Zuku Review Set 2

Medial meniscus Caused by instability in the stifle joint after cranial cruciate ligament damage "Cranial drawer sign" is positive in the stifle (knee) when there has been rupture of cranial cruciate ligament Commonly seen after trauma (hit by car) and in active dogs

1/29/21 When a dog suffers a rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament, what other anatomic structure is often also damaged?

Respiratory motion has distorted the baseline Not the actual pic but it's very similar To correct it, move the lead attachments further from the chest or use a different lead (I or III) to see if this artifact remains

1/21/21 Numerous pauses are heard on the Doppler of a dog anesthetized with isoflurane. The veterinary technician monitoring the dog is having trouble evaluating the heart rhythm from this electrocardiogram. What is the problem?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

1/25/21 Which hormone initiates the estrous cycle (start at the brain)?

Sarcoptic mange Not common in cattle (more in pigs, dogs) Look for crusty pruritis starting on the head and neck; on skin scrape, look for short legs and long UNsegmented pedicles in Sarcoptes; many skin conditions present similarly and require skin scraping and/or biopsy to make a diagnosis

2/25/21 A cow is presented with pruritus and crusts around the face, as shown in image one. Image two shows the result of a skin scrape. What is the diagnosis?

Peroneal nerve See knuckling at the fetlock w/ dorsal surface of hind foot scraping on ground

2/1/21 Damage to which choice is most likely to cause an animal to knuckle the hind foot (i.e., dorsal surface of foot drags on ground)? Saphenous nerve, peroneal nerve, obturator nerve, low radial nerve, high radial nerve

Anterior lens luxation Look for opaque lens behind pupil with cataracts

2/11/21 What ocular condition is most evident in this cat?

Acepromazine Phenothiazine tranquilizer used as a sedative in many animals, as an anti-emetic to control motion sickness in dogs and as a pre-anesthetic (often w/ atropine) 4 things to remember about ace: -negligible analgesic effects -giant dog breeds and sight hounds may be overly sensitive -may cause significant hypotension -may need to decrease dose in debilitated, geriatric animals

2/9/21 Which drug is associated w/ penis protrusion in large animals, especially horses? Lidocaine, ketamine, atropine, acepromazine, or xylazine

Vesicular stomatitis (VS) Can occur in epidemics; seen in horses, pigs, and cows; FMD is mainly in pigs and cows (NOT horses) VS occurs in the US and is one of the big rule-outs among vesicular dzs (remember the big 8: BVD, IBR, BPS, MCF, VS, FMD, bluetongue, and rinderpest - rinderpest was declared eradicated globally in 2011)

3/23/21 Which reportable disease has an identical clinical presentation to foot and mouth disease (FMD)?

Last half of pregnancy From 5th month onward; expect stillborn calves; cows only abort once, then they are immune; reportable dz; vax used are Brucella abortus strain 19 vax or the RB51 vax, given to heifer calves 4-12 months old, along w/ a USDA tattoo in the right ear

3/3/21 Abortions due to brucellosis tend to occur at what stage of pregnancy?

Pleural effusion Note the raised trachea w/ lung lobes floating in the dorsal chest, lung borders outlined clearly by opacity, but the cardiac silhouette indistinct DDX: nothing good - neoplasia, CHF, hypoalbuminemia (secondary to protein-losing nephropathy/liver dz), HW, diaphragmatic hernia, trauma/hemothorax, lung lobe torsion, etc

3/5/21 A 13-year-old male castrated Golden Retriever is presented with respiratory distress. A lateral thoracic radiograph is obtained. What is the primary abnormality visible in the radiograph?

Moraxella bovis Severity of infection w/ Moraxella bovis may increase w/ infection w/ IBR or other bacT like Mycoplasma bovoculi and Mycoplasma bovis; other risk factors include heavy fly infestations, solar radiation, and mechanical trauma from plant awns

3/2/21 This is a corneal abscess secondary to infectious keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye). What is the most commonly recognized organism that causes pinkeye in cows?

Chorioptic mange A winter presentation in the northeastern US of crusty, pruritic skin dz around the perineum, caudal upper this is most likely to be chorioptic mange; also called leg mange; look for long legs and UNsegmented pedicles in chorioptes Rx: pour-on doramectin or moxidectin, eprinomectrin (injectible or pour-on), or lime-sulfur dips q 12d

2/26/21 A skin scrape from a cow with pruritus and crusts around the caudal thighs and perineum shows the organism below. What is the presumptive diagnosis?

Idiopathic in 50% of dogs (45% in cats) Caused by lack of sympathetic innervation to the eye 4 ocular signs: miosis (constricted pupil), protrusion of 3rd eyelid (nictitans), enopthalmos (sunken eye), ptosis (drooped eyelid), +/- anisocoria Look for classic increased anisocoria in the dark; other diagnostics depend on where you suspect primary dz Must treat primary diagnosis (otitis media, brachial plexus avulsion, guttural pouch mycosis)

3/19/21 What is the most common cause of Horner's syndrome in dogs?

Classical Swine Fever Kidney hemorrhage is characteristic of CSF and African swine fever (ASF) ASF and CSF can't be differentiated based on clinical and postmortem signs alone; confirmation needs PCR or ELISA; both are reportable diseases

1/21/21 A pig farm has several sick and dying adult pigs. Affected animals are febrile and depressed. Some seem constipated and others have diarrhea. A few are ataxic. A necropsy on one of the dead pigs shows widespread petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages in the kidneys ("turkey egg kidneys"), bladder, spleen, and larynx. Which one of the following choices is the most likely diagnosis? Anthrax, Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis, Glasserella parasuis (formerly Haemophilus parasuis), Classical swine fever, or postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

Low dietary copper Low dietary copper levels (Cu) causes bones of growing animals to be brittle because they do not develop the normal trabecular structure. Higher fracture rates are seen in Cu deficient than in Cu replete animals. Pathologic fractures are more common during periods of exertion, such as the morning round up. Rough handling exacerbates the number of fractures. Treatment of Cu deficiency includes copper glycinate injections, and feeding of mineral mixes with Cu. Copper boluses can also be given. In areas with high levels of molybdenum (Mb) in the soil, Cu levels are often low. Mb interferes with absorption of Cu, hence Mb excess results in Cu deficiency. Pathologic fractures can be seen with hypovitaminosis D growing cattle, but this is unlikely in animals on pasture. Calcium deficient calves may also develop a similar syndrome of pathologic fractures

1/22/21 A four-month-old calf from a small beef herd in Louisiana presents with a fracture of the right metatarsus. He was normal last night. The owner found the calf this morning after rounding up the herd for deworming. This is the fifth calf this season with fractured bones. One had a vertebral fracture, two calves had humeral fractures, and one other had a cannon bone fracture. What is the most likely problem in this herd?

0% Horses don't have any immature RBCs on CBC in health or anemia Reticulocytes are found in small percentages in normal dog and cat blood and you are more likely to see them in a dog/cat w/ anemia Healthy ruminants don't have them but they appear if the ruminant is responding to an anemia

1/22/21 What is the normal percentage of reticulocytes in equine blood?

