ANTH EXAM 2
Rachis
-Area of attachment btwn seeds and other seeds or btwn seeds and other parts of plant -Keeps seed in place so they can mature -Selected by humans through artificial selection
Bone flutes
A biface or projectile point having had long, thin flakes removed from each face to prepare the base for attachment to a shaft. made of bone
Paisley caves
A system of four caves in an arid, desolate region of south-central Oregon, United States. One of the caves may contain archaeological evidence of the oldest definitively-dated human presence in North America. The site was first studied by archeologists in the 1930s. DNA confirms Asian ancestry
Of the following which behaviors characterize Holocene hunter-gatherer adaptations?
Increased sedentism, broad spectrum diets, emergence of regionalization (territory) Diverse and new technologies for more intensively procuring and processing various foods in local in local environments
Broad-spectrum Revolution
More diverse diets. Mammals, fish, mollusks, plants, etc.
Fertile Crescent
Region of some of the richest and most fertile land in the Middle East (11k-10kya)
Kostenki
Site (collection of?) located in European Russian Plain (40 ka) that suggests seasonal hunting of horse/reindeer
Paleo-Arctic tradition
Stone-tool tradition in the Arctic (before 10kya) technology involved the production of microblades detached from wedge-shaped cores
Soultrean
Stone-toolmaking tradition of the European UP (21k-16k BP) Bifaces exquisitely made, symmetrical, leaf-shaped projectile points
Which of the following domesticates were found in the eastern US?
Sunflower, goosefoot, sumpweed, turkey
Dennis Standford thought of the idea of...
The Trans-Atlantic route. Believed came from Europe because the Clovis technology and the Solutrean technology of Europe were so similar
Microblade technology
Type of technology that includes very small stone blade, often with very sharp cutting edge; set in groups into wooden, bone, or antler handles
Groundstones
slab/handstone mortar/pestles
Plow
tool or farm implement used in cultivation of soil for preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil.
Domestication
"Training" of animals and plants to live with and/or be of use to humans
Black Earth site
-7.5-6.8k BP -Continuous midden (trash) deposit and long-term occupation -Varied fauna (57k bones; deer, rabbit, turtles, turkey, fish) and flora (nuts, berries, wild grapes) -Cemetery (estimated >500 burials) (flexed position, clay cap, grave goods)
Vedbaek cemetery, Denmark
-By 7k BP early cemetery -Graves of at least 22 individuals -Social differentiation -Cemetery = territoriality -Violence -European Mesolithic case study
Glume
-Case in which individual cereal grain is enclosed -Protective coating of seed
Agriculture
-Cultivation of soil -Production of crops -Raising of livestock
Neolithic (Formative)
-Cultural period marked by sedentary village settlement, new technologies, domestication and agriculture -Earliest at 11k BP in near east (Iran, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, etc.) -Latest by 4k BP in east and southwest US -"New Stone Age" Period of change from foraging wild food to production of domesticated plants
Middle Upper Paleolithic (MUP)
-Gravettian tech (33 ka) formed during this period -Yana RHS, Siberia -One of the earliest archaeological sites of Beringia found during this period
Non-centers
-More diffuse areas of domestication (some are secondary to a "Center.") -SW US, E US, Amazon/Andean, Europe, N Africa, S/SE Asia
Mt. Sandel site
-Northern Ireland (11k BP) -Large circular structures with central fireplace and interior/exterior storage -Expansion of diet (fauna and flora) -Increased seasonality (multiple seasons) and sedentism (near year-round habitation) -European Mesolithic case study
Teosinte
-The wild ancestor of domesticated maize. -Grows throughout American tropics. -Spikey stem with small encased seeds into cob with bigger naked kernels
Centers
-Tightly defined geographic areas where major advances in domestication occurred first (specific valley or river) -SW Asia (1st), North China (2nd), Mexico (3rd) -Fertile crescent
Einkorn and Emmer wheat
-Varieties of wheat -Two of the earliest forms of wheat -Einkorn: hulled grains, important in Neolithic -Emmer: Primary stock of early agricultural wheat, source of cultivated wheat in the modern world
Earliest archaeological complex in Americas is...
...Clovis Tradition
Domestication also led to...
...reduction in body size and shortened jaw and snout
Megafauna Extinction are close timing to...
