Adolescent Development Chapter 1,2,3,4,7,12
Define nature-nurture issue; which is more important
Debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences. Nature on/off like light switch.
define psycho social moratorium
Erickson term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy that adolescents experience as part of their identity exploration
trust versus mistrust
Erikson's first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies, independence
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erikson's seventh development occurs during middle adulthood; helping younger generation to develop and lead useful life. The feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation is stagnation
intimacy versus isolation
Erikson's sixth stage of development. Adults see someone with whom to share their lives in an eduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation.
Initative vs guilt
Erikson's third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so, may feel guilt or anxious, preschool
define identity moratorium
Marcias term for the state of adolescents who are in the midst of an identity crisis but who have not made clear commitment to an identity
what changes have occurred with the onset of menarche throughout the last century?
Menarche is decreasing it is getting younger and younger
know intelligence tests
No IQ test does not measure intelligence;adaptive behavior needs to be included to measure IQ
sensorimotor stages
Piaget first stage of development, lasting from birth to about 2 years of age. In this stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, motoric actions
formal operational stage
Piaget fourth and final stage of cognitive development when he argued emerges at 11 to 15 years of age. It is characterized by abstract idealistic, and logical thoughts
Preoperational stage
Piaget second stage which last approximately from 2 to 7 years of age. In this stage, children begin to represent their world with words, images, and drawings
concrete operational stage
Piaget third stage which last approximately 7 to 11 years of age. In this stage, children can perform operations. Logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought as long as the reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples
experimental research
Research that involves an experiment, a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.
industry versus inferiority
The fourth of Erikson's eight psychosocial crises, during which elementary attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent, negative could feel inferior
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky concept that refers to the range of tasks that are too difficult for an individual to master alone, but that can be mastered with the guidance or assistance of adults or more-skilled peers
Define Puberty
a brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that accompany this period of development
longitudinal research design
a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more
cross sectional research
a research strategy that involves studying different people of varying ages all at one time
define Vygotsky's theory
a sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
define ethnocentrism
a tendency to favor one own group over other groups
how do evolutionary psychologists explain behavior know definition
an approach that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in explaining behavior; modification of actions for survival men say I love you first
describe the roles of biology and psychology in puberty
answer is all of the above
define rites of passage; describe role in adolescent development
ceremonies or rituals that mark an individual transition from one status to another, such as the entry into adulthood; Ex: when an adolescent goes to prom or graduate
Define Cognitive Processes
changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language
define metacognition
cognition about cognition or knowing about knowing or thinking about thinking
Define continuity-discontinuity issue; which one is development
controversy regarding whether development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity). Dr. Farris believes in continuity, babies when they walk they put one foot in front of the other
what level do most adolescents reason about moral dilemmas
conventional adolescence
are adolescents across different cultures more similar or more dissimilar
cultures are similar; culture is not inborn trait it is nurture not nature custom passed down from generation to generation, we can not unlearn it. We can fix it. No biological trait
define self-concept
domain specific evaluations of the self
Define biopsychosocial approach
explanation of human problems emphasizing that these problems develop through an interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
Empathy; empathic dysfunctions
feeling for another' walking in someone else shoe and sympathy is feel for them; empathetic dysfunction can not feel empathy and usually anit social narcissistic, socially disconnected, serial killer, nature influence heavily but also nurture; Cognitive Behavior Theory works for this problem
according to Erickson psycho social theory, what is the major development task that occurs during adolescence, discuss what this task is all about
identity versus identity confusion, 5th stage, explore ***** they are and what they are all about, and where they are going in life, if they explore in a healthy manner then they have a positive life if not they go into identity confusion reigns
mind body connection
if yo think they are experiencing mental health they should get a physical check up that physical may be the reason why or the mental might be because of mental illness
Define socioemotional processes
involves changes in an individual's thinking and intelligence
integrity versus despair
is Erikson's eighth and final stage of development, which individuals experience in late adulthood. During this stage, a person reflects on the past. If the person's life review reveals a life well spent, integrity will be achieved; if not, the retrospective glances likely will yield doubt or gloom—the despair Erikson described.
santrock refers to adolescence as a 'critical juncture in health', what does this mean
juncture is a turning point, what happens in adolescence sets the tone of adulthood; adolescence grows insecurity and they grow mature
which is better studying adolescent development
longitudinal research designs
summarize adolescent emotional development, are emotions fluctuations more likely to occur early or late adolescence; why
mood swings at early adolescence b/c puberty and hormones. Biological teach them coping skills.
describe some of the criticisms of Kohlberg's theory
moral behavior does not meet thinking (Millgrim's experiment)
describe internal vs external interactions in Kohlberg's stages
morality is learned with interactions with others and own thoughts
Explain how and why moratorium is beneficial to adolescents
moratorium waiting period adolescent testing out different identity; explore option, cemmitry identity that feels right that right, test different identity options
what can parents and educators do to help raise moral children and adolescents
more chances; the more children have gives them moral reality., make them make their own choices and interactions with peers
how do interactions with other people influence an individual's progression through Kohlberg's stages
more interactions with people the better complete since morality
*Summarize Erickson's view on identity; what happens if identity is not identified
next stage is intimacy so knowing identity first is important
list and describe the 3 levels of moral development, according to Kohlberg's theory
no absolute morally good vs wrong; Preconventional childhood-external-gain rewards and avoid punishment Conventional - mos adolescence- internal/external-laws and rules of society Postconventional-adulthood-internal greater good for society morality is learned with interactions with others and own thoughts
which is better studying between adolescence correlational/experimental
not sure but correlational on the paper about better studying adolescence
Summarize ways in which social contexts influence self-esteem
peers become increasingly important in adolescence
Define Biological Processes
physical changes in an individual's body
define prejudice/discrimination; how can it be reduced
prejudice an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual because of the individual membership in a group discrimination; to eliminate discrimination you have to eliminate prejudice first
what is socioeconomic status (SES)
refers to a grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
correlational research
research whose goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics
define culture
the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation
define self-esteem
the global evaluative dimension of the self; also referred to as self-worth or self-image
what is adolescent ego centrism
the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents, which is reflected in their belied that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, and in their sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability (notes on paper imaginary audience, personal fable)
define self understanding/describe
the individual cognitive representation of the self; the substance and content of self conceptions; answer is all of the above
define goodness of fit; why this concept is important
the match between an individual temperament style and the environmental demands faced by an individual; motion between temperament, life feel easier, show them about way of school and life, Ex: give 10 warnings between switch match environment to child when the child gets mad
Define development
the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Most development involves growth, although it also includes decay (as in death and dying)
identity versus and identity confusion
the psychosocial stage of development, described by Erikson, that occurs during adolescence. During this stage, the adolescent or young adult either develops an identity or experiences an incomplete and sometimes incoherent sense of self.
define social cognition
the way individuals conceptualize and reason about their social world, the people they watch and interact with, their relationships with those people, the groups they participate in, and the way they reason about themselves and others
what changes occur in sleep during adolescense; what implications have in social, emotional, physiclal
they sleep longer; we get tired later and sleep later
define critical thinking
thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
how can adolescents self esteem be increased appropriately
two things: 1: focus on effort not character(you tried really hard) 2: teach them not to avoid problems but deal with things appropriately (infront problems/ praise them)