Have you cleaned with chlorine recently? Chlorine is commonly used to disinfect tanks and equipment but is highly toxic to fish; common problem bc chlorine and chloramine are often found in municipal water sources; chronic chlorine exposure causes the described signs; acute chlorine toxicosis can cause sudden death; use colorimetric test to measure free and total chlorine; levels should be nondetectable when tested on site; use glass bottle to transport water sample for testing; false negative possible; Tx w/ dechlorination products available at pet stores and then recheck both free and total chlorine levels

1/25/21 A hobbyist fish owner is concerned because many of the fish in his freshwater tank have cloudy eyes, inflammation and necrosis of the gills, and excess mucus covering them. They seem to be moving slowly. Based on this history, what is the most important question to ask?

Flehmen Seen in normal stallion response to pheromones, normal response of all horses to new smells, sign of colic, or associated w/ granulosa cell tumors in mares Also seen in other species

1/26/21 What behavior is the mare displaying in the image?

80% Needs to be more than 80% morphologically normal and 70-80% progressively motile for optimum breeding fertility

1/26/21 What is the minimum percentage of spermatozoa that need to be morphologically normal for the dog to be considered fertile for breeding purposes?

8-12 months Latex tubes only last 12 wks bc latex breaks down from exposure to stomach acids Gastrostomy tube = feeding tube that passes thru abdominal wall into the stomach which allow placement of food directly into stomach, used when patientis unable/unwilling to eat normally due to damage to esophagus, head, or neck Often called PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy) tubes because they are placed using an endoscope

1/27/21 A silicone gastrostomy tube can typically be used for what period of time?

Diazepam and lidocaine drip diazepam for seizures and lidocaine for ventricular tachycardia

1/27/21 The night after Valentine's day, a male neutered Schnauzer is presented with a combination of hyperactivity, urinary accidents, and diarrhea. On physical exam there is muscle rigidity and chocolate wrappers visible in the diarrhea. The dog has a seizure on the exam table. An ECG is shown. What is the best treatment plan?

review infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccination protocols Prevents NEW cases; IBR is common infection in cattle that causes fibrinonecrotic plaques at site of inoculation and then virus ascends to regional ganglia and becomes latent; stress causes reactivation and shedding, perpetuating infection in herds; many vaccines and protocols available to prevent outbreaks One type of IBR causes mucosal lesions and respiratory or vaginal infections Another type mostly causes abortion; a third type causes fatal nonsuppurative encephalitis in calves Identify by fibrinonecrotic plaques on the mucosal epithelium and can be confirmed by collection of nasal/ocular swabs for virus isolation, ELISA or FA testing

1/28/21 A herd of 25 Holstein heifers present with fever of 104-106°F (40-41.1°C) [N=100-102.5°F, 37.8-39.7°C], lethargy, and purulent nasal discharge. They also have loud, harsh coughs. Physical exam reveals crackles over the trachea, but not the lungs. Fibrinonecrotic plaques are randomly dispersed over the nasal and ocular mucosa, but there are no oral ulcers. Urine and feces appear normal. Several affected heifers have an arched back and are straining because of a fibrinonecrotic vaginitis. Which choice is the most important step to take next to evaluate and prevent this problem in the future? Test water for Leptospira and feed for Neospora caninum; vaginal culture for genital Campylobacter fetus venerealis; review infectious bovine rhinotracheitis IBR vaccination protocols; evaluate breeding program and use AI or Tritrichomonas foetus negative bulls; check for elevated mycotoxin levels in feed

Pancreas Islets contain endocrine cells; pancrease has digestive and hormonal function so most important islet cells are: alpha cells - produce glucagon beta cells - produce insulin (60-70% of total islet cells) delta cells - produce somatostatin Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a classic example of pancreatic endocrine disease due to a deficiency of pancreatic beta cells

1/28/21 In which tissue can the islets of Langerhans be found?

Ascites syndrome (waterbelly) A form of right ventricular heart failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension or more rarely, hepatic failure Because broilers affected w/ ascites syndrome frequently die on their backs, differential diagnosis is flip-over disease

1/29/21 A dozen young chickens at a broiler-raising facility are found dead on their backs and sides with no premonitory signs. Other birds appear cyanotic, with distended and reddened abdomens and congested blood vessels. Affected birds have an increased respiratory rate and reduced exercise tolerance. Necropsy of a dead chicken shows typical lesions below. What is the clinical diagnosis?

Dermatophilosis I couldn't find the right image but this one is similar Caused by Dermatophilus congolensis that's found in all ruminants and horses; infection seen in young or systemically ill animals; many housed in areas w/ poor hygiene or w/out shelter; excessive moisture, rainy conditions, skin damage, and concurrent illness causing immunosuppression are predisposing factors Loss of sebaceous film layer on skin is thought to be important factor in pathogenesis, as are carrier animals and fomites Typical findings: thick crusts containing organism and railroad track appearance of bacT on cytology Also called rain rot

2/1/21 A three-year-old female goat presents in poor body condition, slightly depressed, and febrile. The goat is mildly pruritic. The skin shows mild to moderate erythema and alopecia and marked hyperkeratosis and crusting on all four extremities, as shown in the image below. Skin scrapings are negative for mites. A cytology taken from the underside of a crust shows parallel stacks or rows of cocci ("railroad tracks") between keratinocytes, also shown below. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Inguinal hernia (not the same image but similar) Common problem in pigs; Rx surgically: midline skin incision, cranial to scrotum; ligate and excise vas deferens, blood vessels; both inguinal ring areas should be closed to prevent herniation post-surgery; removal of tunic, cremaster muscle, extra SQ tissue, w/ closure to obliterate empty space helps prevent seromas

2/10/21 A seven-week-old pot-bellied pig is presented with a posterior swelling that looks like this. Which one of the following is the most likely clinical diagnosis?

Lincosamide Should not be used in neonates bc of their limited ability to metabolize drugs DO NOT use in rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, hamsters, horses, and ruminants --> associated w/ GI upset CONTRAINDICATED in horses bc a severe, even fatal colitis can occur

2/10/21 Clindamycin (antirobe) is in which family of antibiotics?

Histoplasmosis Seen in river valleys of central US, associated w/ bird and bat droppings in soil Big DDX is blastomycosis but histoplasma is much smaller and are difficult to detect w/ routine H&E (need to use PAS, Gomoris methenamine silver or Gridley's fungal stains to see yeast forms in macrophages and giant cells

2/11/21 A three-year-old male neutered Labrador retriever from the Ohio river valley basin is presented with chronic large bowel diarrhea and signs of respiratory disease (cough, fever). A lymph node smear shows round to ovoid (1-4 micrometers) encapsulated structures inside macrophages and giant cells. The organisms have thin cell walls, with thin clear zone between cell wall and cytoplasm. What is the diagnosis?

Supplement dietary zinc In pigs, zinc deficiency causes parakeratosis; supplementation will resolve clinical signs Starter diets need 125 ppm zinc Grower diets need 75 ppm zinc Finisher diets need 50 ppm zinc Parakeratosis may resemble exudative epidermatitis (greasy pig disease caused by Staph hyicus); exudative epidermitis is more typically seen in younger suckling piglets and treated w/ antibiotics

2/12/21 A group of 2 1/2-month-old feeder pigs are presented with non-pruritic keratinized skin lesions and mild lethargy. One severely affected animal is depressed and anorexic. What treatment is most appropriate for the presumptive diagnosis?

