Anthropology Exam III

What convinced people that the minute verde site was viable

Dates that came from several pieces of seaweed from 40 kilometers away at the shoreline. Archaeologists believe that this seaweed was brought in by people because of the tooth impressions on the seaweed that seem to be from chewing.

What is the first domesticated animal that we know about

Dogs

What did dogs do that benefit humans

Dogs helped hunt small game and helped move sleds

What were the pros and cons of domestication

Domestication brought about intensive agriculture, but intensive agriculture made people more susceptible to things like blights and droughts Domesticated animals gave humans food but also introduced diseases into human societies.

Examples of sites assigned to the Denali complex

Dry Creek, Panguingue Creek, and Slate Creek

When was Beringia at it's peak

During the Late Glacial Maximum

Yang-shao

Early Neolithic culture of China. Dating to about 7,000 B.P., subsistence was based on the cultivation of foxtail millet.

When were donkeys domesticated

Eastern Mediterranean fertile crescent area 7,000 years ago

Magdalenian tools

Emphasis on microblades

Gravettian tools

Emphasis on smaller blades and denticulate knives

Where does personal ornamentation appear in the Upper paleolithic

Europe, Africa, and Asia

What can the geography where the plant remains were found be used to determine

Evidence of domesticated plants because if plants survived in extreme climates then it is proof that humans took care of them.

Why male cows slaughtered at an earlier age than the females

Female cows needed to be kept around to produce milk and reproduce while male cows got more dangerous as they got older

What is fertilizer used for

Fertilizer can be used to increase the longevity and productivity of a piece of land.

Venus figurines

Figurines that show women with exaggerated sexual and reproductive characteristics that are found France to Siberia

Peiligang Culture

First millet farming in North China 8,000 BP

What does Caral date to

Five millenia making it the oldest site in the Americas

When was corn domesticated in mesoamerica

From 6300-3500 years ago

Characteristics of Foragers

Gather foodstuffs and raw materials from right around their base camps for immediate consumption and they move their camps from one place to another depending on what resources are available

What did early studies of animal domestication focus on

Genetic and associated morphological change

What can DNA show about a plant

Genetic change of plants over time as they are domesticated

Where did Native Americans originate

Genetic studies indicate that they originated in Northeast Asia(Siberia) on the other side of the Bering Strait from Alaska

Culture of first modern homo sapiens

Great variation in tools, and complex symbolic behavior

What are examples of good natural fertilizer

Guano and Manure

Jason Borough research

He studies indigenous archaeological sites he is looking o navigate the line between different stakeholders and landowners

What was found in the meadowcroft rockshelter

Hearths and occupational lenses

Kit Hamley research

Her research focus what happens when humans arrive at a new landscape and how do they affect the plants and animals.

Who determines what is successful in artificial selection

Humans

How is succession altered

Humans artificially push back the extant succession stage to one that is early in the sequence and that has a very high output ratio

What were the causes of the extinction of megafauna

Humans,climate change, and the subsequent changes and restrictions in habitats

Permanent settlements

Immovable facilities like homes used to contain food processing equipment, and storage facilities.

When were Horses domesticated

In Eurasia 6,000 years ago

When were cats domesticated?

In egypt 9.5 thousand years ago

How is efficiency measured

In length of cutting edge per weight inches per pound

What did the genome of the native american cousin reveal

It was a man with the same mix of East Asian and Eurasian ancestry as today's Native Americans

What was the function of the flute of the flute point

It was attached to the shaft so the point would not move around when used as a spear or knife

Commonly hypothesized migration route:Pacific Crossing

Across the South Pacific to South America Prior People coming into North America

When did personal ornamentation begin

After 41,000 years ago in Europe

Where did domestication occur after the Pleistocene

After the pleistocene, domestication occurred in at least 24 separate regions.