...the 1st appliance of humans in Australia and North America. Also caused by climate change
Archaeologists identify animal domesticates through:
1. Change in animal morphology. 2. Change in zooarchaeological death profile. 3. New technology (tack).
What are the origins of anatomically modern Homo sapiens? Know the three theories to explain their origins
1. Multiregional model: traditional view of the evolution of Homo Homo evolved in three successive stages/species H. habilis (2.5-1.8mya) -> H. erectus (1.9 Darwinian (gradual evolution from one form to the next) "Regional Continuity" 2. Out-of-Africa II or "Spread and replacement" Model Homo erectus emerged in africa and spread to Asia and Europe via Southwest Asia Local variations emerged and new adaptations led to evolution of local populations Homo heidelbergensis or late Homo erectus? These local forms included H. neanderthalensis in Europe and "Denisovans" in Asia Anatomically Modern Human evolved in Africa and spread to replace archaic forms across Eurasia (Look at week six lecture slides for the Tree) Spread and Replacement Modified with 3.Hybridization Model AMHS emerge in Africa (about 200 ka) But as AMHS spread left Africa, they admixed with some local neanderthal and Denisovan populations in Eurasia
Clovis First
13.3-12.9ka; Came from Asia, crossed Bering Land Bridge, developed Clovis on the way.
Late Upper Paleolithic:
21-11 cal ka. Solutrean (21-16 ka). Magdalenian (16-11 ka).
Mal'ta burial, Southern Siberia
24 ka → 2 children boys (DNA), grave goods, radiocarbon dates to 24,000 BP (in LGM) last sites after LGM, (moms dna Y) shared ancestry with people in europe Gravettians (father x) shared with modern day europeans Shared ancestry with europeans, central asians, and ALL native americans, descendent of immediate migration
What is the age range of the global LGM?
26,000-21,000 BP
Mamontovaia Kurya
40,000 y/a Arctic Russia, Ural Mountains Mammoth, horse, reindeer, and wolf bones; unmodified flakes; bifaces
Early Upper Paleolithic
40-27 cal ka. Aurignacian (40-27 ka). Gravettian (27-21 ka).
Initial Upper Paleolithic
52-40 ka. Elongated Blades on Levallois- like cores.
Bering Land Bridge
A broad connection of land across connecting NE Asia w/ NW North America during periods of sea level depression in Pleistocene; people crossed at least 15kya
Chindadn Points
A teardrop-shaped spearpoint found in the Nenana Complex in Alaska. Chindadn points are similar to a form found in the Ushiki sites located on the Kamchatka Penninsula of eastern Siberia.
Renewable Resources
A type of resource which can be used repeatedly because it is replaced naturally
Which of the following mitochondrial (moms) haplogroups make up the founding genetic groupings of the first native americans?
A, B, C, D, X (all of them)
When was Alaska first colonized? What different technologies are present and what do they mean?
Alaska first colonized 14.5 ka at Swan Creek, but possibly sooner at McDonald Creek 13-14 ka (not certain though). Also, Walkers Road at 13.3 ka and Dry Creek at 13.5 ka & 11.3 ka -different technologies were Siberian LUP (microblade cores, microblades, bifacial knives, burins), & Nenana Complex (chindadn points, blade tools, end scrapers, gravers)
Gobekli Tepe
Anatolia (Turkey, East of Mediterranean Sea). Oldest known man-made religious structure/temple. Erected by hunter gatherers around 10th century BCE, who may have lived in villages part-time.
Jomon
Ancient Japanese culture (13kya) Foragers who relied on hunting wild animals, gathering wild plants, especially collecting food from the sea
Venus Figurines
Any Upper Paleolithic statuette portraying a woman, although the fewer images depicting men or figures of uncertain sex, and those in relief or engraved on rock or stones are often discussed together.
Pelagic
Anything related to or that lives in the open sea, far from shore
Pre-Clovis
Archaeological sites in Americas older than Clovis
Zoomorphic figurines
Art (figurines) that imagines humans as non-human animals
Food During Clovis
Big game. extinction of these megafauna coinsides w clovis archaeology
Key places for evidence of Clovis First model
Blackwater Draw "Clovis Site" (NM), Gault (TX), Murray Springs (AZ), Dent (CO), Kimmswick (MO), Richey- Roberts (WA), Vail (ME), Fell's Cave, (Chile, S.A.).