Guttural pouch Diseases to think of include: guttural pouch tympany, empyema, mycosis

2/12/21 Which anatomic area do these 3 surgical approaches access in the horse? Modified whitehouse, Viborg's triangle, hyovertebrotomy

Coxofemoral luxation (dislocated hip) -Place your thumb in groove between greater trochanter and ischial tuberosity and externally rotate femur; thumb stays in the groove w/ luxated hip or fractured femoral head -difficult in awake patient bc muscle tone can inhibit joint subluxation/limb adduction, and typically is painful; may need to be done under sedation or need radiographs -presents as non-weight bearing lameness, usually after severe trauma

2/15/21 What condition is confirmed with a "thumb displacement test" in dogs?

Antigen-antibody complex disease (Type III) In these reactions, antigen-antibody complexes are deposited on the endothelium, stimulating complement and neutrophilic inflammatory response and vascular damaged; look for localized or multisystemic vasculitis Classic type III diseases are glomerulonephritis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, purpura hemorrhagica, anterior uveitis

2/15/21 Which type of immune reaction is occurring in this picture of a horse with limb edema secondary to a localized vasculitis?

Pleural effusion

2/16/21 A 13-year-old male castrated Golden Retriever is presented with respiratory distress. A lateral thoracic radiograph is obtained. What is the primary abnormality visible in the radiograph?

Stephanurus dentatus Found worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical areas Seen in US as parasite of pigs raised outside in the southeastern and south-central states

2/16/21 What is the scientific name for the swine kidney worm?

Not included bc it was a repeat of 2/15's NAVLE question; see that day for details

2/17/21

On a remote hard drive Digital images are stored on a remote hard drive called the Picture Archival Computing System (PACS); this allows storage of large data files generated from radiography; can quickly be accessed and shared w/ other clinics and specialists, facilitating consultations and second opinions

2/17/21 How are digital images best stored permanently in digital radiography?

Penis cannot retract into prepuce

2/18/21 A five-year-old Jack Russel terrier is coming in as an emergency with possible paraphimosis. What kind of problem is this?

Infectious bursal disease Note enlarged, balloon-like hemorrhagic bursa of Fabricius; caused by birnavirus; shed in feces; transferred barn to barn via fomites; stable virus that is difficult to eradicate from environment Signs: More important subclinical form in young birds that causes immunosuppression via destruction of immature lymphocytes in bursa, thymus, and spleen; these birds don't respond well to vaccination and are predisposed to infections w/ normally nonpathogenic viruses and bacT; can cause large economic losses

2/18/21 What is the presumptive diagnosis in a chicken with the following necropsy finding?

PLAGUE Although bite wound abscesses are very common in outdoor tomcats, the indicators of systemic dz (high fever, vomiting, etc) plus neutrophilic leukocytosis w/ a toxic left shift points toward a more serious problem If you see "saftey pin" bipolar staining micro-organisms in an abscessed cat in a Western state, think plague until proven otherwise Caused by Yersinia pestis, animal plague is carried by FLEAS and found in wild RODENTS AND RABBITS Hunting cats can get dz by eating sick prey or from an infected flea ZOONOTIC and REPORTABLE, there are about 10 cases of human plague in the US per year, most often infected via a flea bite

2/19/21 During fall, a 12-pound, 5-year-old neutered male cat from New Mexico is presented with a draining abscess. He also has a two-day history of lethargy, depression, runny eyes, decreasing appetite and intermittent vomiting and diarrhea. He is an indoor/outdoor cat, up-to-date on vaccines. He has a marked unilateral submandibular lymphadenopathy on the same side as the ruptured abscess. A swab of the draining tract reveals microorganisms with a bipolar-staining "safety pin" appearance using both Giemsa and Wright stain. What is the diagnosis? T=105.1 F HR = 140 bpm BR = 30 brpm PCV = 40% (N=24-45%) WBC = 26,800 (3800-19,500) Lymphs = 9% (20-55%) Monos = 2% (1-4%) Eos = 2% (2%-12%) Basos = rare (rare) Neuts = 88% (35-75%) Cytoplasmic basophilia, vacuolation, Dohle bodies and >1200 bands neutrophils/µl are noted.

Create transfaunation donors Rumen is permanently fistulated in the left paralumbar fossa to allow cows to be donors for transfaunation of rumen contents to other cows; used to treat other cows w/ conditions like ruminal acidosis, vagal indigestion, and peritonitis; ruminal fistulas are also used to study ruminant physiology Fresh ruminal fluid contains microbes, VFAs, microbial proteins, vitamins, minerals and other buffers Ruminal fluid can also be collected via siphon from a stomach tube or from animals at the slaughter house

2/19/21 What is the purpose of placing a permanent rumen fistula in some cattle?

Hypothyroidism Tail alopecia and tragic facial expression are classic signs, other common areas of bilateral alopecia are ventral and lateral trunk, caudal thighs, ventral neck, and dorsum of nose

2/2/21 An obese eight-year-old Labrador Retriever is presented for annual vaccinations. The owners claim that they have restricted his diet and try to exercise him but he still keeps the weight on. There is alopecia on the dorsum of his tail and he has an unusual worried facial expression. What is the most likely diagnosis?

White or green No matter the color of the tank, always read the label to verify contents inside; nitrous oxide tanks are blue

2/2/21 What color is an oxygen tank supposed to be in the U.S.?

High ringbone Periostitis and osteoarthritis of the proximal interphalangeal joint leading to exostoses Very common in horses; can be due to chronic wear and tear, overuse, or secondary to traumatic episode Treated via pastern arthrodesis using a dorsal plate and lag screws

2/22/21 A 15-year-old Quarter horse mare is presented for right front lameness grade 3/5 on the AAEP lameness scale (lameness consistently visible at the trot). She becomes sound after an abaxial nerve block. Radiographs of the distal limb are shown. What is the top differential diagnosis?

Clostridium piliforme Formerly Bacillus piliformis Causes hepatitis and SUDDENLY DEAD YELLOW FOALS 7-40 days old; dogs, cats, and calves can also be affected On necropsy, see HUGE liver w/ disseminated, multifocal areas of necrosis, thick, congested intestines, and focal myocarditis

2/22/21 What organism causes Tyzzer disease?

Northern fowl mite Remains w/ host between blood meals, while chicken mite only feeds at night and drops off the host during the day, so you find the former on the chicken and the latter in the chicken house during the day

2/23/21 A backyard chicken is presented for laying less eggs than normal and listless behavior. Examination reveals tiny blackish brown specks moving around the hen's vent. What is the most likely diagnosis?

You can perform the procedure with proper analgesia AVMA position on velveting is that it must be conducted humanely (w/ analgesia) and w/in bounds of a vet-client-patient relationship; velveting is the amputation of live growing immature antlers from cervids (farmed deer and elk) in the 55-65th days of growth Velvet antlers are innervated and vascularized tissue; if you try to remove an antler w/out analgesia it is painful to the animal Velvet peels off later in the season as the antler matures; moose and elk have velvet antlers, which grow from small, immature stubs to full antlers Most antler velvet is exported to Asia as a traditional medicine or dietary supplement, and is also sold in North America; therapeutic effects unknown; Chronic Wasting Dz prions have been detected in elk velvet, which increases concern for human exposure Banned in UK and Ireland, regulated industry in other countries like New Zealand)

2/23/21 A client who raises North American farmed deer and elk asks you to remove of the entire soft antler of several animals in the first 55-65 days of growth, a practice called "velveting." What should you tell the client?

