Ancient Greece - 2
Who takes over after Darius dies and what does he do?
Xerxes and he plans the second part of the invasion
What does Xerxes do after the Athenians run away?
he still want to wipe them out so he builds boats to chase down Athens and starts a Naval battle called the battle of Salamis
What are the two ways to get virtue?
1 - virtue exists in function/action/doing - you get virtue by doing (good things) 2 - to do virtue regularly and all the time, virtue as habit is how you become a good person
How big was Xerxes' army?
1-2 million
Who founded the Achaemenid empire?
Cyrus - he is dead.
Who knew that the Persians were in Thermopylae?
Everyone
What does King Leonidas do as a result of the disagreement between him and his co-king?
He gathers 300 Spartans and goes to Athens
What does Darius manage to do as he travels through Greece in order to invade Athens?
He gets all the rest of Greece to either join him or pay tribute to him
What does Xerxes do at the battle of Platea?
He goes back before the war ended
What does Xerxes do differently in his invasion than his father?
He goes by land instead of sea and sends more people than before
What did Phillip II do that made Macedon so powerful?
He scared other people into following him and he reformed the Macedonian army - rebuilt it and made changes
What is Darius' response to the rebellion of Ionia?
He shuts down the rebellion and it is unsuccessful
What was Aristotle?
He was a philosopher, a scientist and wrote about Science and medicine (he also writes about lots of other things)
How and why did Socrates die?
He was put to death by Athens because of 'corruption of youth'
Which two challenges does Xerxes faces as he invades Greece by land and how does he solve them?
he has to cross the Hellespont and Darius's failure with marathon makes Persia not want to use boats- so they build a bridge instead Greece is very mountainous and you cannot bring an army over mountains - they use a mountain pass called Thermopylae(biggest mountain pass there was)
When was the Battle of Thermopylae?
480 BCE
When was the battle of Marathon?
490 BCE
What was The Republic?
A book written by Plato about an ideal government ruled by philosopher kings because a philosopher king knows what is best and can lead the people
What is cynicism?
A person gains virtue by living a simple life with possessions. They question people as well.
Was Sparta more powerful after the war and why?
Although Sparta won, they were more powerful before the war since wars are expensive and they lost a lot of money in the Peloponnesian War
Who was Aristotle's most important student?
Alexander the Great
Who took over after Phillip II was assasinated?
Alexander the Great, his son, took over the Macedon kingdom
Who fought in the battle of Salamis?
All the greeks lead by Athens vs. Persia
Who denies Forms?
Aristotle
Who was Plato's student?
Aristotle
How was Athens at it's Golden Age when they were in charge of the Delian League?
As the leaders of the Delian League, Athens was powerful, wealthy, and influential. That helped them have a Golden Age. Alternatively, the successes that led them to a Golden Age (wealth, culture) also enabled them to dominate the Delian League. Both are true.
Who fought in the Peloponnesian War?
Athens (Delian League) vs. Sparta (Peloponnesian League)
Who was in the Delian League?
Athens and its allies
What do the 300 Spartan soldiers find when the arrive in Athens?
Athens can't make any quick decisions because of their democracy so only a few thousand Greeks join the Spartans
Why does Athens help Ionia?
Athens intervenes because they think they could be next
What changes about the Greek Polis?
Before the war each polis believed that they were separate but now there was this concept of Greece and the concept that they can work together even though politically they were different cities
What is the similar result of Athens and Sparta after the Peloponnesian War?
Both Athens and Sparta are weak and poor
Why is the battle of Thermopylae significant regarding Greece?
Greece starts to come together and becomes more unified
Who wins the Greco-Persian Wars?
Greeks
What did Plato do?
He Started the Academy which was the first university. It was a school on how to become a philosopher
What changes did Phillip II make to the Macedonian army?
He changes the Macedon Phalanx- makes them stand in a tight square and he created the ancient version of the tank
What happens as Darius plans the next invasion?
He dies and the war is on pause
What is the first thing Alexander the Great does when he becomes king?
He gains/solidifies control of Greece. He had tighter control over Greece than Phillip II
Why did Darius invade Persia through sea and not land?
He went by sea because if he went by land there would be more issues and going by sea is also faster
Who rebels against Darius/Persians?
Ionia
What does the fact that Xerxes built a bridge show you about what type of leader he was and why?
It was a big deal that Xerxes built a bridge because he didn't even take a long time - this shows that he was rich and powerful
Did the Persians kill all of the Athenians when they burnt the city? Why?
Most Athenians ran away and since the battle of Marathon, Athens was building a navy. Instead of using it to fight, they use it to escape Athens and sail to an island
What did Athens influence come from? What are some examples?
Much of their influence came form their art and philosophy. They were influential through plays: our genres come from Greece like Tragedy and Comedy and the plays were very famous. For examples Comedy: Aristophanes, Tragedy: Sophocles
What do the Spartan kings disagree on after they heard that the Persians were in Thermopylae?
One king, named King Leonidas, wants to be part of the glory and go fight the Persians with Athens and the other does not
How does Pericles die and what happens to Athens as a result?
Pericles dies in the plague and leaves Athens physically weak without a leader - this is the end of Athens' Golden Age
Who leads Athens in the Peloponnesian War? What does he do?
Pericles leads Athens in the war, he is a great military but he knows that the Spartan army is greater than the Athenian army so he avoids open battle. Instead he tells everyone to stay in the city and not let Sparta in
Who was Athens leader during the Golden Age and why?
Pericles was elected as a leader because he was a great Orator - good speaker
What was the result of the battle of Thermopylae?
Persians kill everyone - The Spartans fight to their death and are viewed as heroes throughout Greece
Who fought in the battle of Marathon?