Describe the Broad-Spectrum Revolution and the hunter-gatherer adaptations that occurred in response to transition to the Holocene and associated climate change. What major archaeological periods reflect these changes? What does it means to have a broad spectrum diet? Specifically, what new technologies emerged? What type of settlement is associated with it? How did it affect cultural diversity, territoriality, and social complexity? Be ready to answer questions about the Mesolithic sites we discussed in class as examples of these changes
Broad-Spectrum Revolution: more diverse diets (fish, mollusks, plants, mammals) -Hunter-gatherer adaptions: increased sedentism (middens, more complex dwellings, multi-seasonal use of sites), new & renewed/intensely used technology (notched dart tips, woodworking components like adze, fishing implements like net/weight/hook, grindstone like slab/handstone/motors/pestal -increased socio-cultural diversity, regionalization (localness of sites, people having their own areas)
Jerimalai Cave
Cave in East Timor (42 ka) where faunal remains of turtle, tuna, and giant rats were found Suggests deep fishing strategy
Hohle Fels
Cave located in Germany where venus figurines were found
Hohlenstein-Stadel Cave
Cave located in Swabian Alps in Germany, Small ivory statue called the Lion-man found here
Commensal Domestication
Commensal: Animal attracted to human settlements for food → become less wary of humans → mutually-beneficial relationship evolves → Domestication (Rats, Cats, Wolves, Turkeys).
Defensive Structures
Consequences of Ag in Pre-Pottery Neolithic
Clovis Tradition
Core and blade technology Fluted, bifacial points. End scrapers; gravers. Bone and ivory tools
Wedge-shaped cores
Cores shaped like wedges from which blades were struck; found as part of Denali Complex in American Arctic
Maize
Corn
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
Counts the proportion of carbon isotopes received divided by he annual doses of radiation. Makes identifying plant remains possible
Grave goods
Cultural materials placed into a grave, sometimes in a conscious attempt to provide the deceased with items it is believed are needed in the afterlife
Archaic
Cultural period following Paleoindian period in North America and preceding appearance of farming cultures
Mesolithic
Cultural period following Paleolithic in Europe and preceding appearance of farming cultures
What is territoriality?
Defending your territory: to defend mates and resources
Artificial selection
Domestication occurs through controlled breeding, which is also called ________________
'Ain Ghazal
Early Farming village of the eighth millennium goat toe bones were found that showed the marks of abrasion testifying to early herding of domestic stock, inhabitants lived in small densely clustered villages of circular or oval one-room houses
Maglemosian
Early Mesolithic culture of Europe Adapted to a forest and lakeside environment
Human adaptations during climate change of H
Fishing implements (barbed pt, net, weight, hook, knife). Multi-seasonal use of sites. Middens. More complex dwellings.
Which site records the earliest musical instruments in the world?
Geissenlosterle cave, Germany
Holocene
Geological Epoch dating from 12k BP to present
Mike Waters
HBIC of Debra L. Friedkin site
Sickles
Hand-held agricultural tool designed with variously curved blades and typically used for harvesting, or reaping, grain crops or cutting succulent forage chiefly for feeding livestock, either freshly cut or dried as hay.
Osseous technology
Heat-treatment and hafting of blades. End scrapers, Burins.
Coprolites
Human poop
Seasonal Hunting
Hunted based on environmental climate, would return next yr to hunt at certain sites
At what 2 sites do we see the transition from levallois technology to an elongated blade by 52ka- 45ka?
Ksar Akil and Boker Tachtit
Initial Upper Paleolithic sites
Ksar Akil, Lebanon, 52 ka. Boker Tachtit, Israel, 45 ka. Haua Fteah, Libya, 44-41 ka. Bacho Kira, Bulgaria, 42-40 ka.
Debra L Friedkin
Large assemblage of over 15,000 pre-clovis artifacts in Central Texas, peopling of New World was continuos rather than a single event.
What might've produced the origins of the state
Long distance trade - Organizational requirements of producing items for export, redistribution of imported items and defending trading parties would foster state formation
What was the Upper Paleolithic Revolution? When studying this question think about all the details such as when, where, what, and how technologies, subsistence, art/music, and settlement reflect this change
Major behavioral changes emerge in the Upper Paleolithic Revolution, including changes in technologies, subsistence, settlement and other land-use strategies, population aggregations, creations of symbolism through art and music production and elaborate burials. Behavioral transition Improved blade technology (Africa > 90 ka) Heat-treatment and hafting of blades (Africa 65 ka) New forms of stone tools (Africa ~70-60 ka) End scrapers Burins Osseous technology (Africa >80 ka) Art and decoration (Africa > 70 ka) Giessenklosterle Cave, Germany (flute) Venus figures Wide diet Deep Sea fishing seen in Jerimalai Cave Elaborate grave goods Colonized "extreme" environments Sophisticated architecture
Which of the following pleistocene mammals went extinct in the north america?