Mesenteric volvulus Shows marked gas distention of bowel on rads; nearly always a fatal condition, but is not common Found more frequently in German shepherds than other breeds Presentation resembles gastric torsion volvulus

2/24/21 A nine-year-old German Shepherd is presented for non-productive retching. Physical examination reveals severe abdominal pain and in shock. After starting fluid therapy, a lateral abdominal radiograph is made. The dog is taken to surgery and laparotomy reveals what is seen in the second image below. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Weaned early and hand raised Or bottle fed exclusively by people may never learn to modulate play-aggressino responses to other cats; not adequately socialized and may not know when to stop being aggressive Rx usually involves behavior modification and socialization; if serious aggression issues occur, think of TCAs (amitriptyline, clomipramine) and SSRIs (fluoxetine, paroxetine)

2/24/21 Which type of cat is predisposed to excessive play aggression? Intact males, nursing queens, no human contact before 3 months of age, weaned early and hand-raised, or siamese breed

Ultrasonography A skilled ultrasonographer can differentiate between testicular torsion, scrotal hernia, or focal lesions in the testicle This case is testicular torsion; right testicle is hemorrhagic and infarcted

2/25/21 An intact male whippet presents with an acute onset of swelling and pain in one of his testicles. A post-op image shown below. Which one of the following tests is helpful to diagnose the cause of the swelling before surgery? Positive contrast cystography, MRI, ultrasonography, lateral radiography, nuclear scintigraphy scan

Treat with potassium permanganate Or hydrogen peroxide or formalin for Saprolegnia infection, which is a saprophytic fungus-like pathogen (technically, an oomycete water mold) that commonly causes disease in freshwater fish; direct smear should reveal large nonseptate filaments; low water temps are a major predisposing factor for infection; other possible causes include poor sanitation and presence of decaying organic matter (or dead fish); products that contain malachite green are effective but CANNOT be used on food fish

2/26/21 A trout fishery reports that many of the fish have gray-white, puffy growths on their fins, gills, and eyes. A direct smear from affected tissues shows the following findings (images below). What action should you take to address the top differential?

Laryngeal foreign body Near far left edge of images; it's small, round, mineral opacity w/in larynx ventral to C2 on first lateral projection Small seed was removed from upper airway via endoscopy

2/3/21 A three-month-old French bulldog is presented with respiratory distress and vomiting. Based on the radiographs shown below, which of the following choices is the most likely diagnosis?

Alcohol, gel Alcohol, gel, and hair clipping minimize air trapped in hair between the ultrasound transducer and the skin and improve ultrasound image quality; trapped air interferes w/ ability of waves to pass from transducer head into the tissue and be reflected back to generate an image; use copious amounts of alcohol to wet the hair and horses; may need to sedate the animal

2/3/21 What is routinely used to help improve image quality when performing an ultrasound?

5 minutes or 10-25 brush strokes on each skin surface

2/4/21 How long should skin-soap contact last during surgical hand scrubbing?

enzootoic pneumonia in grower/finisher units Pigs have porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) Enzootic pneumonia occurs once infection has spread to all parts of the herd Caused by highly contagious arterivirus that is spread via fomites, aerosolization, insects, and silent shedders Two typical clinical phases - reproductive failure and postweaning respiratory disease Initial outbreak lasts 1-4 months, but can become chronic and endemic PRRS is most economically significant disease affecting US swine production Dx: Virus detection and serology on oral fluid samples Rx: None, prevention is key - know status of replacement gilts and boars, isolate incoming stock; nursery depop has been used 12-18 months after initial outbreak when only growers/finishers are still affected; can also do whole herd depop/repop; test and removal, and herd closure

2/4/21 Roughly 10% of the dry sows in a herd of pigs have poor appetite, fever, and are coughing. There have been several late-term abortions and an increase in returns post-service. Some of the farrowing sows have poor appetite and thirst. Several have mastitis and/or agalactia and are farrowing 2-3 days early. Some piglets born alive have diarrhea, and some in the litter were born dead and mummified. There's been more respiratory disease in the piglets recently and the farmer has heard a funny thumping noise when the most severely affected piglets breath. The farmer noticed that several of the sows have transiently had blue ears, as seen below. Based on the presumptive diagnosis, if this disease becomes endemic in the herd, what is a likely sequela?

Osteosarcoma Common aggressive bone tumor typically found in appendicular skeleton, esp distal radius

2/5/21 A three-year-old Irish setter is presented with a history of lameness and swelling in the distal forelimb.A radiograph is shown below. What is the presumptive diagnosis?

Dermatophilosis This is a repeat question from set 1

2/5/21 A three-year-old female goat presents in poor body condition, slightly depressed, and febrile. The goat is mildly pruritic. The skin shows mild to moderate erythema and alopecia and marked hyperkeratosis and crusting on all four extremities, as shown in the image below.Skin scrapings are negative for mites. A cytology taken from the underside of a crust shows parallel stacks or rows of cocci ("railroad tracks") between keratinocytes, also shown below. Which one of the following choices is the most likely diagnosis?

Milk fever Due to recent history of calving in a dairy cow w/ NO evidence of septic infection in uterus or udder Rabies should always be considered in DDx of any down cow, it's not common; lack of behavioral changes, tenesmus, and presence of normal tail tone and vocalization make rabies less likely as a primary dx

2/8/21 A seven-year old Jersey cow who calved last night is down this morning. There have been no behavioral changes and she has been eating and drinking normally prior to this episode. She is weak with flaccid muscle tone. Udder examination shows normal milk; CMT is normal, cow has normal tail tone and there is no tenesmus. She vocalizes normally. No retained placenta, obvious infection or calf found on uterine palpation. T = 101.2 F, HR = 80 bpm, RR = 32 brpm The most likely presumptive diagnosis is?

Skin scraping and microscopic exam This is sarcoptic mange (scabies); skin scrape will rapidly confirm dx; tx is avermectin family drug, SQ q 2 wks

2/8/21 An alpaca is presented in poor body condition with an unkempt coat, patchy alopecia and severe pruritus and crusting of the extremities. A photo of an affected limb is shown below. What is the most appropriate diagnostic step?

Bovine tuberculosis Classic granulomas and abscesses of Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cattle; TB is reportable and transmitted by aerosols Look for cows w/ chronic debilitation, emaciation, but w/out telltale watery diarrhea of Johne's disease

2/9/21 An emaciated cow is presented. She appears weak and anorexic, with enlarged superficial cervical lymph nodes. T=102.9°F, HR=60 bpm, BR=30 brpm The cow dies the next day. On necropsy, the following lesions in the lungs are evident. What is the diagnosis?

Polioencephalomalacia Two most common causes of PEM are: -low thiamine (due to thiaminase activity from plants like bracken fern or low thiamine diets) -high sulfur in diet (can come from high molasses-urea diet, corn or sugar cane byproducts, water, or other plants including alfalfa, Canada thistle, kochia, and lambsquarter

3/1/21 A diet that is low in thiamine or high in sulfur can cause ____________ in sheep, goats and cattle.