Persians vs. mostly Athens
Who was Pheidippides and what did he do?
Pheidippides was an Athenian runner who ran from Marathon to Athens to tell everyone that they won and not to go; he then died
Where does Phillip decide to invade and what happened as he planned the invasion?
Phillip decides to invade the Achaemenid Empire(Persia). He spends the last couple of years of his reign planning this invasion but got assassinated while he was planning it
Who was Socrates student?
Plato
How did Aristotle and Plato differ?
Plato said only reason because your senses can trick you Aristotle said use senses to require information that you can consider reason - cant just ignore the world around you
What do the Persians do in Thermopylae when the Greeks come to fight them?
Some Persian soldiers circled around using a path and surrounded the Greeks
Who was in the Peloponnesian League?
Sparta and its allies
What is Athens known as during their Golden Age and why?
The Athenian Empire because even though they did not have rule over other places they were extremely influential
Who were big fans of Stoicism?
The Romans
Allegory of the Cave
The allegory states that there exists prisoners chained together in a cave. Behind the prisoners is a fire, and between the fire and the prisoners are people carrying puppets or other objects.
Does Sparta destroy the city of Athens? What does this prove?
They don't destroy the city- Athens is left intact. This proves that they fought the war just for power and they don't actually care about Athens. This was was not for land or revenge it was solely for power
What do the Persians do as a result of their over confidence?
They don't send all their troops at the same time
How does Sparta react to what Pericles does in the Peloponnesian War?
They lay a siege
When Persia invades Athens, what does Athens do?
They send a message to Sparta asking for help
How does Athens win the Battle of Marathon?
They took advantage of the fact that the Persians didn't send all their troops at once and since they knew the land better than Persia did, they won
How did Aristotle affect our world today?
We believe things in our world now because of Aristotle. His ideas in science were the basis of scientific understanding until the 17th century, and his philosophical ideas are still studied today
Who leads the Athenians out of Athens and to the island on the navy?
a general names Themistocles
What are the similarities between the tank that Phillip II made and our today?
basically indestructible and push through people
What is a phalanx?
battle formation/ how they stand in battle
Why did Macedon become powerful?
because of Phillip II
Why was Athens at it's Golden Age?
because of good leadership
Why did Persia support Sparta in the Peloponnesian War?
because they hated Athens from the war
What is Stoicism?
believe that virtue comes by controlling your mind and accepting each moment with no emotion in the moment, shouldn't express their emotions
What are the problems with a siege?
can't get food and disease/plague spreads quickly
What is Epicureanism?
created by Epicurus, he takes the concept of physical pleasure to the next level (Opposite of what Jews believe)
Why is a marathon called a marathon?
it is named after the battle of marathon and a marathon is the same distance that the Athenian messenger, Pheidippides, ran from Marathon to Athens
What is the difference between and empire and a hegemony?
it is similar to an empire but in an empire the states conquered do not have autonomy. In a hegemony there is compromised authority - can do what they want until the leader says that they can't
What was the Socratic Method?
it was a way of thinking in order to try and understand the world- the method is to ask questions and then to ask questions on the answers you get
What were some difficulties that Persia could encounter if they invaded by sea or by land?
land - very slow because of the mountains, had to go through the rest of Greece sea - once you arrive you need a safe place to stay
What does Hedonism believe?
life is constant pain and the goal in life is pleasure (Greeks were into physicality)
How did Greece change in the way everyone saw them?
now everyone knew who they were since they beat the biggest empire
Where was Macedon?
on the very edge of Greece
What is Sparta's reaction when Athens asks for help in war?
one king says yes but the other says no so they do not help Athens in war
Who was Socrates?
one of the greatest Greek philosophers whose ideas did get written down but his students said what he taught
What happens to Athens during the siege in the Peloponnesian War?
plague breaks out and because they can't leave lots of people die and Athens depopulated
What is virtue?
quality of being a good person
What is a Hedonist?
someone who is pursuing as much physical pleasure as possible
What is ethics?
talks about what it means to be a good person and how to become a good person
What is the result of the battle of Salamis?
the Greeks win, lots of Persians die - only a couple hundred thousand left, the Greeks have worked together and are therefore stronger
What was Phillip II's Hegemony called?
the league of Corinth
What was the theory of forms?
there is another world called the world of forms that exists in the intellect. In this world there the ideal version of everything (the perfect version is called a form). Everything in our world is an imperfect copy and we can only understand this through intellect
How did Athens and their allies get people to join the Delian League?
they 'convinced' them(forced)
Why didn't Sparta join the Delian League?
they also wanted supremacy - they had a tradition of being number one on the board
Why did Athens and Sparta fight the Peloponnesian War?
they are both very powerful so eventually the tension between them reaches a breaking point because they can't both be number one
Why did Phillip II make the Macedonian army stand in a tight square?
they are close together so it is hard to break through them - if they were in lines it would be easier they carried very long spears so that the people in the first few rows are able to reach and stab the army in front of them
Who does Ionia ask for help from and what is the response they receive?
they ask the other Greeks for help but the other greeks are not under the Persian rule so everyone says no except for Athens
Why were the Persians overly confident?
they had an army that was ten times the size of the Greek army and they were the strongest army in the world
What do the Persians do after winning the battle of Thermopylae?
they march to Athens and burn it down
Why does Athens lead the Greeks in the battle of salamis?
they were good at sea trading, had the biggest navy and the hero, Themistocles
What was the battle of Platea?
this battle happened on land with a smaller army and the greeks win
Why does Darius invade Athens?
to get revenge since they helped Ionia with their rebellion
How does a siege end?
when one side surrenders