Mammoth, irish elk, short faced bear, horse,
Range shits and body reduction due to
Mass amount of hunting by humans
phytoliths
Microscopic mineral pieces that form in plants and preserve in the archaeological record
Broad-spectrum revolution
Name given to the revolution where people had more diverse diets that ranged from mammals, fish, mollusks, plants, etc.
Dennis Jenkins
New excavations of Paisley Caves (pre-clovis sites) began in 2002 by Univ. of Oregon team
Polished Stone Tools
New technology formed in Neolithic Period; increased ground stone tool types: grinding slabs & pestles, Axed & adzes, net sinkers, hoes
Overshot (Outre Passe)
Occurs when the applied force dips and removes a section of the opposite margin of the artifact or the distal end of the core.
Catal Huyuk
One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions, one of the world's first cities, remains were found in 1958 in modern Turkey
Natufian Society
One society that took permanent settlement during the Paleolithic times. Few others settled permanently during this time. The Natufians settled near modern Israel and Jordan. They settled permanently because of their large food source (wild buckwheat and fishing).
Pacific Coast Route
People entering the continents followed the Pacific coastline, hunter-gatherer-fishers traveling in boats or along the shoreline and subsisting primarily on marine resources.
Trans-Atlantic Route
People migrated to North America by boat along the pack ice of the north Atlantic Ocean.
Nenana Complex
Perhaps the oldest stone tool complex identified in Alaska (11.8ka-11ka BP) predates denali complex Bifacially flaked unfluted spearpoints, chindadn points, blade tools, end scrapers, gravers
Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
Period in earth's history that refers to when the glaciers were at their thickest and the sea levels at their lowest. 26.5-19 kya
TACK
Piece of equipment or accessory equipped on horses in the course of their use as domesticated animals
What is plant and animal domestication? How does it work? What changes in the archaeological evidence this?
Plant & animal domestication= "training" of these things to live with and/or be of use to humans -How it works = occurs through controlled breeding or artificial selection -Evidence = faunal assemblages (reduction in animal body size, shorter snout & jaw, reduced tusks/antlers, horns/teeth, domestic birds & pigs got larger) Many young males (died 2-3 years old) & older females, & special technology (tack & sickles) Plants changed- ex: wheat got harder rachis (stem) & softer plumes (seed ease)
Koster Site
Prehistoric archaeological site located south of Eldred, Illinois. The site includes eleven settlements dating from 5100 B.C. to 1000 A.D. The site includes one of the oldest known cemetery sites in eastern North America. permanent residences, early evidence of using stones to grind food, and keeping domesticated dogs.
Ice-Free Corridor
Proposed route to North America from Laurentide ice fields to the Cordilleran glacier (aka the Mackenzie Corridor).
Ancestor worship
Respect for deceased so much so that they're believed to have power to intervene in livings life
What characteristics of wolves would have been favored in their domestication by humans?
Shorter snouts, smaller canines
When did modern humans arrive in Siberia and when did they disperse north? How did they disperse? What happened to them during the last glacial maximum or LGM?
Siberia by/soon after 50 ka (Swan Siberia) 33,000 BP in Arctic Siberia -Siberie before the LGM- as a source population, went to Siberia 35-24 ka in cold steppe/tundra steppe -during LGM- around 26,000-21,000 BP; population decline followed by technology change
Vogelherd
Site in Stetten, Germany where a carving of a horse was found
Yana RHS
Site located at 70 degrees N that dates to ~33ka that suggests the colonization of "extreme" environments
Walker Road
Site located in Alaska (13.3 ka) Nenana complex
McDonald Creek
Site located in Alaska (14 ka) no diagnostics yet
Swan Point
Site located in Alaska (14.5 ka) Diuktai complex Replaceable points
Sungir
Site that dates back to 28 kya and is located near Moscow, Russia and preserved Upper Paleolithic graves loaded with grave goods?