Report outbreak to regulatory authorities ASAP This is viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (VVND); gross lesions such as petechiae seen here in proventricular mucosa are not usually seen w/ low-virulence Newcastle disease (loNDV); clinical hx is also suggestive of VVND Acute form of NDV must be differentiated from highly pathogenic avian flu by isolation of a hemagglutinating virus identified by inhibition w/ Newcastle disease antiserum; NDV occurs worldwide and chickens usually present w/ acute respiratory dz; sometimes diarrhea, neuro problems, or depression predominate; virulence varies between forms Vaccines against NDV decrease clinical signs and death; infected poultry are depopulated

3/1/21 Many hens in a large backyard flock recently became ill after the owner purchased four new chickens. The sick hens are gasping, coughing and sneezing. They have poor appetite and act depressed. Some affected birds have watery green diarrhea and swelling of the head and neck. A few have paralyzed legs and wings, twisted necks, are circling, and have tremors or clonic spasms. Birds are not laying well and some eggs are misshapen with watery albumen. Many of the sickest birds have died. Necropsy of a dead chicken shows petechial hemorrhages on the mucosal surface of the proventriculus and gizzard (left). What should be done next to address this problem?

Cervicothoracic (C6-T2) Weak, hypotonic (LMN) forelimbs and spastic paresis (UMN) hindlimbs are signs of a cervicothoracic lesion May see worse signs in fores than hinds THIS IS THE OPPOSITE PRESENTATION as Schiff-Sherrington syndrome (SEVERE actue spinal cord trauma in the region of T3-L3, where in lateral recumbency, the thoracic limbs are rigid and extended and the pelvic limbs appear flaccid in comparison However, pelvic limb reflexes are normal to increased, as would be expected with a UMN lesion

3/10/21 A stray dog is presented after being hit by a car. The dog has hypotonic forelimbs and spastic paresis in the hinds. All four limbs have proprioceptive deficits and sensation loss-signs are worse in the forelimbs. Where is the lesion?

Pulmonic stenosis Bc stenotic pulmonic valve blocks outflow from R ventricle (mostly in dogs) Heard as a systolic murmur heard most loudly LEFT chest between the 2nd and 4th intercostal (IC) space; genetic link in beagles; predilection seen in many breeds, including English bulldog, Mini Schnauzer, Scotties, Chihuahuas, Cockers, Boxers Can be confused w/ aortic stenosis, a systolic murmur that can be heard most loudly on left chest between 2nd and 5th IC space or at the throacic inlet (lateral to trachea)

3/10/21 During a necropsy on a four-year-old Beagle who died suddenly, a severe right ventricular hypertrophy is noted. Which condition is highest on the differential diagnosis list?

Anemia of chronic disease Most common type of anemia identified in vet med chronic inflammation, infection, or neoplasia leads to leukocytic production of cytokines that causes decreased erythrocyte survival time, iron availability, and bone marrow response This non-regenerative anemia can be mild to moderate; usually resolves as underlying dz is treated Flunixin meglumine has not been associated w/ immune-mediated hemolysis; rifampin can turn urine red, but does not cause hematuria; penicillin has not been associated w/ bone marrow suppression

3/11/21 A 15-year-old Arabian gelding is presented for recheck after one week of treatment for an intra-abdominal Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis abscess. The horse has been on procaine penicillin (20,000 Units/kg IM BID), rifampin (5 mg/kg PO BID), and flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg PO up to BID for fever). Clinically the horse has been improving with only two low-grade fevers in the last week and has already perked up a little. Today the physical exam parameters are within normal limits, though the horse remains a body condition score of 3+/9. Without performing further diagnostics, what would be the top differential for this horse's anemia? RBC low, hematocrit low, hemoglobin low, WBC slightly high, neuts high, monocytes high, fibrinogen very high, TP slightly high, globulin slightly high, albumin:globulin ratio slightly low; AST slightly high; creatinine kinase high

Dermatophytosis Typical presentation of ringworm (Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes) As w/ most species, ringworm in immunocompetent animals is usually self-limiting w/ good husbandry and sanitation; COMMON: up to 15% of clinically normal guinea pigs harbor T. mentagrophytes; young animals are more susceptible; overcrowding, poor sanitation, and other stressors predispose; tx w/ systemic antifungals and topical shampoos will speed resolution of infection and minimize chances of infecting other animals or people, but it is somewhat labor intensive and long-term (4-8 wks) Systemic Rx: Itraconazole (10 mg/kg/day PO) or terbinafine (30-40 mg/kg/day PO) for 4-8 wks Topical Rx: enilconazole (0.2% at a dilution of 1:70) or miconazole shampoo +/- chlorhex, once or twice a week Decontaminating the environment every 14 days is also important for control: can use enilconazole (0.2%) or concentrated chlorine laundry bleach 1:10 solutions

3/11/21 A one-year-old female guinea pig is presented with round patches of scaly alopecia on the tip of the nose, ears, periocular areas and forehead. The affected areas do not appear to be pruritic. Skin scrapings from the periphery of lesions and associated broken hairs demonstrate hyphae and arthrospores on direct microscopic examination. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Hot weather Acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia is a multifactorial, sporadic dz in foals aged 1 wk - 8 months characterized by sudden severe resp distress, fever, hypoxemia, and cyanosis No specific cause identified, suspected etiologies are viruses like flu, Pneumocystis jiroveci, heat stroke, environmental toxins, and bacT like enteric Gram - organism, Rhodococcus equi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Probably a result of many insults causing common response of severe, diffuse, necrotizing bronchiolitis and alveolitis, tx is supportive, including anti-inflammatory drugs, environmental cooling, broad-spectrum antimicrobials, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and oxygen Prognosis is variable (may be grave/guarded or up to 70% survival)

3/12/21 Which one of the following is an important risk factor for acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia in foals? Hot weather, exposure to poultry, isolation of chlamydia from lungs, vit E and selenium deficiency, or pulmonary infection w/ Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Joint neoplasia *This is not the exact image but it's similar Geographic lysis involving distal humerus, proximal ulna, and to lesser degree of the proximal radius; areas of bone loss are multifocal w/ well circumscribed borders Anconeal process is absent; large soft tissue swelling centered around left elbow; US: heterogenous, hyperechoic lesion surrounding caudal aspect of elbow and also extending to medial and lateral is identified; there are severe defects w/in bone and mass lesion extends into bone; FNA showed probable sarcoma

3/2/21 A ten-year-old mix breed dog is presented with left thoracic limb lameness of two month duration. What is the most likely diagnosis based on radiograph and ultrasonography?

Liver and muscle ALT is considered a "leakage" enzyme; high levels are normally found in the cytoplasm of healthy cells; when hepatic or muscle cells are damaged, ALT leaks into adjacent tissue where it is picked up by the venous circulation; other animals such as horses, ruminants, pigs, and birds do not have high levels of ALT inside cells; aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is the predominant leakage enzyme in these animals; magnitude of elevation of leakage enzymes can be deceiving (are a few cells leaking a lot or many cells leaking a small amount?); severe damage to healthy liver can cause very high levels, while low levels may be seen when significant atrophy or fibrosis of the liver is present and few cells are left; prognosis of former may be good; prognosis for latter is grim; differentiation between muscle and liver as the source of increases in ALT/AST is determined by evaluation of other muscle enzymes (CK and AST) and liver enzymes (AST, SDH, GGT, ALP), the animal, and clinical evaluation; don't estimate liver function

3/12/21 Which two tissues can both cause increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in dogs and cats?