Why is the Paige Ladson site the most widely accepted

All the dates around the biface are old enough to be Pre-Clovis and are in chronological order

What do agricultural landscapes represent

Altered recovery rates of plant ecosystems

What does the molecular genetics theory state

American mtDNA types should include those found on Asian populations but with some change in frequency ie genetic drift

What incident do scientists believe caused the people to abandon Caral

An earthquake

How did the Maya culture have such high productivity when it should have been impossible

Ancient maya constructed ditched fields in seasonally flooded swamp lands to supplement slash and burn agriculture

What evidence was used to prove that that the first people in the Americas came by sea

Ancient tools unearthed in Idaho

Why was studying genetic and associated morphological change not smart when it came to animals

Animals have a longer reproductive cycle and behavior was more important than shape or size or other physical features

Plant remains:Macrofossils

Any part of the plant that can be seen with the naked eye

Where were the oldest homo sapiens in Europe found

Bacho Kiro cave in Bulgaria dating back to 46,000 years ago

Why was the McKenzie passage not a viable method of migration

Because it could not be crossed by humans

Why did scientists believe that the Amazon ciuld not produce agricultural goods

Because it is a tropical rain forest and it's nutrient availability is low

What did Jose de Acosta note about Siberians and Native Americans

Because of the similarities between the Native Americans and Siberians he suggested that Asia and the Americas were connected somewhere in the north and that people came into the Americas from Siberia

Why was it weird not to findy any pottery in Caral

Because pottery was used for everything 7-8 thousand years ago

Why was it surprising to find no weapons at the Caral site.

Because scientists have believed that the Mayan,Aztec, and Inca civilizations were born from war.

Why are cave painting animals 2D

Because the artist did not know perspective

Why did humans change their subsistence to include more plants and animals

Because the environment of the Pleistocene to the Holocene started to become more diverse

How were upper paleolithic blades make more efficient use of raw materials than earlier tool technologies

Blades had longer cutting edges per pound of raw material

Upper paleolithic music

Bone flutes were made in Germany 35,000 years ago and there was possibly drums 20,000 years ago.

What did George Mcjunkin find near Folsom, New Mexico

Bones of extinct bison and stone spear points

Which site contained the oldest stone tools to ever be found in the Americas

Buttermilk creek site

How are raised fields able to obtain natural fertilizer

By cleaning out the muck at the bottom every year

How do we chart the process of domestication

By comparing plant remains from various different sites and from different time periods and comparing plant remains from archaeological sites to modern wild plants that could be the ancestors of domesticated species

How do humans affect the recovery rates of plant ecosystems

By manipulating soil, water, and vegetation

Examples of Landesque Capital(4)

Canals, Raised fields, drainage systems, and harvest festivals.

What indicated that a new species was roaming the European grasslands

Caver art in France dated between 18,000 and 22,000 years ago showed Stepped Bison however 5,000 years later cave art depicted a Bison with more balenced proportions

What are Burins

Chisel like tools

What was one theory on how Clovis people spread across South America

Clovis People were hunting big game that was easy to catch.

What do collectors do with plant seeds

Collectors disperse seeds with the characteristics they want all over their environment and they also plant seeds in the wild for harvest later on.

What did Caral use their year round water supply to grow

Cotton

What are less obvious types of investments that retain productive characteristics beyond the harvest cycle

cultivated or managed tree crops and anthropogenic soils

Olmec

dates to 3,200 years ago the religious iconography of Olmec art seems to have served as unifying element in ancient mesopotamia

animal domestication

genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control

Thule

inhabitants of the northern Arctic and represent a third migration wave from the Old to New World they possessed hide boats and spread across the Arctic from Alaska ll the way to Greenland.

How long ago did Native Americans descend from Asian Colonists

prior to 12,000 years ago

What was unique about the Monte verde site in Southern Chile

It was the site that changed most people's minds

What may explain Catalhoyuk's size and complexity

It's location is near an important obsidian source

Who discored the Bering Strait

Ivan Fedorov and Mikhail Gvozdev

What was found in Poverty Point

Large earthworks

Gobekli Tepe

Located in Turkey and dating to 11,600 years ago it was a clear reflection of complexity due to the social and political infrastructure necessary for construction of it's monuments.

Why are microfossils easier to find than macrofossils

Macrofossils are not preserved very well or might not exists at all

Why was cactus hill controversial

Many have questioned the integrity of the stratigraphy in the loose sand of the site matrix because it is not hard to move sand up and down it's original position

Upper paleolithic subsistence

Meat from animals large and small, birds, fish,seeds, nuts berries, and starchy roots.