Microliths
Small tool tech. (Dart tips) reflects more specialized activities
Balde Technology during Upper Paleolithic
Smaller, Micro, and finely perfected
Social Complexity
Social complexity arose as social organization became stratified -Increasing differences were seen in oceans to wealth prestige of power Control of surplus production by a few individuals becomes evident -Surplus production involved producing more food than bare minimum needed Occupational specialization contributed to social stratification -individuals specialized in various occupations or social roles
Meadowcroft Rockshelter
Southwestern Pennsylvania. Perfect cave site. Made tools, cooked food, threw away trash.
This skeleton buried with an elaborate array of ivory beads is that of an older gentleman and one of the 9 burials found to date to greater than 25,000 BP from the Russian Upper Paleolithic site of?
Sungir' (Moscow) Russia
Denali Complex
Tech seen in the Arctic consisting of wedge shaped cores, microblades, bifacial knives and burins (10kya)
Continental shelf
The area of seabed around a large landmass where the sea is relatively shallow compared with the open ocean. This is geologically part of the continental crust.
Jarmo
The area where the first indications of human settlement are found in Iraq, including pottery and domesticated animals.
Fluted Point
The characteristic artifact of the Paleoindian period in North America. Several varieties of fluted points were used for hunting large game. The flute refers to a large channel flake removed from both sides of the base of the point to facilitate hafting.
Pre-Pottery Neolithic
The earliest part of the Neolithic period in the Levantine region of the Middle East, dating between 9,600 and 6250 cal BC. Numerous small and large villages with evidence for complex ritual activities are present. People of the PPN relied heavily on the cultivation of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals, and their economic strategies eventually led to genetic changes characteristic of domestication
Neolithic Demographic Transition
The increase in fertility, not quite matched by an increase in mortality, that occurred as societies settled into agriculture and which led to an increase in population growth as a result of the Agricultural Revolution.
Sedentism
The process of increasingly permanent human habitation, is a consequence of humans choosing to depend on particular resources at a fixed location. became common with farmers.
Anthromorphic figurines
This is the attribution of human traits, emotions, and intentions to non-human entities in the form of figurines
What are the earliest AMHS sites? When do modern humans spread to Southeast Asia, Australia, Europe and North Asia? What is the archaeological evidence for this?
Transitional Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, NA (300 ka) Omo I and Herto, EA (195-160 ka) Border Cave and Klasies River Mouth, SA (90-70 ka) Skūhl and Qafzeh, Israel (100-80 ka) AMHS disperse to: South Asia/Australia by 60-45 ka Central Asia/South Siberia by 50-45 ka Europe by 40 ka
Explain the peopling of the Americas. Be ready to recall sites, dates, theories of dispersal or migration, routes taken, subsistence practices, technologies used. Compare and contrast the Clovis first model with the pre-Clovis model for understanding the peopling of the Americas.
Two Models Explaining the Peopling of the Americas Based on timing (When did they first get to America) Clovis first: Emerged after the 20th century (the theory did, not the actual Clovis people lol) Native Americans didn't show up until really really recently But then there were evidence of humans hunting pleistocene-extinct fauna Wooly mammoth and bison Earliest archaeological complex in Americas is the Clovis Tradition 13.3-12.9 ka Came from Asia, crossed Bering Land Bridge, developed Clovis on the way There is a big density of sites in the Swan Point area No Clovis in Alaska Pre-Clovis: Archaeological sites in America's older than Clovis Routes: How did they get here? The traditional Clovis route is under the Bering Land Bridge During the pleistocene, there were 2 ice sheets that form that pretty much cover canada They came together just east of the rocky mountains This opens up a corridor This is called the Ice-Free Corridor Dated to right around 14ka Fits nicely with the clovis first idea
Microliths
Very small stone tools; new tech of Holocene
What are the domestication centers and non-centers? Be ready to answers questions about this on the exam. Know what they are, where they are located, what the dates of domestication in these areas is, and what plants and animals were domesticated there.
