2400 practice questions and clickers

**Which of the following factors that have negative e$ects on fetal development are associated with poverty?** A. Cigarette smoking B. Poor nutrition C. Exposure to environmental toxins D. Emotional stress E. All of the above

E

**Developmental problems are particularly heightened when children are exposed to how many risk factors?** A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4+

D

Approximately what percentage (hours) per day do Western newborns spend in a sleeping state? A. 25 % (6 hours)! B. 33 % (8 hours)! C. 50 % (12 hours) D. 66 % (16 hours)! E. 80 % (19 hours)

D

why study child development? A) Helps us make child-rearing decisions (stay at home vs day care) B) Helps us learn how to manage emotional outbursts and/or learning disabilities C) Itʼs inherently interesting D) To improve the overall social good E) Itʼs the only class I got into that fit my schedule

D

Which of the following statements is the best example of children's active contribution to their own development? Joshua's bright blue eyes cause strangers to shower him with attention, influencing him to be less fearful of strangers. Analisa's mother's anxiety about her daughter's academic success causes Analisa to panic whenever she takes an exam. Manny's quiet nature influences him to seek out other quiet children, with whom he plays quiet games and stays away from the more rambunctious children in his class. None of the answers is an example of children's active contribution to their own development.

Manny's quiet nature influences him to seek out other quiet children, with whom he plays quiet games and stays away from the more rambunctious children in his class.

Which of the following statements about mutations is true? Mutations may make an individual more likely to survive long enough to produce offspring. Mutations are always caused by environmental pollutants. Mutations are the only source of genetic disease. Mutations are created when two members of a pair of chromosomes swap pieces of DNA.

Mutations may make an individual more likely to survive long enough to produce offspring.

What percentage of pregnancies that women are aware of end in miscarriage? 2% to 5% 5% to 10% 10% to 15% 15% to 20%

15% to 20%

average weight of newborn in US

7.5 lbs

**The concept of developmental resilience proposes that children can overcome developmental hazards through:** A. A combination of personal characteristics and responsive care B. The application of the multiple-risk model C. A de-emphasis on socioeconomic status D. Limiting parental involvement

A

Environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development are referred to as: A. Teratogens. B. Illegal drugs. C. Dermatogens. D. Pollutants

A

Variables A and B have a correlation of -.86. If you know Keira has a low score on A, what can you say about her score on B? A) Keira is likely to have a high score on B. B) Keira is likely to have a low score on B. C) We cannot predict Keira's score. D) Keira's score on A is likely to be lower than her score on B.

A

With which of the following statements would stage theorists disagree? Behaviors of children at different ages differ sharply. A child's entry into a new stage involves a gradual shift from one way of experiencing the world to a different way of experiencing it. Children of a particular age show wide-ranging similarities across a variety of situations. When children enter a new cognitive stage, they demonstrate their new way of thinking across a broad spectrum of tasks.

A child's entry into a new stage involves a gradual shift from one way of experiencing the world to a different way of experiencing it.

In what way can a child's phenotype affect his or her environment? Children actively seek out environments consistent with their interests and abilities. Children evoke different reactions from their parents. With age, children increasingly choose their own friends. All of these answers are ways in which a child's phenotype can affect his or her environment.

All of these answers are ways in which a child's phenotype can affect his or her environment.

What advice would you give to expectant parents who are interested in educating their child in a foreign language and classical literature before birth? Fetuses have no ability to learn anything while in the womb, and thus any talking, singing, or reading you do will not be remembered by the fetus after it is born. Although your child may come to recognize and even prefer the patterns of the language and literature he or she is exposed to while in the womb, babies are unable to hear specific words or learn any kind of factual knowledge while in the womb. You will give your child a sufficient headstart if you pipe foreign language and classical literature recordings into the womb. If you want your child to become fluent in a foreign language and appreciate literature, you must start before the child is born.

Although your child may come to recognize and even prefer the patterns of the language and literature he or she is exposed to while in the womb, babies are unable to hear specific words or learn any kind of factual knowledge while in the womb.

