Anthropology Exam III
What convinced people that the minute verde site was viable
Dates that came from several pieces of seaweed from 40 kilometers away at the shoreline. Archaeologists believe that this seaweed was brought in by people because of the tooth impressions on the seaweed that seem to be from chewing.
What is the first domesticated animal that we know about
Dogs
What did dogs do that benefit humans
Dogs helped hunt small game and helped move sleds
What were the pros and cons of domestication
Domestication brought about intensive agriculture, but intensive agriculture made people more susceptible to things like blights and droughts Domesticated animals gave humans food but also introduced diseases into human societies.
Examples of sites assigned to the Denali complex
Dry Creek, Panguingue Creek, and Slate Creek
When was Beringia at it's peak
During the Late Glacial Maximum
Yang-shao
Early Neolithic culture of China. Dating to about 7,000 B.P., subsistence was based on the cultivation of foxtail millet.
When were donkeys domesticated
Eastern Mediterranean fertile crescent area 7,000 years ago
Magdalenian tools
Emphasis on microblades
Gravettian tools
Emphasis on smaller blades and denticulate knives
Where does personal ornamentation appear in the Upper paleolithic
Europe, Africa, and Asia
What can the geography where the plant remains were found be used to determine
Evidence of domesticated plants because if plants survived in extreme climates then it is proof that humans took care of them.
Why male cows slaughtered at an earlier age than the females
Female cows needed to be kept around to produce milk and reproduce while male cows got more dangerous as they got older
What is fertilizer used for
Fertilizer can be used to increase the longevity and productivity of a piece of land.
Venus figurines
Figurines that show women with exaggerated sexual and reproductive characteristics that are found France to Siberia
Peiligang Culture
First millet farming in North China 8,000 BP
What does Caral date to
Five millenia making it the oldest site in the Americas
When was corn domesticated in mesoamerica
From 6300-3500 years ago
Characteristics of Foragers
Gather foodstuffs and raw materials from right around their base camps for immediate consumption and they move their camps from one place to another depending on what resources are available
What did early studies of animal domestication focus on
Genetic and associated morphological change
What can DNA show about a plant
Genetic change of plants over time as they are domesticated
Where did Native Americans originate
Genetic studies indicate that they originated in Northeast Asia(Siberia) on the other side of the Bering Strait from Alaska
Culture of first modern homo sapiens
Great variation in tools, and complex symbolic behavior
What are examples of good natural fertilizer
Guano and Manure
Jason Borough research
He studies indigenous archaeological sites he is looking o navigate the line between different stakeholders and landowners
What was found in the meadowcroft rockshelter
Hearths and occupational lenses
Kit Hamley research
Her research focus what happens when humans arrive at a new landscape and how do they affect the plants and animals.
Who determines what is successful in artificial selection
Humans
How is succession altered
Humans artificially push back the extant succession stage to one that is early in the sequence and that has a very high output ratio
What were the causes of the extinction of megafauna
Humans,climate change, and the subsequent changes and restrictions in habitats
Permanent settlements
Immovable facilities like homes used to contain food processing equipment, and storage facilities.
When were Horses domesticated
In Eurasia 6,000 years ago
When were cats domesticated?
In egypt 9.5 thousand years ago
How is efficiency measured
In length of cutting edge per weight inches per pound
What did the genome of the native american cousin reveal
It was a man with the same mix of East Asian and Eurasian ancestry as today's Native Americans
What was the function of the flute of the flute point
It was attached to the shaft so the point would not move around when used as a spear or knife
Commonly hypothesized migration route:Pacific Crossing
Across the South Pacific to South America Prior People coming into North America
When did personal ornamentation begin
After 41,000 years ago in Europe
Where did domestication occur after the Pleistocene
After the pleistocene, domestication occurred in at least 24 separate regions.