At what distances could spear throwers kill

Over 25 meters

Soil is the product of 5 factors what are they?

Parent maetrial,topography, climate, organisms, and time

How were researchers able to prove that agriculture was occurring in the Amazon forests

Scientists found phytoliths with plants in soils up to 10,000 years old

What did European art of the Upper paleolithic depict

Sculpture and engravings of animals

Heather Landazuri research

She is studying ENSO phenoma and avifaunal consumption overtime on the coast of Peru

Explain Dr. Piperino's corn experiment

She replicated late Pleistocene and early holocene temperature and grew teosinte under these conditions.The result was that the teosinte looked more like domesticated corn.This means that the artificial selection of humans acted to maintain beneficial characteristics and people also selected for new beneficial characteristics.

Frankie St Amand research

She researchers how humans have intereacted with or shaped climate

Emily Blackwood research

She researches virtual archaeology which allows people to survey a archaeological site virtually.

Abby Mann research

She studies human and canine relationships

Elizabeth Leclerc research

She studies the relationship between people and water off the coast of Peru

Sky Heller research

She studies zooarchaeology her current research on trying to understand the ecological aspects of the gulf of Maine using archaeological techniques.

What was the evidence that Earthquakes might have destroyed canaanite palace 3,700 years ago.

Signs that mud bricks from the walls and ceilings suddenly caved in on many of the palaces rooms

Sucession

Since, plants compete with each other and the composition of plant communities in any particular habitat changes with time

What is the refined interpretation of the fertile crescent faunal assemblages

Size reduction in skeletal assemblages reflected sexual dimorphism rather than reduction in size of overall species

What was the original interpretation of fertile crescent faunal assemblages

Skeletal morphology suggested size reduction among domesticated animals vs wild counterparts

What is South America's relationship with Pre-Clovis and Clovis chronologically

South America is at least contemporaneous with Clovis and it probably had a Pre-Clovis presence

When were chickens domesticated

Southeast Asia by 8,000 years ago

Where do Clovis sites range from

Southwest U.S to PA to Nova Scotia and South through Central America

What was found at the buttermilk creek site

Spear points that dated from 13,500 to 15,500 years ago.

What decreased the need of body size and strength in hunting

Spear throwing(atlais) and bows and arrows

What kind of spears did spearthrowers use

Spears with a launching hook

What trend started to appear due to permanent settlements

The accumulation of goods

What was the typical tool of the upper paleolithic

The blade

What is the most striking of the olmec sculptures

The colossal boulders of basalt that they carved into into representations of the heads of their rulers.

How to prepare a blade

The core needs to be prepared specially so that the flakes will come off at the right size and shape

Who were the first widespread anatomically modern homo sapiens in Europe

The cro-magnon

Why did archaeologists reject meadowcroft rockshelter dates

The dated material might have been contaminated because a lot of coal was found at the site and if coal was mixed with charcoal then that would make the dates older than dated

Explain the spread of the domestication of squash

The domestication of squash spread slowly from south to north over a period of millenia and did not reach the western U.S until about 3500 years ago.

Where did the first animal domestication take place

The fertile Crescent

Commonly hypothesized Migration Route:Bering Land Bridge

The first Americans came through the interior of Beringia and through an opening between the large North American Sheets to reach the regions South of the Ice.

What is Beringia?

The land mass that once connected Eurasia and the Americas which is now know as the Bering Strait

What is the upper paleolithic called in Africa

The late Stone Age

How do recovery times in soil relate to the fallow period

The longer the fallow, the greater the recovery

indirect percussion

The method of driving off blades and flakes from a prepared core using a bone or antler punch to press off a thin flake.

What is the oldest evidence of a close genetic ancestor in Eurasia

The native american cousin found in Russia

What led to the belief that Clovis people were the first Americans

The numerous amounts of Clovis sites

Late Glacial Maximum

The period toward the end of the Pleistocene, between 28,000-18,000 years ago, when glacial conditions were at their peak.

What is domestication?

The production of new species of plants and animals through the process of artificial selection.