Start IV fluids, recheck BUN/creatinine in 12-24 hours This is most likely pre-renal azotemia based on clinical signs of dehydration and increased lactate w/ high-normal PCV and high TP; if pre-renal, kidney values should normalize w/in 12-24 hours of IV fluid therapy and rehydration; left untreated, pre-renal can lead to renal azotemia

3/15/21 A 12-year-old Warmblood gelding is presented with a one-day history of anorexia, depression, and decreased manure. Physical exam reveals dark pink, slightly dry mucous membranes with a capillary refill time of 3 seconds (normal, less than 2 sec) and decreased gastrointestinal borborygmi (sounds) in all quadrants. PCV is 45% (normal = 32-46%). What is the most appropriate way to help differentiate between pre-renal and renal azotemia in this horse?

It is an intact male This is the penis of an intact male cat which shows backward-projecting cornified spines on the glans due to the presence of circulating androgens; penile spines are absent in neutered male cats; presence of spines can help dx cryptorchid cats; spines should disappear w/in 6 wks of castration; penile spines help toms fertilize queens by breaking through copulatory plugs, which helps w/ sperm competition inside the female

3/15/21 What does this finding mean in a cat?

Sacroiliac (SI) disease Think of it in an athletic jumping horse w/: -intermittent hindlimb lameness localized in the croup (rump) -evidence of back pain -swelling over the tuber sacrale (hunter's bumps) horses w/ hunter's bumps can be sound if the injury has completely healed, but lameness can be observed if the injury is recent or has never resolved; important to rule out other causes of hind end lameness or back pain/strain; US per rectum or local anesthesia infiltration of the SI region can help confirm dx; but tx is most often administered instead (inject area w/ steroids and analgesics) and therapy response is monitored

3/16/21 A six-year-old hunter-jumper horse is presented with a three-month history of poor performance and intermittent shifting hindleg lameness. There is reluctance to bring the hind limbs forward at a trot and he occasionally drags his hind toes. On physical exam, there is poor muscling of the gluteal muscles and some asymmetry to the croup (rump). The horse shows pain and a reluctance to ventroflex the back when midline pressure is applied. What is a top differential diagnosis?

Haemonchus spp. Cause anemia, hypoproteinemia (bottle jaw/submandibular edema), and weakness; Haemonchus grow up to an inch in length in the abomasum; if you look at the worms w/ a magnifying glass, a "barber pole" appearance of the worms is a giveaway

3/16/21 An 18-month-old female Saanan goat who died the night before is presented for necropsy. She was stunted compared to her herdmates and had a 4-week history of poor appetite, unthriftiness and recently, submandibular edema. Necropsy shows many 0.5- to 1-inch long pale worms and some hemorrhage in the abomasum. Several of her herdmates also look unthrifty, and two of them have pale mucous membranes with weakness and reluctance to move. What is the diagnosis?

Ascarid infection (roundworm) These are classic milk spots - liver scars left by migrating ascarid larva traveling to the lungs; in heavy infestation, larvae can cause pulmonary edema, consolidation, severe resp distress Can exacerbate swine flu, endemic pneumonia, maybe icterus; fecal exam would show ascarid eggs Rx w/ anthelmintics; by 4-5 months, some pigs may be permanently stunted

3/17/21 About a hundred four-month-old pigs from a feeder pig operation are presented. About one-third are small for their age and unthrifty. Several pigs are in respiratory distress, exhibiting "thumps" (abdominal breathing); of these one is icteric and another died the night before. A necropsy on a dead pig reveals white scars and spots on the liver. What is the diagnosis?

Ferrets Like cats, ferrets metabolize acetaminophen slowly bc they are deficient in glucuronyl transferase High doses are toxic to dogs and other animals so don't overdo it (show signs of methemoglobinemia at 200 mg/kg) There are recommended doses for dogs, rabbits, rodents, and guinea pigs In cats, toxicity can occur w/ 10-40 mg/kg; there was a case report of a kitten w/ fatal toxicity after being given an empty acetaminophen bottle to play with

3/17/21 Which animal is considered to be as susceptible to acetaminophen toxicity as cats?

Pigs Adult pigs consistently have the most teeth (44) followed by dogs (42), horses (36-44), ruminants (32), and cats (30) Eruption times used to estimate ages is more important to study

3/18/21 Which animal consistently has 44 teeth (the most) in its adult dental formula?

T13, L1, and L2 Spinal nerves must be blocked to completely desensitize the flank of a cow Paravertebral (PV) nerve block targets these nerves; it can be performed via 2 techniques - proximal or distal Proximal block places local anesthetic in space just caudal to the transverse process of the vertebrae - T13, L1, L2 Distal block is placed ends of the transverse processes of the vertebrae - L1, L2 and L4 as the nerves gradually course caudally after they exit the spinal foramen Proper placement of the anesthetic results in warming of the skin from vasodilation, anesthesia of the skin and body wall, and a curvature of the spine in some cows The latter is caused by relaxation of the epaxial musculature on the affected side, the spine curve in a convex manner

3/18/21 Which nerves are targeted with a paravertebral block used to perform a standing laparotomy in a cow?

Cause hypotension and lack analgesic activity Pentobarb is the barbiturate most commonly found in EUTHANASIA solutions, causing respiratory depression and cardiac arrest at euthanasia doses

3/19/21 Acepromazine maleate and barbiturate drugs like phenobarbital and pentobarbital share which TWO characteristics?

Foreign body This dog has a chronic linear foreign body w/ multiple intussusceptions; foreign material in stomach and duodenum, gravel sign (mineral opacities) and plication suggest linear foreign body and chronic partial obstruction Distended bowel loops w/ convex soft tissue appearance could indicate intussusception; however US is better imaging to confirm; intussusception caused by peristaltic motion of the intestines attempts to move foreign material forward Decreased serosal detail is likely in part due to poor body condition although the presence of peritoneal effusion is also likely

3/22/21 A young adult terrier cross dog is presented for inability to gain weight, vomiting, and poor appetite. The owner had adopted the dog from a shelter several days earlier after he had been found in an emaciated state. On physical examination, he had poor body condition (3/9) and abdominal palpation revealed a tense abdomen with gassy enlarged loops of bowel and a firm linear structure. Abdominal radiographs are shown below. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Doxy is less likely to cause skeletal abnormalities than oxy and tetra UNLIKE other tetracyclines, doxy CAN be used in patients w/ renal insufficiency Small doses of doxy IV were associated w/ cardiac arrhythmias, collapse, and death in horses Oral doxy can cause esophagitis and strictures, esp in cats; administer sufficient fluid following oral admin to ensure the drug reaches the stomach

3/22/21 Doxycycline is distinguished from oxytetracycline and tetracycline in several important ways. Which one of these statements about doxycycline is true? - Doxycycline is less likely to cause skeletal abnormalities than oxytetracycline and tetracycline - Doxycycline is contraindicated in patients with renal insufficiency - Doxycycline has poor penetration of cerebrospinal fluid compared to oxytetracycline and tetracycline - Doxycycline is less likely to cause esophagitis and esophageal strictures - IV injection of doxycycline is safe in horses

Pancreatitis Most likely based on feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity assay result (highly specific and better sensitivity than TLI), clinical signs (hypothermia, anorexia), and BW Clinical signs of feline pancreatitis are usually vague (lethargy, anorexia, sometimes icterus when cholangiohepatitis is also present) V+ occurs in 33% of feline patients, abdominal pain only in 25% (likely under-recognized in cats) - unlike dogs Abdominal US can reveal enlarged and hypoechoic pancreas NO gold standard for antemortem dx bc false positives and negatives may occur regardless of the test used so whole clinical picture needed to make dx