What are the domestication centers and non-centers? Be ready to answers questions about this on the exam. Know what they are, where they are located, what the dates of domestication in these areas is, and what plants and animals were domesticated there. Near East, North China, Mexico Near East: 12,000-10,000 years ago (Fertile Crescent); Wheat, barley, goat, sheep, lentils, cattle, dog, pig. China: (Huang He or "Yellow" & Yangzi Rivers) 10,000 years ago, Rice, millet, dog, cattle, water buffalo, pig. Mesoamerica: 10,000-7000 years ago, Maize, kidney and black beans, squash, chilies, cotton, turkey, guinea pig, amaranth, avocado, sweet potatoes -Non-Centers: more diffused areas of domestication (some are secondary to a "center"): U.S. Southwest, Eastern U.S., Amazon/Andean, Europe, North Africa, South China Europe: <8,000 years ago; Pears, oats, olives, grapes Africa: 8000-6000 years ago; Sorghum, millet, yams, guinea rice. South/Southeast Asia: 7000-6000 years ago; Beans, peppers, rice, cotton, millet. South America: 7000-4000 years ago; Beans, llama, alpaca, maize/popcorn, squash, cotton, chilies, potatoes, manioc, tobacco. Eastern U.S: 4000-3000 years ago; Sunflower, sumpweed, goosefoot, turkey, pumpkin, beans, squash, amaranth, bottle gourds Southwest U.S: 6000-4000 years ago; All from Mesoamerica (maize, beans, squash).
Be ready to answer questions about the first agriculturalists in the Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia. How did life change in this region from about 12,000-8,000 years ago? Know your site names, dates, and important archaeological remains that evidence these behavioral changes.
When? 14-12 ka -Where? hilly regions of western & northern Fertile crescent; Jericho (WB), Mallaciha (Israel), Abu Horeyer (Syria) -Technology? Microliths hafted as sickle blades, bone tools for hunting/fishing/sickling/hide-working, baskets, ground stones (motors/pestal) -Meillaha: slopes leveled for construction of houses, usually circular & 2-9 meters in diameter, w/ hearths, stone/plaster floors, wood roofs, internal stone walls (stones quarried far off & carried to sites), big open-aired sites >1000 m squared, sedentary (seasonality, dwellings, etc) -regional domesticates: wheat, barley, sheep, goats
S. Asia/Australia by 60-45 ka. C. Asia/S Siberia by 50-45 ka. Europe by 44-42 ka.
Where the early humans of the Upper Paleolithic ear migrated to after Israel/Africa
Transitional Jebel Irhoud, Morocco. Omo I and Herto. Border Cave and Klasies River Mouth, SA. Skūhl and Qafzeh, Israel.
Where the early humans of the Upper Paleolithic era migrated from
Wide diet breadth
Wider variety of food in people's diet large-small mammals, birds, fish, shellfish, plants Africa, > 70 ka
Adzes
a tool similar to an ax with an arched blade at right angles to the handle, used for cutting or shaping large pieces of wood.
Burins
a tool with a narrow sharp face at the tip used for engraving
What do we call animals who learned to subsist from the refuse and stores of humans or who were drawn to human camps to prey on theses animals?
commensal domesticates
Core and blade tech
end scrapers, gravers, bone and ivory tools
What type of artifact is diagnostic and unique to the clovis archaeological tradition?
fluted points
Jim Adovasio
foremost experts in perishable artifacts (such as basketry and textiles)
What are the benefits of domestication? Are there any consequences of domestication that you can think of that were not necessarily a great advance? What about in health and demography?
meat: central over food source, more reliable than hunting -renewable resources: eggs, milk (yogurt/cheese), hair/wool, labor, manure -plants: greater yields & supplies for trade/storage Cons: -people became more sedentary; more easily spreading diseases (wheat consumption caused more carb & sugar consumption, caused weight gain & tooth decay more); lowered diversity in food sources, fewer essential nutrients, farming was also time-consuming -environmental impacts, such as deforestation, erosion, & water-waste practices; also took out biodiversity & replaced w/ limited types of crops
What do archaeologists call a feature that represents a preserved pile of trash, typically consisting of food remains?
midden
Which of the following were center of domestication?
north east, north china, mexico
Why did Pleistocene megafauna go extinct? Did they all go extinct? In what ways did these changes affect humans?
overkilling from humans, environment change,
Dwellings
permanent living spaces
Pottery
portable storage, cooking vessels
Dry Creek
site located in Alaska (13.5 ka AND 11.3 ka) Nenana complex (non-microblade) Denali complex (microblade)
Geissenklosterle cave
site that records the earliest musical instruments in the world (bone flutes)
Which of the following sites provide the best earliest evidence of humans in Alaska?
swan point
Scrappers
used for hideworking and woodworking. usually are those that were worked on the distal ends of blades
After about 16,000 BP the earth experienced a warming trend for the final millennia of the Pleistocene Epoch but this trend was briefly interrupted by a very cold and dry interval that is dated to 12,900-11,600 BP called the?
younger dryas