Why is the Paige Ladson site the most widely accepted
All the dates around the biface are old enough to be Pre-Clovis and are in chronological order
What do agricultural landscapes represent
Altered recovery rates of plant ecosystems
What does the molecular genetics theory state
American mtDNA types should include those found on Asian populations but with some change in frequency ie genetic drift
What incident do scientists believe caused the people to abandon Caral
An earthquake
How did the Maya culture have such high productivity when it should have been impossible
Ancient maya constructed ditched fields in seasonally flooded swamp lands to supplement slash and burn agriculture
What evidence was used to prove that that the first people in the Americas came by sea
Ancient tools unearthed in Idaho
Why was studying genetic and associated morphological change not smart when it came to animals
Animals have a longer reproductive cycle and behavior was more important than shape or size or other physical features
Plant remains:Macrofossils
Any part of the plant that can be seen with the naked eye
Where were the oldest homo sapiens in Europe found
Bacho Kiro cave in Bulgaria dating back to 46,000 years ago
Why was the McKenzie passage not a viable method of migration
Because it could not be crossed by humans
Why did scientists believe that the Amazon ciuld not produce agricultural goods
Because it is a tropical rain forest and it's nutrient availability is low
What did Jose de Acosta note about Siberians and Native Americans
Because of the similarities between the Native Americans and Siberians he suggested that Asia and the Americas were connected somewhere in the north and that people came into the Americas from Siberia
Why was it weird not to findy any pottery in Caral
Because pottery was used for everything 7-8 thousand years ago
Why was it surprising to find no weapons at the Caral site.
Because scientists have believed that the Mayan,Aztec, and Inca civilizations were born from war.
Why are cave painting animals 2D
Because the artist did not know perspective
Why did humans change their subsistence to include more plants and animals
Because the environment of the Pleistocene to the Holocene started to become more diverse
How were upper paleolithic blades make more efficient use of raw materials than earlier tool technologies
Blades had longer cutting edges per pound of raw material
Upper paleolithic music
Bone flutes were made in Germany 35,000 years ago and there was possibly drums 20,000 years ago.
What did George Mcjunkin find near Folsom, New Mexico
Bones of extinct bison and stone spear points
Which site contained the oldest stone tools to ever be found in the Americas
Buttermilk creek site
How are raised fields able to obtain natural fertilizer
By cleaning out the muck at the bottom every year
How do we chart the process of domestication
By comparing plant remains from various different sites and from different time periods and comparing plant remains from archaeological sites to modern wild plants that could be the ancestors of domesticated species
How do humans affect the recovery rates of plant ecosystems
By manipulating soil, water, and vegetation
Examples of Landesque Capital(4)
Canals, Raised fields, drainage systems, and harvest festivals.
What indicated that a new species was roaming the European grasslands
Caver art in France dated between 18,000 and 22,000 years ago showed Stepped Bison however 5,000 years later cave art depicted a Bison with more balenced proportions
What are Burins
Chisel like tools
What was one theory on how Clovis people spread across South America
Clovis People were hunting big game that was easy to catch.
What do collectors do with plant seeds
Collectors disperse seeds with the characteristics they want all over their environment and they also plant seeds in the wild for harvest later on.
What did Caral use their year round water supply to grow
Cotton
What are less obvious types of investments that retain productive characteristics beyond the harvest cycle
cultivated or managed tree crops and anthropogenic soils
Olmec
dates to 3,200 years ago the religious iconography of Olmec art seems to have served as unifying element in ancient mesopotamia
animal domestication
genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control
Thule
inhabitants of the northern Arctic and represent a third migration wave from the Old to New World they possessed hide boats and spread across the Arctic from Alaska ll the way to Greenland.
How long ago did Native Americans descend from Asian Colonists
prior to 12,000 years ago
What was unique about the Monte verde site in Southern Chile
It was the site that changed most people's minds
What may explain Catalhoyuk's size and complexity
It's location is near an important obsidian source
Who discored the Bering Strait
Ivan Fedorov and Mikhail Gvozdev
What was found in Poverty Point
Large earthworks
Gobekli Tepe
Located in Turkey and dating to 11,600 years ago it was a clear reflection of complexity due to the social and political infrastructure necessary for construction of it's monuments.
Why are microfossils easier to find than macrofossils
Macrofossils are not preserved very well or might not exists at all
Why was cactus hill controversial
Many have questioned the integrity of the stratigraphy in the loose sand of the site matrix because it is not hard to move sand up and down it's original position
Upper paleolithic subsistence
Meat from animals large and small, birds, fish,seeds, nuts berries, and starchy roots.