3/23/21 A ten-year-old neutered male cat is presented with vague signs of anorexia, occasional vomiting and lethargy. On physical examination, the patient is somewhat dehydrated. T = 99.1 F; ALB low, ALT high, BUN high, CL very slightly low, Feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity high, ALK PHOS high, AMYL very high, K slightly low, WBC high, NEUTS extremely high. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Tremors Metaldehyde toxicosis occurs 1-3 hours after ingestion of snail/slug bait; see severe muscle tremors, ataxia, hyperesthesia, anxiety, tachycardia, and hyperthermia Can also have V+/D+, opisthotonos, mydriasis, and seizures Can be rapidly fatal w/out immediate intervention Tx includes decontamination (induce emesis, administer activated charcoal), management of tremors/seizures, and supportive care Acute hepatic and renal failure may occur uncommonly; closely monitor lab values for signs of organ dysfunction

3/24/21 A one-year-old male neutered golden retriever is presented for suspected snail bait ingestion. The dog was left in the garage overnight and some empty packaging was found near the dog this morning. The owner does not remember if the packages contained product. Which one of the following clinical signs would be expected if ingestion occurred? Hypothermia, bradycardia, miosis, epistaxis, or tremors

Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) A history of recent anitmicrobial therapy is common in cases of C. diff associated diarrhea; adult horses exposed to erythromycin are particularly at risk for C. diff enterocolitis

3/24/21 When a foal is being treated with erythromycin (for Rhodococcus equi, for example), the mare is at risk of developing enterocolitis due to which organism?

This is a very common problem in Thoroughbreds ***Not the same image but similar*** Classic description of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EPIH); 43-75% of flat racers; hemorrhage from lung possibly may occur in ALL thoroughbreds Only 10% of horses w/ EPIH show epistaxis - instead look for Hx of exercise intolerance On trans-tracheal wash, see alveolar macrophages containing hemosiderin (dark pigment granules left from phagoscytized RBCs); to maximize chances of seeing blood in trachea, do endoscopy AFTER exercise

3/25/21 A two-year-old Thoroughbred filly has a one-month history of poor race performance. She slows down markedly near the end of races with labored breathing, excessive swallowing, and a bilateral epistaxis which resolves with time. She coughs after exercise, but otherwise acts normal and has a good appetite. With the horse calm and well rested, no obvious abnormalities are visible on endoscopic exam. A transtracheal wash shows the following image. What should the owner be told?

Aortic thromboembolus Aka "saddle thrombus" When it occurs, the clot lodges at aortic bifurcation of iliac arteries in 90% of cases; cats present dragging cold, paralyzed hind limbs; may howl and cry in pain; note paresthesia (numbness), cyanotic nail beds, and weak to no femoral pulses

3/25/21 An adult male-neutered cat is presented with acute onset of bilateral hind limb paralysis. Palpation of the hind legs elicits pain. Both rear legs are cold and lack a femoral pulse. Normal spinal reflexes of the rear legs are absent. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Choanal atresia One of the most common congenital problems of South American camelids; occurs when the caudal nares (choanae) fail to open during embryologic development Can be unilateral or bilateral and may cause complete or partial blockage

3/26/21 A three-day-old female alpaca (cria) is presented in respiratory distress. The cria's cheeks flare noticeably during inspiration, and the distress is more pronounced during nursing, when the animal gasps and inhales milk. What is the most likely diagnosis?

7% saline Hypertonic solution that is used in fluid resuscitation of patients in shock HSS contains only sodium and chloride, 1283 mEq of each, compared to 154 found in normal saline (0.9%); osmolality of HSS is 2567 milliosmoles/L, compared to 300 in plasma Effective at small doses, 1-4 mL/kg, given over 15-20 minutes

3/26/21 Which one of the following electrolyte solutions is hypertonic? 5% dextrose, Normosol-R, 0.45% saline in 2.5% dextrose, 7% saline, Lactated Ringers Solution

No tx necessary, this is normal w/ alpha-2 agonists Bradycardia is a very common side effect of alpha-2 agonists in all species; it's a reflex baroreceptor response to the initial hypertension that's caused by intense vasoconstriction; hypertension causes a reflex increase in vagal tone, which slows the HR In this case, the low HR shouldn't automatically be treated since it would further increase BP and workload of the heart; if HR gets too slow or very dysrrhythimic or BP drops too low, reversal w/ atipamezole is indicated

3/29/21 A 50-lb mixed breed dog is heavily sedated with dexmedetomine and butorphanol given intravenously for repair of a laceration. His mucous membranes are pale, capillary refill time is 2 seconds, heart rate is 56 beats per minute [N=70-120 bpm], respiratory rate is 10 breaths per minute [N=18-34 brpm]. Which of the following is the next best step? - Perform an electrocardiogram to determine the type of bradycardia - No treatment is necessary, this is normal with alpha-2 agonists - Give an anti-cholinergic intramuscularly for the slow heart rate - Administer an NSAID IV to counter surgical pain - Place an intravenous catheter and bolus 10 ml/kg of lactated ringers

Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) Responsible for death of this cow At least 8 toxic piperidine alkaloids have been isolated from this plant; coniine is found in seeds and in mature plants; g-coniceine is found in young growing plants; poison hemlock is toxic to all livestock and humans; signs of toxicity develop 1-2 hrs after ingestion and are usually fatal Signs include nervousness, trembling, weakness especially of hind limbs, weak pulse, irregular heart rate, recumbency, coma, and death A mousy odor exuding from the urine and breath is pathognomonic Ingestion of poison hemlock during gestation causes arthrogryposis and other congenital defects in cattle, goats, and pigs

3/29/21 A two-year-old Angus cow is presented with weakness of the hind limbs and a staggering gait. On physical exam, the heart rate and respiratory rate are slow and irregular, and the pupils are dilated. The cow's breath and urine smell like the odor of mouse urine. Suddenly the cow's pulse becomes rapid and thready, she collapses, and dies of apparent respiratory failure. Which one of the following plants is most likely to have caused this spectrum of clinical signs? - Veratrum spp (False hellebore, Skunk cabbage) - Tetradymia spp (Horsebrush) - Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock) - Pinus ponderosa (Western yellow pine) - Centaurea spp (Knapweed, Yellow star thistle)

Gastric volvulus This is not the same image but looks similar Dog has 270 degree gastric volvulus; stomach is mildly gas filled; fundus appears in normal position, but duodenum is visible CRANIAL to stomach on VD view; spleen is not visible on the VD view, but is mildly enlarged on lateral view; colon, cecum and small bowel loops are mildly displaced on the right side and caudally; gastric dilation/volvulus of more than 180 degrees can be difficult to diagnose esp if stomach is not distended bc rest of stomach can appear in a relatively normal position

3/3/21 A 12-year-old Labrador retriever is presented for abdominal distension. An esophageal tube was passed and gas and gastric contents were removed from the stomach. Radiographs were obtained after gastric decompression. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Immune mediated thrombocytopenia The history plus a lab pattern of low platelets, increased bleeding time and normal aPTT and PT tests suggests immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, the most common cause of spontaneous bleeding in dogs; can be primary disorder (idiopathic) or secondary to infection, neoplasia, or certain drug therapies (including vaccines); twice as common in females, cockers, poodles, and old English sheepdogs are predilected, but it can occur in any breed