Evidence of language(3)

1.Homo erectus and Acheulean tool assemblage techniques need to be passed down 2.FoxP gene is related to language and it is found in Homo sapiens and Homo Neanderthals 3.Increase in art and rituals

What are two pieces of evidence that prehistoric people had emotional attachments to Dogs

1 A sick puppy that was cared for weeks before he died 2.A puppy that was buried had a severe illness that had to have been given intensive care in order for it to survive so long

Characteristics of Caral Pyramids(4)

1. Caral has an area of five football fields at it's base 2. Giant 98 foot structure built from multiple platforms 3.A bizarre stone ring with loft high walls 4.Stairs flanked by two upright monoliths

Characteristics of Cro-magnon(4)

1. High forehead 2.More rounded cranium 3.Smaller teeth and jaws 4 More gracile

What evidence suggests cognitive change(5)

1. Personal Ornamentation 2.Art 3. Burial of the dead 4.Technology involving multiple components 5.Secheduled hunting and gathering

Characteristics of Monte Verde site(3)

1. The organic preservation is excellent., which means that once living things are still preserved 2.The food remains suggests a generalized subsistence strategy with a really good knowledge of local plant and animal resources 3.Used coastal and inland resources

What are the characteristics of collectors(3)

1. They move base camps much less frequently and send out specialized labor parties to gather resources wherever they could be found 2.Those labor parties then bring back food and resources for the entire group that results in delayed returns. 3.This food is then stored and processed for later use.

Why did people of the upper paleolithic use cave art(3)

1. To ensure animal fertility and success in hunting 2.To reflect the importance of animals 3.For the sake of art

Characteristics of The Bering Strait(3)

1.30-50m deep, 2.Late Pleistocene sea levels dropped by 120 meters 3. Beringia was land from 35,000 to 11,000 years ago.

Why do people not believe in the Pacific Crossing(2)

1.All genetic evidence states that Native Americans are descended from East Asia and that's not possible if they cane from Australia across the South Pacific 2 .The conditions for ancient people crossing the New World was less extreme than crossing the South Pacific

What pieces of evidence do we have for understanding the people of Americas(4)

1.Archaelogy 2.Genetics 3.Linguistics 4.Osteology

What makes an animal a good candidate for domestication(4)

1.Behavioral attributes 2.Weak alarm systems 3.Reduced Wariness and aggression 4.Tolerance of Penning

What are the most reasonable migration routes(2)

1.Bering Land Bridge 2. Pacific Coastal Route

Effects of Domestication on Animals(2)

1.Causes skeletal changes in some animals 2.Age and sex imbalances in herd animals

Causes of domestication(3)

1.Environmental or Population Pressure:There was a lack of would food resources either because of climate change or their population exceeded the carrying capacity of the land 2.Enough abundance to experiment with different ways of increasing productivity 3.Higher carbon dioxide in the holocene increased plant productivity making them more attractive to humans

What are the three genetic clusters of the first Americans

1.First Americans(New World) 2Modern Inuit(Alaska, Canada, and Greenland) 3.Aleuts(Aleutian islands of Alaska)

What are the three ways that Clovis people gathered food

1.Fishing 2.Hunting small animals 3.Gathering plants

What are the characteristics of producers(2)

1.Have one or two residential sites and have higher populations 2.Their labor is organized more around the biological requirements of the plants that they are growing and these are providing a lot of their food.

Domestication effects on human evolution(5)

1.Higher Populations 2.Hierarchical Societies 3.Inequality 4.Food surpluses 5. Specialization

What are the plant characteristics that are advantageous to humans(3)

1.Large dense seed heads, more food per plant and less work 2.Seed attachment,seeds won't fall off before being harvested and seeds won't fall away when people are carrying them to shelters 3.Early Germination, seeds that germinate first are bigger and stronger than other plants

CHaracteristics of domesticated plants(3)

1.Larger seeds 2.Thinner seed codings 3.Denser seed clusters and grains

How did animals besides bison help with domestication

1.Mega fauna like large deer and horses ate a lot of apples and spread them around broadly across the land 2.Bees and other pollinators helped domestication of apples by influencing humans to learn how to graft apples to keep pollinators from preventing them form achieving the results that they want.