At what distances could spear throwers kill
Over 25 meters
Soil is the product of 5 factors what are they?
Parent maetrial,topography, climate, organisms, and time
How were researchers able to prove that agriculture was occurring in the Amazon forests
Scientists found phytoliths with plants in soils up to 10,000 years old
What did European art of the Upper paleolithic depict
Sculpture and engravings of animals
Heather Landazuri research
She is studying ENSO phenoma and avifaunal consumption overtime on the coast of Peru
Explain Dr. Piperino's corn experiment
She replicated late Pleistocene and early holocene temperature and grew teosinte under these conditions.The result was that the teosinte looked more like domesticated corn.This means that the artificial selection of humans acted to maintain beneficial characteristics and people also selected for new beneficial characteristics.
Frankie St Amand research
She researchers how humans have intereacted with or shaped climate
Emily Blackwood research
She researches virtual archaeology which allows people to survey a archaeological site virtually.
Abby Mann research
She studies human and canine relationships
Elizabeth Leclerc research
She studies the relationship between people and water off the coast of Peru
Sky Heller research
She studies zooarchaeology her current research on trying to understand the ecological aspects of the gulf of Maine using archaeological techniques.
What was the evidence that Earthquakes might have destroyed canaanite palace 3,700 years ago.
Signs that mud bricks from the walls and ceilings suddenly caved in on many of the palaces rooms
Sucession
Since, plants compete with each other and the composition of plant communities in any particular habitat changes with time
What is the refined interpretation of the fertile crescent faunal assemblages
Size reduction in skeletal assemblages reflected sexual dimorphism rather than reduction in size of overall species
What was the original interpretation of fertile crescent faunal assemblages
Skeletal morphology suggested size reduction among domesticated animals vs wild counterparts
What is South America's relationship with Pre-Clovis and Clovis chronologically
South America is at least contemporaneous with Clovis and it probably had a Pre-Clovis presence
When were chickens domesticated
Southeast Asia by 8,000 years ago
Where do Clovis sites range from
Southwest U.S to PA to Nova Scotia and South through Central America
What was found at the buttermilk creek site
Spear points that dated from 13,500 to 15,500 years ago.
What decreased the need of body size and strength in hunting
Spear throwing(atlais) and bows and arrows
What kind of spears did spearthrowers use
Spears with a launching hook
What trend started to appear due to permanent settlements
The accumulation of goods
What was the typical tool of the upper paleolithic
The blade
What is the most striking of the olmec sculptures
The colossal boulders of basalt that they carved into into representations of the heads of their rulers.
How to prepare a blade
The core needs to be prepared specially so that the flakes will come off at the right size and shape
Who were the first widespread anatomically modern homo sapiens in Europe
The cro-magnon
Why did archaeologists reject meadowcroft rockshelter dates
The dated material might have been contaminated because a lot of coal was found at the site and if coal was mixed with charcoal then that would make the dates older than dated
Explain the spread of the domestication of squash
The domestication of squash spread slowly from south to north over a period of millenia and did not reach the western U.S until about 3500 years ago.
Where did the first animal domestication take place
The fertile Crescent
Commonly hypothesized Migration Route:Bering Land Bridge
The first Americans came through the interior of Beringia and through an opening between the large North American Sheets to reach the regions South of the Ice.
What is Beringia?
The land mass that once connected Eurasia and the Americas which is now know as the Bering Strait
What is the upper paleolithic called in Africa
The late Stone Age
How do recovery times in soil relate to the fallow period
The longer the fallow, the greater the recovery
indirect percussion
The method of driving off blades and flakes from a prepared core using a bone or antler punch to press off a thin flake.
What is the oldest evidence of a close genetic ancestor in Eurasia
The native american cousin found in Russia
What led to the belief that Clovis people were the first Americans
The numerous amounts of Clovis sites
Late Glacial Maximum
The period toward the end of the Pleistocene, between 28,000-18,000 years ago, when glacial conditions were at their peak.
What is domestication?
The production of new species of plants and animals through the process of artificial selection.
