Western Civilization II- Chapter 17
What characterized the Scottish model of the Enlightenment followed in the North American colonies?
An emphasis on self-improvement and ethical conduct
In what way does the term "triangle trade" oversimplify Atlantic trade patterns?
By not including the intercolonial trade that existed
In addition to low yields, what other problem made life difficult for European peasants through the late seventeenth century?
Continued high taxes and rents
What term describes the process by which rural workers used hand tools to manufacture goods?
Cottage industry
Which of the following was true of the Atlantic slave trade?
Demand for sugar and cotton fueled the growth of the trade in the eighteenth century.
What was the name of the new, more efficient system of agricultural production adopted in Europe during the eighteenth century?
Enclosure
In which country was non-guild production permitted in the countryside and some urban neighborhoods?
France
Why was population growth slower in France during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries than in other areas?
France had a high population density.
Where did most men and women in European cities of the eighteenth century work?
In non-guild trades
What statement describes French colonial trade after the Seven Years' War?
It was still enormously profitable.
Why was the Dutch Republic one of the most advanced agricultural countries in Europe during the eighteenth century?
Its town and cities were growing rapidly.
What was the experience of the Jewish network of mercantile communities along the Atlantic trade routes?
Jews in European colonies faced discrimination comparable to that in Europe.
What did the system of debt peonage in colonial Spanish America entail?
Landowners keeping workers in bondage by periodically lending food, shelter, and a little money
What caused the marked increase in the number of free people of color in the Caribbean and Brazil during the eighteenth century?
Masters freeing their mixed-race children
Which of the following accurately identifies a major social and economic trend in sixteenth-century Europe?
Population growth outstripped the growth of production.
Which of the following was a competitive advantage of the putting-out system?
The low cost of labor
Which of the following accurately identifies a major social and economic trend in sixteenth-century Europe?
The standard of living for most people fell.
Between 1650 and 1800,
a) LONDON GREW MUCH FASTER THAN PARIS
Advocates of the new crop rotations believed that
agricultural innovation required upheaval of village life.
Dutch influence in Asia during the eighteenth century
declined.
The trade in cowrie shells during the eighteenth century
demonstrates close connections between the Asian and Atlantic trading worlds.
The role of urban guilds in the France of Louis XIV was to
encourage high-quality production and collect taxes.
European mercantilism was a system of economic regulations aimed at
increasing the power of the state.
The two main participants in the putting-out system were the rural worker and the
merchant capitalist.
When comparing the lives of peasants in eastern and western Europe, it is fair to say that
peasants in western Europe were somewhat better off.
The two main participants in the putting-out system were the merchant capitalist and the
rural worker.
The decline in mortality in eighteenth-century Europe can be traced in part to
the disappearance of the bubonic plague.
Equiano made a connection between ending the slave trade and
the growth of the English economy.
In what year did Parliament abolish British involvement in the slave trade?
1807
What policy did Adam Smith endorse?
A limited role for government in society and the economy
What was involved in the putting-out system of eighteenth-century Europe?
A merchant loaned raw materials to rural workers to process.
What was the result of war, famine, and disease in seventeenth-century Europe?
A severe demographic crisis and population loss
What characterized market-oriented estate agriculture in eighteenth century England?
A tiny minority of wealthy landowners owned the land and leased their holdings.
Which of these benefits did Young ascribe to enclosure?
A) Increased employment
Which of the groups would have been likely to dispute Young's findings?
A) Small landowners - they couldn't keep up w/ increased costs associated w/ working enclosed land and were consequently forced to sell their land.
According to Equiano, who would benefit economically if slavery were abolished?
A) VAST MAJORITY OF MANUFACTURERS
What was the nature of the new model family that emerged by the late eighteenth century?
All family members worked for wages.
Why were the indirect effects of war often more harmful than the war itself in the seventeenth century?
Armies seized scarce food supplies and disrupted farming cycles.
How did eighteenth-century guilds ensure that there was enough work to go around?
BY RESTRICTING MEMBERSHIP AND FAMILY TIES
What characterized the deism of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson?
Belief in God but not organized religion
What development was confirmed by the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763, which ended the Seven Years' War?
Britain had become the strongest naval power and now monopolized a vast trade.
What did the English borrow from the Dutch in order to advance their agriculture?
Dutch expertise in drainage and water control
Rural manufacturing was most successful in
England
What was the influence of the Enlightenment in Spanish America?
Enlightenment ideas increased conflict between the colonies and the mother country.
The enclosure movement of the eighteenth century was most popular among which groups?
Experimental scientists, some government officials, and a few big landlords
What did peasants in Europe do from the Middle Ages to the seventeenth century in order to improve their lives?
Forage in nearby woodlands for firewood, roots, and berries
Which state was Britain's greatest rival in India during the eighteenth century?
France
With which state did Britain fight a series of wars in the eighteenth century to decide who would become the leading maritime power?
France
What characterized the relationship between workers and employers in the eighteenth-century textile industry?
Frequent sharp conflict
What is a measure of the importance of the American colonies to Britain in the eighteenth century?
From 1750 to 1800, England's exports to its colonies rose from roughly one-quarter to one-half of its total exports.
What steps did eighteenth-century manufacturers take to gain greater control over their workforce?
Gaining new police powers over workers
What did the Navigation Acts, passed in 1651 and extended in the 1660s, require?
Goods imported into England had to be carried on British-owned ships or ships of the country producing the goods.
What was a result of the rise of plantation agriculture in Brazil and the Caribbean colonies during the 1700s?
