganda, sabotage, economic warfare, and support for anti-Communist forces around the world.

Harry S. Truman

(1945-1949) and (1949-1953), Succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon his death. - Led the country through the last few months of World War II, and made the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. -After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. -Created the CIA - succeeded in implementing only small portions of domestic agenda in areas of civil rights and social welfare.

GI Bill

(The Service-men's Readjustment Act) Law passed in 1944 offering America's 16 million veterans job training and eduction; unemployment composition while they looked for jobs; and low interest loans to purchase homes, farms, and small businesses. - Millions of Americans benefited from the GI Bill, but its impact was uneven as minorities were denied full access to the programs it created.

Korea

- Korean War started because 90,000 Norht koreans swept into south korea.