Evidence of language(3)
1.Homo erectus and Acheulean tool assemblage techniques need to be passed down 2.FoxP gene is related to language and it is found in Homo sapiens and Homo Neanderthals 3.Increase in art and rituals
What are two pieces of evidence that prehistoric people had emotional attachments to Dogs
1 A sick puppy that was cared for weeks before he died 2.A puppy that was buried had a severe illness that had to have been given intensive care in order for it to survive so long
Characteristics of Caral Pyramids(4)
1. Caral has an area of five football fields at it's base 2. Giant 98 foot structure built from multiple platforms 3.A bizarre stone ring with loft high walls 4.Stairs flanked by two upright monoliths
Characteristics of Cro-magnon(4)
1. High forehead 2.More rounded cranium 3.Smaller teeth and jaws 4 More gracile
What evidence suggests cognitive change(5)
1. Personal Ornamentation 2.Art 3. Burial of the dead 4.Technology involving multiple components 5.Secheduled hunting and gathering
Characteristics of Monte Verde site(3)
1. The organic preservation is excellent., which means that once living things are still preserved 2.The food remains suggests a generalized subsistence strategy with a really good knowledge of local plant and animal resources 3.Used coastal and inland resources
What are the characteristics of collectors(3)
1. They move base camps much less frequently and send out specialized labor parties to gather resources wherever they could be found 2.Those labor parties then bring back food and resources for the entire group that results in delayed returns. 3.This food is then stored and processed for later use.
Why did people of the upper paleolithic use cave art(3)
1. To ensure animal fertility and success in hunting 2.To reflect the importance of animals 3.For the sake of art
Characteristics of The Bering Strait(3)
1.30-50m deep, 2.Late Pleistocene sea levels dropped by 120 meters 3. Beringia was land from 35,000 to 11,000 years ago.
Why do people not believe in the Pacific Crossing(2)
1.All genetic evidence states that Native Americans are descended from East Asia and that's not possible if they cane from Australia across the South Pacific 2 .The conditions for ancient people crossing the New World was less extreme than crossing the South Pacific
What pieces of evidence do we have for understanding the people of Americas(4)
1.Archaelogy 2.Genetics 3.Linguistics 4.Osteology
What makes an animal a good candidate for domestication(4)
1.Behavioral attributes 2.Weak alarm systems 3.Reduced Wariness and aggression 4.Tolerance of Penning
What are the most reasonable migration routes(2)
1.Bering Land Bridge 2. Pacific Coastal Route
Effects of Domestication on Animals(2)
1.Causes skeletal changes in some animals 2.Age and sex imbalances in herd animals
Causes of domestication(3)
1.Environmental or Population Pressure:There was a lack of would food resources either because of climate change or their population exceeded the carrying capacity of the land 2.Enough abundance to experiment with different ways of increasing productivity 3.Higher carbon dioxide in the holocene increased plant productivity making them more attractive to humans
What are the three genetic clusters of the first Americans
1.First Americans(New World) 2Modern Inuit(Alaska, Canada, and Greenland) 3.Aleuts(Aleutian islands of Alaska)
What are the three ways that Clovis people gathered food
1.Fishing 2.Hunting small animals 3.Gathering plants
What are the characteristics of producers(2)
1.Have one or two residential sites and have higher populations 2.Their labor is organized more around the biological requirements of the plants that they are growing and these are providing a lot of their food.
Domestication effects on human evolution(5)
1.Higher Populations 2.Hierarchical Societies 3.Inequality 4.Food surpluses 5. Specialization
What are the plant characteristics that are advantageous to humans(3)
1.Large dense seed heads, more food per plant and less work 2.Seed attachment,seeds won't fall off before being harvested and seeds won't fall away when people are carrying them to shelters 3.Early Germination, seeds that germinate first are bigger and stronger than other plants
CHaracteristics of domesticated plants(3)
1.Larger seeds 2.Thinner seed codings 3.Denser seed clusters and grains
How did animals besides bison help with domestication
1.Mega fauna like large deer and horses ate a lot of apples and spread them around broadly across the land 2.Bees and other pollinators helped domestication of apples by influencing humans to learn how to graft apples to keep pollinators from preventing them form achieving the results that they want.