Growth of the slave trade
Why did Adam Smith advocate a highly developed division of labor?
He believed it would result in greater efficiency.
What statement describes the British abolition campaign that began in the 1780s?
It became the first mass movement of public opinion in British history.
Why did the enclosure movement cause social upheaval in eighteenth-century England?
It eliminated common rights and peasants' access to the land.
What was the importance of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 for European imperial competition in India?
It ended French influence and gave rise to British ascendancy in India.
What action did the Dutch East India Company take in the seventeenth century?
It took control of the Portuguese spice trade in the Indian Ocean.
Why was the Dutch Republic one of the most advanced agricultural countries in Europe during the eighteenth century?
It was densely populated, forcing the Dutch to seek a greater food supply.
To what did the term "Creole" refer in the eighteenth century?
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas
What was the impact of the early eighteenth century shift toward wage work?
People worked harder, and more wage workers per household were employed.
What was the cause of soil exhaustion in medieval Europe before the adoption of different systems of farming?
Planting wheat repeatedly caused the land to lose nitrogen.
Which of the following statements about the introduction of the potato into Europe is true?
Potatoes were first used as animal food.
What did Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century English agricultural writer, say would be the result of enclosure?
Progress
In Adam Smith's view, which of the following was one of the duties government should perform?
Provide a defense against foreign invasion
What characterized British colonization of Australia beginning in the late 1700s?
Reliance on convicted prisoners
What new model did the slave trade follow in the eighteenth century?
Reliance on the shore model
What was involved in the three-year system of farming used from the Middle Ages to the eighteenth century?
Rotating wheat or rye, oats or beans, and pastureland over three years
What industry employed the most people in eighteenth-century Europe?
Textiles
What goods were typically produced by the putting-out system of the eighteenth century?
Textiles, utensils, buttons, and clocks
What did the Navigation Acts, passed in 1651 and extended in the 1660s, require?
The colonists had to buy virtually all European goods from Britain.
Which problem was experienced by employers in the eighteenth-century textile industry?
The cyclical nature of farm work
What factor contributed to the emergence of Catholic cultures in the Portuguese and Spanish colonies?
The establishment of missions and large-scale conversion in those colonies
What was the main market for the cottage industry goods produced in the eighteenth century?
The general population
Which of the following was a competitive advantage of the putting-out system?
The lack of regulation
What is meant by the term "diwani," which the Mughal shah granted to the British East India Company in 1765?
The rights to civil administration and tax collection
Which of the following was true of the Atlantic slave trade?
The trade peaked in the 1780s.
What term is used to describe the Atlantic trade that transported European commodities to Africa, enslaved Africans to the colonies, and colonial goods to Europe?
The triangle trade
What did the English agricultural innovator Jethro Tull advocate?
The use of drilling equipment for sowing seeds The use of horses instead of oxen for plowing
What was a result of the new pressures from population growth in Europe by 1600?
There was a substantial decline in living standards.
Why did Britain and the Dutch Republic enjoy higher agricultural production than other countries in eighteenth-century Europe?
They discovered new methods of crop rotation.
What was an important effect of Enlightenment ideas on the European colonies in the Americas?
They encouraged colonists to aspire toward greater autonomy
What was an effect of women earning their own wages in the eighteenth century?
They took on a greater role in household decision making.
What statement is true of women's wages in the eighteenth-century English textile industry?
They were about one-third of men's wages.
How did guilds in England compare to those in Germany and France in the eighteenth century?
They were subject to greater national regulation, which superseded guild rules.
How did guilds in Germany compare to those in England and France during the eighteenth century?
They were the most powerful and strictly limited non-guild work.
Why did Britain create the English East India Company?
To establish a presence in India itself and evade Dutch influence in the Indian Ocean
How did rural workers who took part in the eighteenth-century putting-out system use the income they earned from home manufacturing?
To help meet basic family needs
What was the result of Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot's 1776 decision to abolish guilds in France?
Vociferous protests
Why did market-produced goods replace homemade goods in the early Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century?
Wage earners had no time to produce enough food and clothing.
What was the impact of the slave trade on Africa?
Wars among African states increased, and population stagnated.
Why did the British colonies of North America have a greater increase in the white population than other colonies in the Americas?
Whole families rather than individual men migrated to the colonies.
How did the rights of textile workers change over the course of the eighteenth century?
Workers lost traditional rights and safeguards.
According to Smith, by how much did the division of labor increase productivity in the pin industry?
a) FROM AROUND 10 PINS PER WORKER PER DAY TO AROUND 4800 PINS PER WORKER PER DAY
Why did Equiano believe that ending slavery would produce economic benefits for England?
a) He argued that Africa would become a large and growing market for English goods.
Which of these negative effects might an eighteenth-century critic of Smith have attributed to the division of labor Smith described?
a) INCREASED UNEMPLOYMENT A critic might argue that, as productivity rose, fewer and fewer workers would be needed to meet market demand for pins.
Which of these increased substantially over the course of the eighteenth century?
a) RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION BY INCOME LEVEL
Which of these groups was responsible for the emergence of places like Soho Square?
a) WEALTHY LAND DEVELOPERS
In eighteenth-century Europe, public health in urban areas improved as a result of
improved water supply and sewage.
The transformation of large numbers of small peasants into landless rural wage earners in eighteenth-century Europe is termed
proletarianization
While some scholars lament the new stiff work regimen that accompanied the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the early eighteenth century, others argue
that households sought wage income to participate in the emerging consumer economy.