WHAP Final Study

Which of the following was a major consequence of the Renaissance?

A network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church.

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean?

Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.

What was Europe's main contribution to the Atlantic system?

Military technology

Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?

Some Protestants requested support from the Ottoman Turks, asking them to attack the eastern sections of the Holy Roman Empire.

South Asia was less severely affected by the Black Death than were settlements along the Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea because:

South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes.

Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin?

The belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the scriptures

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda?

The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.

What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas?

They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars.

During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce?

They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

Which of the following factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

Thriving and elaborate internal trade networks

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade?

To take over the trade or tax local merchants

Ming officials, in contrast to rulers in Portugal and Spain, viewed maritime expansion as:

a potential source of disorder and instability.

To consolidate rule over their conquered empire, the Ottoman sultans:

adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam.

To project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty:

constructed the Forbidden City.

Throughout the fourteenth century, Portuguese Christian rulers attempted to consolidate power by:

devoting themselves to fighting the Moors.

In the fourteenth century, political stabilization in southern Europe was aided by:

economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia.

The main goal of Zheng He's voyages was to:

reestablish trade and collect tribute.

Ming rulers strengthened their role in traditional rites and ceremonies to:

show that the gods favored the Ming.

Populations in both China and Western Europe succumbed to the plague in large numbers because both had:

suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations.

In The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli argued that:

the prince should rule based on the principles of modern statecraft instead of moral or religious

In the late fifteenth century, Ferdinand and Isabella reacted to the Ottoman expansion by:

using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state.

The group that eventually drove the Mongols out of China was known as:

. the Red Turbans.

What environmental change is credited with forcing pastoral peoples and plague-bearing rodents into closer contact with settled agricultural villages?

Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands

The Ottoman Empire conquered and absorbed much of what Christian power?

The Byzantine Empire

Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts?

The caravel was a method of finding longitude, which allowed Portuguese mariners to locate themselves out of sight of land.

Identify the primary reason that Renaissance culture spread throughout Europe by the late sixteenth century:

economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders.

Emperor Hongwu, because he distrusted state bureaucrats and wished to be seen as the guardian of his subjects,

entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders.

In order to reestablish political order following the crises of the fourteenth century, many dynastic rulers:

fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source.

Seeing themselves as "the shadow of God" on earth, Ottoman sultans:

funded construction of elaborate mosques.

The Portuguese monarchs successfully consolidated their political power by:

granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants.

The Protestant Reformation encouraged the growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to:

identify their religion with their local state and language.

The janissaries:

maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and limited the autonomy of provincial rulers

In Spain, a strong dynasty was created primarily through:

marriage.

What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century?

90 percent

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs?

Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity.

Which of the following did the rulers of Ming China, the Ottoman Empire, and Western Europe use to unify their expanded territories?

Artists and architects, who projected the ruler's grandeur and power

In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence?

As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City

Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires?

Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish.

In what way was the effect of the Forbidden City on the populace similar to that of Topkapi palace?

Both projected a sense of awe and power.

What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties?

Both were able to limit European traders to port cities.

As a result of the Ming dynasty's abandoning support for oceanic exploration:

Chinese maritime power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.

The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following?

Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.

The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advantages in global trade?

European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

Which of the following are reasons that Taino peoples were initially repulsed by Europeans?

Europeans' hairiness and bad manners

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century?

Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals.

Which of the following accurately describes Columbus's first impression of the Taino people?

He believed that they were childlike primitives.

What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter?

It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.

Which of the following statements best describes the early Ming dynasty?

It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after Mongol rule and plague.

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy?

Kinship and clan networks

Which of the following sparked Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church?

Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences.

In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit?

Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe.

Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century?

Mesoamerica and the Andes

Which of the following was the most important factor in the rise of the Ottoman Empire?

Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations?

Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland?

Officials established caravan series for travelers' refreshment and protection.

. Following the crises of the fourteenth century, which of the following was the most resistant to change?

Religious and cultural systems

Why did Europeans turn for inspiration to the art and learning of classical Greece and Rome as they rebuilt society after the devastation of the plague?

Renaissance humanism provided more scope for secular individuals to act in an expanding world.

Which of the following accurately describes a change in China's economy during the Ming dynasty?

Silver money replaced barter in China's internal markets.

Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets.

Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs?

Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites.

In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs' constant warfare?

The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives.

Which of the following statements best explains the impact of the Black Death on the influence of the Christian church in Western Europe?

The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church.

In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways?

The Church sought to reform clerical corruption.

During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties?

The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.

Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century?

The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships.

Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao?

The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.

Which of the following was a major difference between the rulers of Spain and Portugal and the Ottomans?

The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories.

Which of the following characterized Spanish tributary empires?

The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants.

After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China?

The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.

What was the Western European Christian church's response to challenges to its authority following the plague?

The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines.

Which of the following is the best description of the economic impact of the Black Death on Afro-Eurasia?

The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest.

Which of the following was a major milestone in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain?

The last Muslim stronghold in Spain—Granada—fell to Christian forces.

Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers' stance toward regional differences within their territory?

They were flexible and tolerant.

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

From where did the Europeans get the model of sugar cane production used in their American colonies?

West Africa