Morphology/Phenotypic traits often associated with domestication(6)
1.Piebald: spotted or patchy 2.Lop ears 3.Juvenilization of cranial form 4.Shortened muzzle 5.Reduction in tooth size 6.Changes in shape and size of horns
Examples of Non Plant remains(3)
1.Plant impressions, impressions found on plants due to human use 2.Iconography and paintings tell us what the plants looked like and it's shape. 3.Ecological and landscape changes like the construction of irrigation channels and damage canals tells us the lore of humans in caring for plants
Why was domesticated animals important(4)
1.Provided enhanced meat 2.Milk Yields 3.Labor potential 4.Specific Behaviors
What did finding the oldest cousin of Native Americans in Russia suggest about them(2)
1.The Siberian ancestors of North America's indigenous people were more widespread and mobile than previously believed. 2.Supports theory that Native American ancestors became isolated from their Asian ancestors in Beringia
What are some extra evidence of growing complexity in the upper paleolithic era(2)
1.The production of non utilitarian items 2Elaborate grave goods in burials .
When was cattle domesticated?
10,000 years ago
When were pigs first domesticated?
10.5 thousand years ago
When were goats and sheep first domesticated
11,000 years ago
When does Covis start accurately and uncalibrated
13,000 years ago actual date and 11,000 years ago uncalibrated
What did Clovis points frim North America to Panama date back to
13,050 to 12,750 years ago.
What does the Paige Ladson site date to
14,450 years ago
What did the Monte verde site date to
14.6-12.5 thousand years ago with many dates in the 14,000+ range which is Pre Clovis
What did Cactus hill date Clovis points to
18,000 years ago
When was the site near Folsom, New Mexico excavated
1926-27
When were turkeys domesticated?
2.5 thousand years ago
When did people first cross the eastern tip of Siberia onto Beringia
20,000 years ago
What does the meadowcroft rockshelter date to using radiocarbon dating
22,000 years ago however there have been some chronological issues until 14,000 years ago.
How long ago do cave paintings date to
30,000 years ago
What did the oldest homo sapien fossils date back to
300,000 and 15,000 years ago
When did early humans discover the dangers of inbreeding
34,000 years ago
When did large amount of modern humans first appear
40,000 years ago
When was there only modern homo sapien culture
40,000 years ago
What were the climate/environment like at the time of migration
400,000-to present there was unstable climate with glacial and interglacial periods, Ice Age, Glacial Periods, Sea level change.
When was there a explosion of upper paleolithic art
45,000 years ago
When did anatomically modern humans coexists with archaic in Europe
47,000 years ago
When did Symbolic behavior first begin in Africa and in Europe
80,000 years ago in Africa and 65,000 years ago in Europe
For how much did our history did we depend on wild foods
99% of our history
Chavin
A distinctive art style that developed in western South America which dates to about 3,000 years ago.
Conical hole
A hole drilled with a triangular shaped stone drill bit
Explain the different soil horizons
A horizon:Where much biological activity takes place, microorganisms enrich with decomposing matter, and nutrients dark because of organics B horizon:Has less organic activity C horizon:Results from the weathering of underlying bedrock
What may have forehsadowed modern marriage ceremonies
A horse pendant from Sungir burials suggested that the upper paleolithic people developed rules ceremonies and rituals to accompany the exchange of mates beyond groups.
Chiefdom
A level of socio political integration more complex than the tribe but less so than the state and the social system is ranked
What was going on in the Archaic period in relation to plant domestication
A lot of plants were being domesticated in Mesoamerica
What is bifacial workmanship
A more sophisticated tool making technique that requires better toolmaking skills than making a uniface tool which is only chipped on one side.
What is Caral?
A mysterious set of pyramids in the heart of Peru
Higgs Bison
A mystery Ice Age Bison that was theoretical
How were Europe's first farmers eliminated
A plague
Agriculture
A reliance on cultivated plants,often with changes in social and economic organization and the intentional manipulation of plant ecosystems
Watson Brake
A series of mounds in Louisiana built between 5,400 and 5,000 years ago that provide the earliest evidence of monumental construction in eastern North America
What is Grass:A nation's battle for life
A silent documentary about transhumant herders in Iran in 1925 made by Merian C. Cooper
What supported the antiquity of people in America
A spear point found between the extinct bison's ribs
What caused Caral's new trade based prosperity
A sudden change in climate
What was the difference in haplogroups frequencies in Asia and the Americas
A,B,C,D haplogroups were present in Asian populations but in low frequency however they were very common across the Americas
What artifacts were at the Monte Verde site that were different from the other sites
It had an unusual set of stone tools instead of Spear points
Where was the ust-kyathta site located
It is sandwiched between the southern lakes of Lake Baikal and the mongolian border in South central Russia.