Morphology/Phenotypic traits often associated with domestication(6)

1.Piebald: spotted or patchy 2.Lop ears 3.Juvenilization of cranial form 4.Shortened muzzle 5.Reduction in tooth size 6.Changes in shape and size of horns

Examples of Non Plant remains(3)

1.Plant impressions, impressions found on plants due to human use 2.Iconography and paintings tell us what the plants looked like and it's shape. 3.Ecological and landscape changes like the construction of irrigation channels and damage canals tells us the lore of humans in caring for plants

Why was domesticated animals important(4)

1.Provided enhanced meat 2.Milk Yields 3.Labor potential 4.Specific Behaviors

What did finding the oldest cousin of Native Americans in Russia suggest about them(2)

1.The Siberian ancestors of North America's indigenous people were more widespread and mobile than previously believed. 2.Supports theory that Native American ancestors became isolated from their Asian ancestors in Beringia

What are some extra evidence of growing complexity in the upper paleolithic era(2)

1.The production of non utilitarian items 2Elaborate grave goods in burials .

When was cattle domesticated?

10,000 years ago

When were pigs first domesticated?

10.5 thousand years ago

When were goats and sheep first domesticated

11,000 years ago

When does Covis start accurately and uncalibrated

13,000 years ago actual date and 11,000 years ago uncalibrated

What did Clovis points frim North America to Panama date back to

13,050 to 12,750 years ago.

What does the Paige Ladson site date to

14,450 years ago

What did the Monte verde site date to

14.6-12.5 thousand years ago with many dates in the 14,000+ range which is Pre Clovis

What did Cactus hill date Clovis points to

18,000 years ago

When was the site near Folsom, New Mexico excavated

1926-27

When were turkeys domesticated?

2.5 thousand years ago

When did people first cross the eastern tip of Siberia onto Beringia

20,000 years ago

What does the meadowcroft rockshelter date to using radiocarbon dating

22,000 years ago however there have been some chronological issues until 14,000 years ago.

How long ago do cave paintings date to

30,000 years ago

What did the oldest homo sapien fossils date back to

300,000 and 15,000 years ago

When did early humans discover the dangers of inbreeding

34,000 years ago

When did large amount of modern humans first appear

40,000 years ago

When was there only modern homo sapien culture

40,000 years ago

What were the climate/environment like at the time of migration

400,000-to present there was unstable climate with glacial and interglacial periods, Ice Age, Glacial Periods, Sea level change.

When was there a explosion of upper paleolithic art

45,000 years ago

When did anatomically modern humans coexists with archaic in Europe

47,000 years ago

When did Symbolic behavior first begin in Africa and in Europe

80,000 years ago in Africa and 65,000 years ago in Europe

For how much did our history did we depend on wild foods

99% of our history

Chavin

A distinctive art style that developed in western South America which dates to about 3,000 years ago.

Conical hole

A hole drilled with a triangular shaped stone drill bit

Explain the different soil horizons

A horizon:Where much biological activity takes place, microorganisms enrich with decomposing matter, and nutrients dark because of organics B horizon:Has less organic activity C horizon:Results from the weathering of underlying bedrock

What may have forehsadowed modern marriage ceremonies

A horse pendant from Sungir burials suggested that the upper paleolithic people developed rules ceremonies and rituals to accompany the exchange of mates beyond groups.

Chiefdom

A level of socio political integration more complex than the tribe but less so than the state and the social system is ranked

What was going on in the Archaic period in relation to plant domestication

A lot of plants were being domesticated in Mesoamerica

What is bifacial workmanship

A more sophisticated tool making technique that requires better toolmaking skills than making a uniface tool which is only chipped on one side.

What is Caral?

A mysterious set of pyramids in the heart of Peru

Higgs Bison

A mystery Ice Age Bison that was theoretical

How were Europe's first farmers eliminated

A plague

Agriculture

A reliance on cultivated plants,often with changes in social and economic organization and the intentional manipulation of plant ecosystems

Watson Brake

A series of mounds in Louisiana built between 5,400 and 5,000 years ago that provide the earliest evidence of monumental construction in eastern North America

What is Grass:A nation's battle for life

A silent documentary about transhumant herders in Iran in 1925 made by Merian C. Cooper

What supported the antiquity of people in America

A spear point found between the extinct bison's ribs

What caused Caral's new trade based prosperity

A sudden change in climate

What was the difference in haplogroups frequencies in Asia and the Americas

A,B,C,D haplogroups were present in Asian populations but in low frequency however they were very common across the Americas

What artifacts were at the Monte Verde site that were different from the other sites

It had an unusual set of stone tools instead of Spear points

Where was the ust-kyathta site located

It is sandwiched between the southern lakes of Lake Baikal and the mongolian border in South central Russia.