Which of the following behavior genetics research results provides the best evidence of the importance of environmental factors in the development of a particular trait? An adoption study shows that the correlation between adoptive children and their adoptive parents is higher than the correlation between the children and their biological parents. An adoptive twin study shows that the correlation between identical twins who grew up together is higher than the correlation between identical twins who grew up apart. A twin study shows that the correlation between identical twins is higher than the correlation between same-sex fraternal twins. A family study shows that the correlation between siblings reared together is higher than the correlation between siblings reared apart. All of the results provide equally good evidence of the importance of environmental factors in the development of the trait.

An adoptive twin study shows that the correlation between identical twins who grew up together is higher than the correlation between identical twins who grew up apart.

Which of the following statements about apoptosis is true? Apoptosis is a necessary part of development. Apoptosis signals there might be a problem with prenatal development. Apoptosis explains why stem cells are sought after by researchers. Apoptosis is also called cell migration.

Apoptosis is a necessary part of development.

How is the Timing of Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Cortisol (Stress) associated with Infant Cognitive Development? A. There is no relationship. B. Stress earlier in pregnancy predicts lower scores. C. Stress later in pregnancy predicts lower scores. D. Stress only affected development in lower SES mothers/infants

B

At how many weeks of gestation will a baby have more than a 50% chance of survival? ("Full-term" pregnancy = 40 weeks.)! A. 20 weeks B. 25 weeks C. 30 weeks D. 37 weeks E. 37 weeks

B. 25 weeks

**Which of the following statements accurately describes the infant mortality rate in the United States?** A. It is higher than many poorer nations. B. It is growing dramatically. C. It is higher than that of many other industrialized nations. D. It is stable across subsets of the population

C

In general, do babies behave differently inside the uterus vs. the period shortly after birth? A. Yes, they sleep a lot more after theyʼre born B. No, they really donʼt do much in either period of development C. No, they do pretty much the same things D. Yes, they begin hearing after they are born E. Yes, they begin responding to environmental stimuli after birth

C

To examine how children interact with their elementary school teachers on a daily basis, a researcher would probably use the __________ technique. A) naturalistic interview B) structured interview C) naturalistic observation D) structured observation

C

What is the approximate proportion of surgical / Caesarean / C-section births in the U.S.? A. 10 % B. 20 % C. 30 % D. 40 % E. 50 %

C

Which of the following statements qualifies as a hypothesis? Children whose parents argue in their presence are more likely than other children to try illegal drugs. Which parental behaviors are associated with an increased likelihood of teenage illegal drug use? What are the differences between children whose parents argue in their presence and those whose parents do not argue in their presence? There are many differences between children whose parents argue in their presence and those whose parents do not argue in their presence.

Children whose parents argue in their presence are more likely than other children to try illegal drugs.

Which statement is NOT correct? Heritability research is able to identify genes for particular behavior patterns. Heritability scores apply to populations, not individuals. Heritability estimates apply only to a particular group living in a particular environment at a particular time. High heritability does not imply immutability.

Heritability research is able to identify genes for particular behavior patterns.

At the foundation of the scientific method is the premise that: If a hypothesis is repeatedly tested and found incorrect, it must be abandoned. Some hypotheses cannot be tested scientifically. Beliefs that are plausible to many experts are assumed to be accurate. All of the answers are correct.

If a hypothesis is repeatedly tested and found incorrect, it must be abandoned.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would provide the most support for the influence of the interaction between nature and nurture on the development of empathy? Children who grow up with caring and altruistic parents are more likely than other children to be empathetic. In comparison with other adopted children, the only children who show high levels of empathy are those whose biological parents are empathetic and who grow up with caring and altruistic parents. Children whose biological parents are empathetic are more likely than other children to be empathetic, even when adopted as infants. None of the answers provides evidence of the interaction between nature and nurture on the development of empathy.

In comparison with other adopted children, the only children who show high levels of empathy are those whose biological parents are empathetic and who grow up with caring and altruistic parents.

One of the best-known stage theories of cognitive development is the theory of: Piaget. Scarr. Freud. Erikson.