Explain the Koster site Excavation
It revealed a series of overlapping habitations dating from the early post-Pleistocene, illuminating the evolving adaptations to the area around the Illinois River during the Archaic Period
What did the religious iconography of Chavin do
It served as a unifying influence setting the stage for the later development of geographillacy broad empires
What kind of place was Gobekli Tepe
It was a ceremonial ritual site only
Natufian Culture
Middle Eastern Culture that relied on wild wheat and barley and set the stage if the Neolithic
Paleo-Eskimos
Name given the Arctic-adapted migrants to the New World from the Old at about 6,000 years ago.
What was unique about Nauftaian stone blades
Nauftian stone blades exhibit a sheen or polish that has been shown through replicative experiment to be the result of their use in cutting cereal plant stalks.
Where did dogs first arise
Nepal or Mongolia
What was the first herd management strategy
People began to eat more immature animals but fewer female ones this allows herds to maintain themselves
Explain slash and burn agriculture.
People go into a tropical forest that has not been cultivated in a long time and cut the trees so they dry out and then burn them. This clears the field and also releases the nutrients in the forest.
Nenana Complex
Perhaps the oldest stone-tool complex identified in Alaska dating from 11,800 to 11,000 B.P. Nenana includes bifacially flaked, un-fluted spear points.
What are the most commonly used chemical fertilizers
Petrochemicals
What are the two types of evidence of plant domestication
Plant remains and non-plant remains
Microfossils
Plant remains that are not visible to the naked eye Ex.Pollen Grains
Morphological change in plants vs animals
Plants:Humans actively selecting for physical attributes results in a process of domestication with genetically driven morphological changes Animals:Human intervention focuses on behavioral attributes as well, not strictly physical attributes and morphology is slow to respond.
What caused Olmec society to be complex
Population growth due to the abundant and diverse habitats
Who are the first Americans and when did they arrive
Pre Clovis people who were here at least 10,000 years ago or earlier
Cultivation
Preparation of fields like sowing , harvesting and storing seeds
pressure flaking
Push a pointed object against a rock if you press the right way with enough force, little flakes come off to really finetune the edge of a tool.
What plants were domesticated in South America
Quinoa, Squash, gords, beans and chilli peppers
What was the earliest domesticated plant
Rice at around 12,000 years ago
Where was the oldest cousin of Native Americans found
Russia
What was the wild ancestor of corn called
Teosinte
What are the differences between Teosinte and Corn
Teosinte:Very tall, has multiple stocks and each of these stocks has multiple tiny cobs of corn with just a single row of kernels.These kernels are hard and ripened one at a time Corn:A single stem and one or two really large cobs of corn and many rows of tender sweet kernels which are not all individually wrapped
What did sequencing of paleolithic Age bison bones and teeth from Europe and Western Asia reveal
That a separate species of bison appears between 13,000 and 17,000 years ago. These bison were the hybrid offspring of the steppe bison and the Aurochs
What did scientist believe about the hybrid bison offspring
That these hybrids had an evolutionary advantage over their parents and that the higgs bison outlived it's parents to give rise to today's European Bison
When were llamas and alpacas domesticated?
The Andes 5,500 years ago
When were guinea pigs domesticated
The Andes 7,000 years ago
What is the most acceptable pre-clovis site in North America
The Paige-Ladson site
How was the McKenzie passage formed
The retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet to the east and the cordilleran ice sheets to the west
Commonly hypothesized Migration route:Pacific Coastal Route
The route follows the South side of Beringia and down North and South America
Transhumanism
The seasonal migration of people with their herds to different grazing grounds at different times of the year to follow the grass.