Explain the Koster site Excavation

It revealed a series of overlapping habitations dating from the early post-Pleistocene, illuminating the evolving adaptations to the area around the Illinois River during the Archaic Period

What did the religious iconography of Chavin do

It served as a unifying influence setting the stage for the later development of geographillacy broad empires

What kind of place was Gobekli Tepe

It was a ceremonial ritual site only

Natufian Culture

Middle Eastern Culture that relied on wild wheat and barley and set the stage if the Neolithic

Paleo-Eskimos

Name given the Arctic-adapted migrants to the New World from the Old at about 6,000 years ago.

What was unique about Nauftaian stone blades

Nauftian stone blades exhibit a sheen or polish that has been shown through replicative experiment to be the result of their use in cutting cereal plant stalks.

Where did dogs first arise

Nepal or Mongolia

What was the first herd management strategy

People began to eat more immature animals but fewer female ones this allows herds to maintain themselves

Explain slash and burn agriculture.

People go into a tropical forest that has not been cultivated in a long time and cut the trees so they dry out and then burn them. This clears the field and also releases the nutrients in the forest.

Nenana Complex

Perhaps the oldest stone-tool complex identified in Alaska dating from 11,800 to 11,000 B.P. Nenana includes bifacially flaked, un-fluted spear points.

What are the most commonly used chemical fertilizers

Petrochemicals

What are the two types of evidence of plant domestication

Plant remains and non-plant remains

Microfossils

Plant remains that are not visible to the naked eye Ex.Pollen Grains

Morphological change in plants vs animals

Plants:Humans actively selecting for physical attributes results in a process of domestication with genetically driven morphological changes Animals:Human intervention focuses on behavioral attributes as well, not strictly physical attributes and morphology is slow to respond.

What caused Olmec society to be complex

Population growth due to the abundant and diverse habitats

Who are the first Americans and when did they arrive

Pre Clovis people who were here at least 10,000 years ago or earlier

Cultivation

Preparation of fields like sowing , harvesting and storing seeds

pressure flaking

Push a pointed object against a rock if you press the right way with enough force, little flakes come off to really finetune the edge of a tool.

What plants were domesticated in South America

Quinoa, Squash, gords, beans and chilli peppers

What was the earliest domesticated plant

Rice at around 12,000 years ago

Where was the oldest cousin of Native Americans found

Russia

What was the wild ancestor of corn called

Teosinte

What are the differences between Teosinte and Corn

Teosinte:Very tall, has multiple stocks and each of these stocks has multiple tiny cobs of corn with just a single row of kernels.These kernels are hard and ripened one at a time Corn:A single stem and one or two really large cobs of corn and many rows of tender sweet kernels which are not all individually wrapped

What did sequencing of paleolithic Age bison bones and teeth from Europe and Western Asia reveal

That a separate species of bison appears between 13,000 and 17,000 years ago. These bison were the hybrid offspring of the steppe bison and the Aurochs

What did scientist believe about the hybrid bison offspring

That these hybrids had an evolutionary advantage over their parents and that the higgs bison outlived it's parents to give rise to today's European Bison

When were llamas and alpacas domesticated?

The Andes 5,500 years ago

When were guinea pigs domesticated

The Andes 7,000 years ago

What is the most acceptable pre-clovis site in North America

The Paige-Ladson site

How was the McKenzie passage formed

The retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet to the east and the cordilleran ice sheets to the west

Commonly hypothesized Migration route:Pacific Coastal Route

The route follows the South side of Beringia and down North and South America

Transhumanism

The seasonal migration of people with their herds to different grazing grounds at different times of the year to follow the grass.