3/30/21 A six-year-old female spayed cocker spaniel is presented with a two-day history of lethargy. Upon physical exam, mucosal petechiae and ecchymoses and an ocular hemorrhage in the right eye are noted. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) testing are normal. A buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) is performed and is prolonged. WBC slightly high; neuts and monos slightly high, lymphs low, eosinophils low, nucleated RBC high, platelets very low, slight polychromasia, slight anisocytosis. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Naloxone, atropine, vasopressin, epinephrine, lidocaine A higher dosage is used IT compared to usual IV dose; drug should be diluted into a volume of sterile water when it is given via an endotracheal tube Vasopressin and epinephrine are potent vasoconstrictors that promote redistribution of blood back to the heart Naloxone is used to reverse opioid medication Atropine for bradycardia Lidocaine for ventricular tachycardia

3/30/21 The intratracheal (IT) route of administration of medication is sometimes used in emergencies and during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in small patients and when an intravenous catheter is not available. However, not all drugs are safe to give via the trachea. "NAVEL" is an acronym that corresponds to five emergency drugs that may be given IT. What is the correct meaning of NAVEL in this regard?

Septic arthritis There is diffuse soft tissue swelling of the left pelvic limb There also appears to be intrascapular soft tissue swelling of the left tibiotarsal joint causing the joint space to widen asymmetrically; an osseous fragment is noted at the medial aspect of the joint The articular margins of the tibiotarsus and the tarsometatarsus appear lytic and irregular

3/31/21 A rescued Pekin duck is presented for non-weight bearing lameness of the left pelvic limb and fever. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Shock stops all cells in heart simultaneously, allowing pacemaker cells to regain control of myocardial contraction Defibrillation puts heart into asystole to allow pacemaker cells to regain control over cardiac rhythm; pacemaker cells can produce an effective depolarization and contraction only when the myocardial cells are able to respond; they must not be actively contracting (or fibrillating) or in a refractory period

3/31/21 How does electrical defibrillation work in patients with cardiac arrest?

Cervical white matter Pain, UMN ataxia/weakness/proprioceptive deficits in all four limbs, worse in the hinds and breed/age suggest a caudal cervical white matter lesion, probably "wobbler syndrome" (aka cervical vertebral instability/caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy); wobbler syndrome is a congenital cervical spinal cord dz; affected dogs are born w/ vertebral canal stenosis which can worsen later in life due to intervertebral disc dz, vertebral malformation, and/or ligamentous hypertrophy; in dobermans > 5yrs it's usually an intervertebral disc protrusion, mostly seen between C5-C6 or C6-C7; in great danes <2 yrs the syndrome is typically due to bony proliferation of vertebral arch or articular processes; test of choice is MRI but CT can also be used to dx exact location and type of spinal cord compression; myelography can be used if advanced imaging is unavailable Rx: steroids and surgery

3/4/21 A two-year-old spayed female Great Dane is presented with a two-week history of difficulty rising to a standing position after lying down. The dog keeps her head down when standing and tries to bite when her neck is manipulated. Her hindquarters sway as she walks into the exam room and she appears weak. On neurologic exam she knuckles, scuffs her toenails and crosses over frequently; worse in the hinds. Pain perception is intact in all four limbs. Where is the lesion likely to be?

Dystocia, overfeeding in dry period, Ca-P imbalance in feed Cows are predisposed to post-parturient bovine metritis by many things, including: -Dystocia -Overfeeding in dry period -Ca-P imbalance in feed Cows are also predisposed to metritis by: -Retained placenta -Contaminated calving environment -Abortion -Malnutrition In cattle, the causative bacterial organisms isolated most often are Trueperella pyogenes alone or with Fusobacterium necrophorum or other gram-negative anaerobes. Note the name changes - Trueperella pyogenes used to be called Arcanobacterium pyogenes and before that it was classified as Corynebacterium pyogenes. Specific diseases associated with bovine metritis or endometritis include brucellosis, leptospirosis, trichomoniasis, and bovine campylobacter.

3/4/21 What conditions predispose a cow to metritis?

Cardiotoxicity One of primary adverse effects associated w/ this drug, dog breeds that are pre-disposed to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) must be monitored carefully

3/5/21 Doxorubicin HCL is one of the most commonly used antineoplastic drugs in small animal medicine, used alone or in combination to treat a variety of carcinomas and sarcomas. Like many antineoplastic agents, Doxorubicin is myelosuppressive. What other side effect is it well known for in dogs, particularly Dobermans, Great Danes, Boxers and Rottweilers?

Monthly macrocyclic lactone, four weeks doxycycline, 3-dose melarsomine protocol at day 60 Severe HW dz (class III) First step is to stabilize R heart failure dogs (day 0) w/ diuretics, cage rest, sodium restriction prior to adulticide Rx, and consider anti-thrombotic agents (aspirin or heparin) or anti-inflmmatory corticosteroids in cases of pulmonary failure Once stable, TOC is HW preventive (macrocyclic lactone) given on day 1 and repeated at 30 and 60 days, plus 4 weeks of doxy starting day 1 At day 60, begin a 3-dose melarsomine Rx for tx of HW in dogs, one dose IM at day 60, then 2 doses IM 24 hours apart at least 1 month later

3/8/21 A six-year-old Coonhound mix is presented with a two-week history of coughing, exercise intolerance and lethargy. He presents with labored breathing, tachycardia, ascites, hepatomegaly and crackles on lung auscultation. These are signs of right-heart failure. Heartworm antigen test is positive and the dog is stabilized in hospital. What is the best treatment going forward from here?

Atrioventricular valves Caused by closure of the atrioventricular valves (AV valves, mitral, and tricuspid) Second sound (S2) is the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves) A third sound (S3) is the end of rapid ventricular filling and fourth sound (S4) is atrial systole (atrial contraction) Can often hear all four sounds in horses, but only S1 and S2 in cattle and small animals

3/8/21 One description of a typical heart sound is "lub-dub". What makes the first heart sound (S1) (i.e., the "lub")?

4-methylpyrazole TOC for ethylene glycol toxicity Shortest effective tx course Ethanol can also work but it requires a longer stay in intensive care

3/9/21 A three-year-old intact beagle presents on emergency at 5 pm. The owner saw the dog licking up antifreeze spilled while he was flushing the radiator in his car this morning. After supper, the dog began to vomit, and then had a seizure. The dog is markedly obtunded on physical exam. The owner feels responsible and wants to do whatever is necessary to help the dog, but would prefer the shortest effective treatment course, if possible. What is the treatment of choice? T = 100 F HR = 120 bpm RR = 40 bpm

Interruption of inhibitory neuron input from lumbar spinal cord W/ severe trauma between T2-T13, inhibitory pathways (esp around L2-L4) are interrupted and cervical intumescence neurons (C6-T2) are "released," causing extensor hypertonia in the forelimbs Think of Schiff-Sherrington syndrom when you see a combination of forelimb extensor rigidity and hind limb flaccid paralysis in an animal that has just had major spinal trauma, like being hit by a car

3/9/21 What is the neuroanatomic cause of extensor rigidity in the forelimbs of a cat with Schiff-Sherrington syndrome?