Commonly hypothesized migration route:Atlantic Crossing
The theory that the first Americans came across the North Atlantic along the edge of the ice from Europe to Eastern North America
What is the fallow period
The time when farmers are not using the fields to restore nutrients
Why do not a lot of people believe in the Atlantic Crossing
There is a 4,000 year gap between the end of the Solutrean in the Old World and the appearance of somewhat similar points in the Clovis Tradition in North America.Since, stone is indestructible the specific tradition from Solutrean to Clovis should have been found by now.
What happened when farming and hunting lifestyles spread across the Mediterranean sea in the Neolithic area
There was a spread of an agricultural economy across Europe
What was unique about Catalhoyuk
There was no archaeological evidence for any social, political, or economic differentiation
How are Burins made
They are made using pressure flaking
What did foragers do when performing transhumanism
They collected plants that matured in different times and in different environmental zones and mainly hunted hoofed animals including wild sheep and wild goats
What did Wallace and colleagues discover after comparing mtDNA of 81 SW Americans to Asian, European, and African populations
They concluded that the Native Americans were significantly Asian in genetic character though with different haplogroup frequencies
How to make a Burin
They made a blade then they knocked off one end at an angle and got a cutting point at the top of that angle
Explain how raised fields work
They make a ridge within an area that is waterlogged or can be made to be waterlogged with a series of different levels so that the growing surface is up above the water and you have different levels that are permeable and impermeable below to make sure the water reaches the right place.
What does it mean for Foragers and collectors to be active managers of wild resources
They manipulate the environment to encourage certain plants to grow in particular ways
How did Bison assists in domestication
They spread their dung so that plants were more common and also mowed down huge swaths of tall grass prairie and this made it easier for people to move around and follow the bison and gather the plants that they were planting
Why were the caral pyramids built according to scientists
They were built as a place where religious rituals were carried out to unite the community
Where were fishtail pints found and when did they date to.
They were found in South America and dated back to 12,900 years ago.
Explain the setting of the fertile crescent
They were large herds of sheeps and goats and great environmental diversity
Where were people living in the Archaic period
They were living in microbands, which were small family groups that coalesced into big macro bands during certain times of year
Why were sheep and goats taken to environments out of their natural range
This allowed mutations that were not successful in the wild to reproduce and add to the gene pool. If these mutations were useful to people then those animals would have bred
What did archaeologists recover at the ust-kyathta site
Thousands of stone and bone tools ceramics, and reindeer and fish bones.
What are phytoliths?
Tiny microscopic plant structures made out of Silica which change as a plant is domesticated
What was the Stonehenge site used for
To bury important people
What did the people of Caral use cotton for
To create fishing nets to catch a lot of fish whatever they did not eat they sold.
What was the reason for the evolution of social, political, and economic complexity
To develop an organizational structure to conscript and coordinate labor at a level above the household, family, or local community
What were Burins used for
To make incisions and cut things very finely
Why did humans interact with plants
To make them better sources of food to humans
What were the largest stones in the Stonhenge
Trilithons
Who lived longer:Archaic humans or upper paleolithic humans
Upper paleolithic humans
Microblades
Very small, stone blade often with a very sharp cutting edge often were set in groups into wooden bone, or antler handles they were found in Alaska
What were the spear points found at the buttermilk creek site called
Western Stemmed points
What water source did farmers of caral draw from in order to have water all year round to irrigate their crops
When the Supe river dried up water from high in the Andes traveled through Permeable rock and emerged in the valley as freshwater springs
What was found at the Paige Ladson site
biface tools, meaning that it has been chipped on both sides
What are domesticated plants
Wild plants that have been biologically altered as a result of human agency
What was the reason for the large number of llamas and alpacas that are domesticated by humans
With domestication there was no need to hunt for dangerous wild animals
Denali Complex
a lithic technology seen in the Arctic consisting of wedge-shaped cores, microblades, bifacial knives, and burins; dating to about 10,000 years ago
dingoes
a non marsupial migrant, a descendent of domesticated dogs likely brought to Australia by travelers
Stonehenge
a structure found by scientist in England is believed to have been built in the Neolithic Age and Bronze Age
Dorset
an extremely successful group of pALEO-Eskimos they had a maritime culture, with a heavy reliance on hunting seals through holes drilled in ice.
Landesque Capital
any investment in land with an anticipated life well beyond that of the present crop or crop cycle
irrigation canals
used to carry water to dry areas