Commonly hypothesized migration route:Atlantic Crossing

The theory that the first Americans came across the North Atlantic along the edge of the ice from Europe to Eastern North America

What is the fallow period

The time when farmers are not using the fields to restore nutrients

Why do not a lot of people believe in the Atlantic Crossing

There is a 4,000 year gap between the end of the Solutrean in the Old World and the appearance of somewhat similar points in the Clovis Tradition in North America.Since, stone is indestructible the specific tradition from Solutrean to Clovis should have been found by now.

What happened when farming and hunting lifestyles spread across the Mediterranean sea in the Neolithic area

There was a spread of an agricultural economy across Europe

What was unique about Catalhoyuk

There was no archaeological evidence for any social, political, or economic differentiation

How are Burins made

They are made using pressure flaking

What did foragers do when performing transhumanism

They collected plants that matured in different times and in different environmental zones and mainly hunted hoofed animals including wild sheep and wild goats

What did Wallace and colleagues discover after comparing mtDNA of 81 SW Americans to Asian, European, and African populations

They concluded that the Native Americans were significantly Asian in genetic character though with different haplogroup frequencies

How to make a Burin

They made a blade then they knocked off one end at an angle and got a cutting point at the top of that angle

Explain how raised fields work

They make a ridge within an area that is waterlogged or can be made to be waterlogged with a series of different levels so that the growing surface is up above the water and you have different levels that are permeable and impermeable below to make sure the water reaches the right place.

What does it mean for Foragers and collectors to be active managers of wild resources

They manipulate the environment to encourage certain plants to grow in particular ways

How did Bison assists in domestication

They spread their dung so that plants were more common and also mowed down huge swaths of tall grass prairie and this made it easier for people to move around and follow the bison and gather the plants that they were planting

Why were the caral pyramids built according to scientists

They were built as a place where religious rituals were carried out to unite the community

Where were fishtail pints found and when did they date to.

They were found in South America and dated back to 12,900 years ago.

Explain the setting of the fertile crescent

They were large herds of sheeps and goats and great environmental diversity

Where were people living in the Archaic period

They were living in microbands, which were small family groups that coalesced into big macro bands during certain times of year

Why were sheep and goats taken to environments out of their natural range

This allowed mutations that were not successful in the wild to reproduce and add to the gene pool. If these mutations were useful to people then those animals would have bred

What did archaeologists recover at the ust-kyathta site

Thousands of stone and bone tools ceramics, and reindeer and fish bones.

What are phytoliths?

Tiny microscopic plant structures made out of Silica which change as a plant is domesticated

What was the Stonehenge site used for

To bury important people

What did the people of Caral use cotton for

To create fishing nets to catch a lot of fish whatever they did not eat they sold.

What was the reason for the evolution of social, political, and economic complexity

To develop an organizational structure to conscript and coordinate labor at a level above the household, family, or local community

What were Burins used for

To make incisions and cut things very finely

Why did humans interact with plants

To make them better sources of food to humans

What were the largest stones in the Stonhenge

Trilithons

Who lived longer:Archaic humans or upper paleolithic humans

Upper paleolithic humans

Microblades

Very small, stone blade often with a very sharp cutting edge often were set in groups into wooden bone, or antler handles they were found in Alaska

What were the spear points found at the buttermilk creek site called

Western Stemmed points

What water source did farmers of caral draw from in order to have water all year round to irrigate their crops

When the Supe river dried up water from high in the Andes traveled through Permeable rock and emerged in the valley as freshwater springs

What was found at the Paige Ladson site

biface tools, meaning that it has been chipped on both sides

What are domesticated plants

Wild plants that have been biologically altered as a result of human agency

What was the reason for the large number of llamas and alpacas that are domesticated by humans

With domestication there was no need to hunt for dangerous wild animals

Denali Complex

a lithic technology seen in the Arctic consisting of wedge-shaped cores, microblades, bifacial knives, and burins; dating to about 10,000 years ago

dingoes

a non marsupial migrant, a descendent of domesticated dogs likely brought to Australia by travelers

Stonehenge

a structure found by scientist in England is believed to have been built in the Neolithic Age and Bronze Age

Dorset

an extremely successful group of pALEO-Eskimos they had a maritime culture, with a heavy reliance on hunting seals through holes drilled in ice.

Landesque Capital

any investment in land with an anticipated life well beyond that of the present crop or crop cycle

irrigation canals

used to carry water to dry areas