Week 2: Cell Metabolism

Which statement best describes the function of ATP synthase?

ATP synthase utilizes energy of the proton gradient to attach phosphate groups to ADP. Submit

Growth and repair involve primarily what type of reactions?

anabolic

What happens when glucose is NOT immediately available for glycolysis?

gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis refers to the process of converting glycerol or amino acids into glucose so that glycolysis can continue.

The energy stored in ATP comes from which of the following?

food molecules

How does the electron transport chain participate in generating ATP?

Electrons in the electron transport chain allow respiratory enzymes to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient.

If a person consumes excess carbohydrates and sugars, those excess sugars can go through an anabolic process that produces __________.

glycogen molecules Glycogen is a polysaccharide that can be stored in liver and muscle cells.

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

Which step of cellular metabolism breaks down a glucose molecule to produce two pyruvic acid molecules?

glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Which of the following contains the most energy that can be used to make ATP?

1 gram of fat

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Where in the metabolic pathway can fats be utilized as an energy source?

Fatty acids can be converted into acetyl CoA, and glycerol can enter glycolysis. Submit

What is the role of oxygen gas (O2O2) in aerobic cellular respiration?

Oxygen atoms act as electron acceptors in the electron transport chain.

Match these vocabulary terms to their meanings.

The conversion of acetyl CoA to ketone bodies, which are released into the blood, is ketogenesis. When glucose is in short supply, it can be made via the process of gluconeogenesis. A rise in metabolic rate in response to low body temperature is a process known as chemical thermogenesis. Breaking down fats, a process called lipolysis, releases fatty acids and glycerol for use as energy by body cells. The process of storing excess glucose as glycogen is glycogenesis.

How is ATP used in our bodies?

The energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work.

Examine this reaction: starch⟶(amylase)disaccharides⟶(disaccharidase)monosaccharides If there is the normal amount of amylase present but less disaccharidase than usual, which of the following would most likely happen?

The normal amount of disaccharide would be produced, but fewer monosaccharides would be produced.

Match these prefixes and suffixes to their meanings.

The word root -gen means one that generates or is generated. The word root therm(o)- means heat or an organism accustomed to a particular temperature. The word root -lysis means decomposition or destruction. The word root gluco- means glucose. The word root keto- means containing or related to a ketone group.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

Which of the following occurs when water is released (lost) during a reaction?

dehydration synthesis

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2FADH2 to O2O2 (molecular oxygen) by a series of electron carriers. Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place in human cells?

inner mitochondrial membrane

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondrion

Which step in the metabolism of nutrients provides a cell with the greatest gain in ATP?

oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by the electron transport chain at the end of cellular respiration. This process uses the high-energy coenzymes produced in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to synthesize ATP.

What is the role of acetyl CoA in the process of cellular respiration?

to enter the citric acid cycle

Which of the following is not a product of cellular respiration?

water (H2O) ATP oxygen (O2) carbon dioxide (CO2)

Examine the reaction below, and then answer the question. A+B⟶(Enzyme1)C+D⟶(Enzyme2)E+F⟶(Enzyme3)G+HA+B⟶(Enzyme1)C+D⟶(Enzyme2)E+F⟶(Enzyme3)G+H Absence of which enzyme would cause the greatest reduction in the production of G and H?

Absence of any of the enzymes would have the same effect—decrease or block the production of G and H.