Anatomy Test 2
landmarks of lumbar vertebrae
largest and strongest vertebrae provide attachment points for back and abdominal muscles
linea alba
runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis
S1-S5
sacral vertebrae
landmarks of sacrum
sacral vertebrae fuse together to form this sacral foramina provide a passageway for sacral nerves
origin: inner thorax, inner surface of rib near angle insertion: inner surface of second or third rib below action: depresses thorax
subcostals
pericardium
the membranous sac enclosing the heart
T1-T12
thoracic vertebrae
coccyx
3 (or 4) coccygeal vertebrae
Origin: lower surface of each rib (except 12) Insertion: upper surface of rib immediately below Action: elevate rib cage
External Intercostal Muscles
2
How many lobes are in the left lung?
3
How many lobes are in the right lung?
scapula
attachment point for several muscles and attaches to clavicle
levator scapulae rhomboideus major rhomboideus minor trapezius
back muscles of inspiration
pubis symphysis
cartilaginous portion where left and right pubic bone join
globet cells
cells in the mucosal lining and submucosal glands that secrete lubricant into the respiratory tract that traps pollutants as they enter the trachea and larynx
C1 - C7
cervical vertebrae
scapula clavicle
components of pectoral girdle
ilium, sacrum, pubic bone, and ischium
components of pelvic girdle
oral and nasal cavities larynx trachea bronchial tubes (bronchi)
components of the respiratory passageway
manubrium sterni corpus xiphoid (ensiform process)
components of the sternum
landmarks of coccyx
composed of four fused coccygeal vertebrae beak-like appearance articulates with sacrum by means of a small disc
linea semilunaris
division of the linea alba into two sheets of aponeurosis
alveolar ducts
end of terminal bronchi which communicate with the alveoli
aspiration
entry of a liquid or solid material into the lungs, past the point of the true vocal folds
respiration
exchange of gas between an organism and its environment
origin: lower seven ribs insertion: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and abdominal aponeurosis action: flexes vertebral column, trunk rotation, compresses abdomen
external oblique abdominis
palpation
feeling a structure using one's hands
trachea
flexible tub that runs from the inferior border of the larynx for about 11 cm and then bifurcates to become the left and right mainstem bronchi
Boyle's law
given a gas of constant temperature, increasing (or decreasing) the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained will cause a corresponding decrease (or increase) in pressure
cilia
hairlike projections that line the trachea and bronchi and help prevent foreign particles from entering the lunbs
landmarks of thoracic vertebrae
have larger spinous processes than cervical vertebrae contain superior and inferior costal facets that allow for attachment to the ribs
origin: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, the cartilaginous portion of the lower ribs, abdominal aponeurosis insertion: linea alba action: rotates and flexes trunk, compresses abdomen
internal oblique abdominis
ilium
large, wing like bone that supports the abdominal muscles
origin: lumbar, sacral, and lower thoracic vertebrae Insertion: humerus action: stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration
latissimus dorsi
origin: transverse process of vertebrae C7 through T11 Insertion: tubercle of the rib below Action: elevate rib cage
levatores costarum (brevis portion)
origin: transverse process of T7 through T11 insertion: bypass the rib below the point of origin and insert into the next rib Action: elevate the rib cage
levatores costarum (longus portion)
pleural lining
lining that provides a smooth contact for rough tissue, as well as a mechanism for translating the force of thorax enlargement into inspiration; decreases surface tension in the lungs
L1-L5
lumbar vertebrae
ischium
makes up lower and back portion of hip and fuses with illium and pubis
costal cartilage
means by which the ribs attach to the sternum
inferior articular facet
means by which vertebrae articulate
superior articular facet
means by which vertebrae articulate
inferior costal facet
means by which vertebrae articulate with ribs
superior costal facet
means by which vertebrae articulate with ribs
sternocleidomastoid Scalenus (anterior, middle, posterior) Trapezius
muscles of neck (inspiration)
internal intercostal (interosseous portion) transversus thoracis subcostal serratus posterior inferior latissimus dorsi
muscles of thorax, back, and upper limb (expiration
pectoralis major pectoralis minor serratus anterior
muscles of upper arm and shoulder (inspiration)
parasternal
near the sternum
phrenic nerves
nerves that pass along the lateral surfaces of the pericardium to innervate the diaphragm
visceral pleurae
pleurae that surrounds the lungs
parietal pleurae
pleurae that surrounds the thorax
diaphragmatic pleurae
pleural lining of the diaphragm
costal pleurae