Piaget

Which of the following statements about intervention programs aimed at helping low-birth-weight babies is true? The success of the intervention is not related to the initial health status of the infant. The more risks the infant endures, the more successful the intervention will likely be. The positive results often diminish over time, especially for the smallest of newborns. Most intervention programs produce large gains.

The positive results often diminish over time, especially for the smallest of newborns.

Which of the following statements is NOT part of the logic of experimental designs? Two or more groups of participants vary on one or more variables at the outset. The participants within one group are given an experience that differs in only one way from the experience given to participants in the other group. The participants in different groups behave differently after the experiences. The different experiences are concluded to have caused the subsequent difference in behavior.

Two or more groups of participants vary on one or more variables at the outset.

Which of the following statements reflects what the textbook maintains is the best answer to the question of whether development is fundamentally continuous or discontinuous? Development is fundamentally continuous. Development is fundamentally discontinuous. Some domains of development, such as cognitive development, are fundamentally discontinuous, whereas other domains, such as social development, are fundamentally continuous. Whether development is fundamentally continuous or discontinuous depends on perspective—how development is examined as well as how often it is examined.

Whether development is fundamentally continuous or discontinuous depends on perspective—how development is examined as well as how often it is examined.

Jack and John are identical twins who were separated at birth, and live in two very different environments in different parts of the country. Both of them grew up to be policemen, marry nurses, and have two kids. Jack likes to be outside and active, while John likes to stay inside and relax when he can. It is likely that these two twins who grew up apart: have a heritability score of .75. are both highly similar to their biological father. were raised by very similar stepparents. are more alike than most non-twin siblings who grew up together.

are more alike than most non-twin siblings who grew up together.

For a right-handed person, the left hemisphere processes information in a piecemeal, linear manner, whereas the right hemisphere processes information in a holistic manner. This occurrence is a result of: association area specialization. corpus callosum communication. frontal lobe management. cerebral lateralization.

cerebral lateralization.

During which of the following times is brain damage LEAST likely to lead to permanent deficiencies? prenatal development the first year of life early childhood adulthood

early childhood

"Nature" refers to: Parents' physical health. Characteristics of the womb in which the prenatal period is spent. Genes received from parents. All of the answers are correct.

genes received from parents

If the correlation between identical twins on Trait R is higher than the correlation between fraternal twins on Trait R, behavior geneticists conclude that: genetic factors are important in the development of Trait R. genetic factors are irrelevant to the development of Trait R. environmental factors are irrelevant in the development of Trait R. genetic factors and environmental factors play equivalent roles in the development of Trait R.

genetic factors are important in the development of Trait R.

"Nurture" refers to all of the following EXCEPT: maternal drug use during childhood. paternal drug use during early infancy. growing up in poverty. genetic predisposition towards elevated cortisol levels.

genetic predisposition towards elevated cortisol levels.

The countries with lower infant mortality rates than the United States have which of the following in common? government-sponsored health care for pregnant women low levels of poverty more advanced medical care than the United States more prepregnancy education than the United States

government-sponsored health care for pregnant women

All of the following conditions are features of fetal alcohol syndrome EXCEPT: increased risk of SIDS. intellectual disability. facial deformities. hyperactivity.

increased risk of SIDS.

The process of synaptogenesis: involves the formation of connections between neurons. causes the elimination of excess neurons. is basically complete before birth. All of these answers are included in the process of synaptogenesis.

involves the formation of connections between neurons.

The capacity of the brain to be shaped by experience is referred to as: neurogenesis. myelination. synaptic pruning. plasticity.

plasticity.

Apoptosis refers to: programmed cell death. cell reproduction. cell migration. cell division

programmed cell death.

Which of the following is an example of cell differentiation? splitting of the fertilized egg into two equal parts death of cells in between the ridges on the hand plate movement of new cells into the outer layer of the brain specialization of eye cells

specialization of eye cells

Environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development are referred to as: illegal drugs. dermatogens. teratogens. pollutants.

teratogens.

Which of the following sequences is in the correct developmental progression from earliest to latest? embryo, fetus, zygote zygote, fetus, embryo fetus, zygote, embryo zygote, embryo, fetus

zygote, embryo, fetus