A&P test #1

Three common components of a feedback loop are

A receptor, an integrating (control) center, and an effector

The kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, aorta, and inferior vena cava are all located

retroperitoneally

In general, ___ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

Carbohydrates

Proteoglycans are macromolecutes that form gels, which help hold cells and tissues together, lubirate joints, and account for the tough rubbery texture of cartilage. Proteoglycans are composed of

Carbohydrates and proteins

In the appendicular region, the wrist is called the ___ region, and the ankle is called the ___ region

Carpal; tarsal

Which of these is (are) always hydrophobic?

Cholesterol

The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity are lined by

serous membranes

Which of these is hydrophobic?

Fat

Table sugar is a disaccharide called___ and is made up of the monomer(s)___

sucrose; glucose and fructose

Triglycerides are molecules consisting of one 3-carbon compound called ___ bound to three ___

Glycerol; fatty acids

The change is size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of ___, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of ____

Growth, differentiation

___ are major components of cell membranes, and are said to be ___

Phospholipids; amphiphilic

Proteins are ___ built form ___ differnt amino acids

Polymers; 20

Nucleic acids are __ of __

Polymers;nucleotides

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in teh blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of

Positive feedback

This system regulates blood volume and pressure, stimulates red blood cell formation, and controls fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Urinary system

Enzymes are specific to substrates because of the shape of their

active sites

An ___ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ___ are microscopic strutures in a cell

organs, organelles

All enzymes are ___ but not all of those are enzymes

proteins

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called

homeostasis

Negative feedback loops are

homeostatic

This system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

digestive

All of the following are human organ systems except

epidermal

Metabolism is the sum of

Anabolism and catabolism

The visceral pericardium is ___ to the parietal pericardium.

Deep

The thoracic cavity is divided into right, left, and medial portions by a region called the

Diaphragm

All of the following are organs except

Digestive system

Hypercalcemia means

Elevated calcium levels in blood

These two systemsm control and coordinate the 50 trillion cells in a human

Endocrine and nervous systems

The constant appearance of new strains of influenza virus is an example of

Evolution

Our own species is called

Homo sapins

A ___ converts a ___ to its monomers

Hydrolysis; polymer

The unirnary bladder is located in the ___ region

Hypogastric

The lumbar vetebrae are ___ to the thoracic vertebrae

Inferior

This system provides protection, water retention, thermoregulation, and vitamin D production

Integumentary system

Varieties of elements caled ___ differ from one another only in number of neutrons and therefore in atomic mass

Isotopes

___is the substrate of ___

Lactose; lactase

Which of these has the highest H* concentration?

Lemon juice, pH=2.3

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates release of the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates body cells to uptake glucose from the bloodstream. This reduces bloodglucose concentration. This is an example of

Negative feedback

When you exercise you generate excess heat and your body temperature rises. Blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and you lose heat. This exemplifies

Negative feedback

This option lists levels of human struture from the most complex to the simplest

Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle

Any chemical reaction that removes electrons from an atom is called

Oxidation

The most superficial wall of the pleural cavity is lined by the ___, whereas the outer surface of the lungs is covered by ___.

Parietal pleura; visceral pleura

Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?

Positive feedback

This option lists examples of body's trutures from the simplest to the most complex

Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

The system that exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen and helps in speech is the ___ system, whereas the system that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is the ___ system

Respiratory; circulatory

This system stores 99% of your calcium and is critical for blood cell formation

Skeletal system

Proteins can serve all of the folloing functions except

Store hereditary information

The right shoulder is __ and ___ to the umbilical region

Superior; lateral

The thyroid gland is ___ to the tracchea and ___ to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

Superior; lateral

The folding and coiling of proteins into globular and fibrous shapes determines the ___ structure of the protein

Tertiary

The heart is in the ___ cavity and is coverd by the ___

Thoracic, pericardium

A(n) ___ is a group of similar cells in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function

Tissue

A fatty membrane that hangs like an apron from the inferolateral margin of the stomach and overlies the small intestine is the

greater omentum

The trachea is ___ to the esophagus

anterior

The prefix hypo- means ___ whereas hyper means ___

below, above

___ are the simplest body's strutures considered alive

cells

Digestive enzymes breakdown the starch in a potato into thousands of glucose molecules. This exemplies a (n) ___ reaction

decomposition

A drastic conformational change in proteins in response to conditions such as extream heat or pH will lead to loss of a protein's function. This drastic change in three-dimensional shape is called

denaturation

The brain and the spinal cord are protected by

the menings