pleural lining of the inner surface of the rib cage
mediastinal pleurae
pleural lining of the mediastium
neck
portion right below the head of the rib
Diaphragm
primary muscle of thorax (inspiration)
clavicle
provides anterior support for the shoulder and attaches to the sternum and anterior portion of the scapula
xiphoid process
provides attachment to the linea alba
head
provides the articulating surface with the spinal column
origin: iliac crest insertion: transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and inferior border of rib 12 action: unilateral contraction-lateral movement of trunk; bilateral contraction-abdominal compression
quadratus lumborum
origin: originates as four or five segments at the pubic inferiorly insertion: xiphoid process of sternum and cartilage of last true rib (7) and the false ribs action: compresses abdomen
rectus abdominus
mediastinal
referring to the mediastium or middle space of the thorax, which contains the heart
True ribs
ribs 1 through 7
floating ribs
ribs 11 and 12
transverse costal facets
ribs 2-9 attach to these on T2 through T9 as well as to the inferior costal facet of the vertebrae above it
false ribs
ribs 8-10
origin: spinous process of T11-T12 and L1-L3 Insertion: lower margin of lower five ribs action: pull the rib cage down
serratus posterior inferior
origin: spinous processes of C7 and T1-T3 Insertion: ribs 2-5 Action elevates ribs 2-5 specifically
serratus posterior superior
landmarks of atlas
supports the weight of the skull very small spinous process
abdominal aponeurosis
tendonous expansion across the abdomen which serves as an attachment point for muscles
shaft
the body of the rib
manubrosternal angle
the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum
angle
the point at which the rib begins to curve forward
inspiration
the process of bringing air into the lungs for respiration
expiration
the process of eliminating air from the lungs
costal pleurae diaphragmatic pleurae mediastinal pleurae
three types of parietal pleurae
apex
top of each lung that points upward and fits into a space bounded by the upper ribs, sternum and vertebrae
origin: posterior abdominal wall at the vertebral column Insertion: transversus abdominus aponeurosis, inner ribs 6-12, and inferior attachment at the pubis action: compress abdomen
transversus abdominis
Origin: lower third of sternum Insertion: inner chondral surface of ribs 2-6 Action: contraction decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity
transversus throracis
manubrium
uppermost segment of the sternum contains suprasternal notch articulates with the clavicle and first rib
Origin: superior surface of ribs 2-12 Insertion: inferior surface of ribs 1-11 Action: Elevates ribs
Internal Intercostal Muscles (chondral portion)
Origin: superior margin of each rib Insertion: run up and medially insert into inferior surface of the rib above Action: depresses ribs 1-11
Internal Intercostals (interosseous portion)
Origin: transverse processes of C1-C4 Insertion: medial border of scapula Action: elevates scapula
Levator scapulae
Origin: sternal head and clavicular head Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: elevates sternum and increases expansion of the rib cage
Pectoralis major
Origin: ribs 2-5 Insertion: coracoid process of scapula Action: with shoulder fixed, elevates ribs 2-5
Pectoralis minor
Origin: spinous process of T2-T5 (major); spinous process of C7-T1 (minor) Insertion: scapula Action: stabilizes shoulder girdle
Rhomboideus Major and Minor
origin: transverse process of C2-C7 vertebrae insertion: ribs 1-2 action: elevates ribs 1-2
Scalenus anterior, middle, and posterior
Origin: ribs 1-9 Insertion: scapula Action: with shoulder fixed, elevates ribs 1-9
Serratus anterior
origin: mastoid process of temporal bone insertion: sternal head and clavicle action: elevates sternum and rib cage
Sternocleidomastoid
Origin: spinous processes of C2 to T12 Insertion: scapula and superior surface of clavicle Action: elongation of the neck and head control
Trapezius
16-20 hyaline cartilage rings that open in the posterior aspect
What is the trachea composed of?
corpus (of sternum)
articulates with six ribs
mainstem bronchi lobar (secondary) bronchi tertiary bronchi terminal respiratory bronchi
What are the components of the bronchial tree?
Origin: inferior boundary of the rib cage, xiphoid process, and the posterior vertebral column Insertion: central tendon
Diaphragm
alveoli
air sacs in the lungs
landmarks of axis
allows for rotation of the skull dens or odentoid prcoess protrudes through the vertebral foramen and helps prevent damage to spinal cord transverse ligament allows for movement of odentoid process
transversus abdominus internal oblique abdominus external oblique abdominus rectus abdominus quadratus lumborum
abdominal muscles (expiration)
External intercostal Interchondral portion, internal intercostal Levatores costarum (brevis and longus) Serratus posterior superior
accessory muscles of thorax (inspiration)