Anthropology: FINAL EXAM
Nanderthals are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
Small brow ridge
Of the following, which is not a consequence of intensive agriculture?
Smaller population groups
Which of the following is not a distribution system?
Stealing
The order Primates is usually into two suborders: the haplorhini and the _______
Strepsirrhini
The study of the geological and biological process that accumulate, modify, and bury remains is known as
Taphonomy
The enviromental change that is associated with the apperance of bipedal hominins in Africa is
The forest giving way to woodlands and grasslands, the formation of lakes, a warming up of the climite= *All of the above*
The individual history of objects show....
The part of objects thst we in the United States focus on: objects representing a specfic time, the specfic history (because it has somebody who made it), as well as how the museum aquired it, and the history of how its interpretations have changed over time (Outsiders and the cultural themselves) This is the stories that we tell when we use objects in displays
The evolution of bipedalism in hominins involved changes in all of the following EXCEPT:
The size of the brain
The context of an artifact is
The spacial and temporal assocation between and among artifacts
Ecidence for possible ritualistic behavior among Homo erectus inclues
The use of red orche
How do cultural objects end up in museums?
There is a history of inequality in power relationships, meaning one clture had power over another and were able to make decisions EX: In the Box of Treasures the Canadian gov. decided to outlaw the potlatch and reinforced this by taking the masks away
A lot of cultural objects end up in the hands of privite collecters because....
They have market value and are seen as status symbols and visually express wealth (esp. true for art) *EX:* If I had an orginal Picasso
Objects are Mutidimentional meaning....
They represent a specfic time and have a specfic history in them; Even if they are going to be used in modern context, they still represent a specfic tradition
The "struggle for existence" was first proposed by ________ to explain the natural regulation of animal population size
Thomas Malthus
Acclimatization does not require changes in the genotype *TF*
True
Archaeological evidence of domestication is when there is evidence that plants and animals show a difference from wild plants plants and animals *TF*
True
Australopithecus afarensis had large, ape-like canines *TF*
True
Bride price is common in sociieties when women contribute a great deal to primary subissence activities *TF*
True
Carolus Linnaues developed a classification system for animals and plants *TF*
True
Collecting ethnographic objects can lead to a shortage of native religious objects *TF*
True
Dawarfism is a known phenomenon in isolated populations with no predators *TF*
True
Dowary is a marriage economic transaction that does not represent kin to kin transactions *TF*
True
Fossilization results in a biased and incomplete sample *TF*
True
Genetic recombination occurs through seggragation and crossing over *TF*
True
In polygamous societies, most men are still monogamus *TF*
True
In societies with unilineal descent, some very close biological relatives are excluded from one's kin group *TF*
True
Kinship terminology systems reflect the prevailing kind of family, residency, and desccent rules *TF*
True
Meiosis occurs only in sex cells *TF*
True
NAGPRA protects Native American archaological sites that have not yet been excavated *TF*
True
Neanderthal culture is similiar to that of early modern humans *TF*
True
Norms are standards or rules about what is acceptable behavior *TF*
True
Sharing is more likely when resources are unpredictable *TF*
True
The Great Chain of Being is hierarchical sequence *TF*
True
The Omaha, Crow, Iroquois, and Sudanse kinship terminology systems all distingiush between mother's and father's side of the family *TF*
True
The relatively large hominin species in Africa between 4 mya and 1.8 mya can be explained as an adaptive radiation of small bipedal homininspecies *TF*
True
The result of cultures interaction with biology throughout human evolutionary history is known as biocultural evolution *TF*
True
The wealth differential among people in egalitarian socities is very small *TF*
True
When analyzing fossil bones, cut marks on top of teeth marks would be considered evidence of hominid scavenging *TF*
True
The concept of ________ suggested that earth is constantly subject to shaping and reshaping by natural forces working over vast stretches of time
Uniformitarianism
Which of the following is required for Natural Selection to occur?
Varation in the species, time, seletive advantage of certain traits= *All of the above*
Traditionally, objects are interpreted by ________ but are ________ in orgin
Westerners; non western therefore western interpratations are viewd to the ublic over and over
Aesthetic's in cultural objects can be defined as....
What is considered attractive, what colors go together, whether or not the colors have a meaning to the culture
A long post-partum sex taboo is most likely
Where people depend on crops that are low in protein
One example of convergent evolution is
Wing of bats/wings of birds
Sikle cell anemia is caused by
a defect in the hemoglobin
Which of the following is a trace fossil?
a footprint
In patrilineal descent systems
a man's sons' childern are in his descent group
______ involes physiological adjustments to the eniroment
acclimatization
Gracile australopithecines include all of the following except
aethiopicus
Robust australopithecines include all of the following except
africanus
The term "totem" refers to
an animal or plant name used to refer to a kin group
Individual families in pastrol societies are most likely to own
animals
Fossil hominins that display a mix of erectus-like and sapiens-like traits are called
archaic sapiens
Contemporary food collectors
are relics of the past, have no interaction with the modern world, live in all types of enviroments= *None of the Above*
Many individuals have difficulty digesting milk because
as adults, they lack the enzyme lactase
Which is the least common form of residence pattern?
avunculocal
Most people in the United States practice which kinship system?
bilateral
Which of the following hominin characteristics came first?
bipedalism
Of the following, which is the most common economic marriage transaction?
bride price
Which is the second most common form of economic transaction at marriage?
bride service
The idel cultural patterns of society
consist of the ideas people have about how they ought to behave
In patrilocal residence, who leaves the hosehold so the married couple lives with or near the husband's parents
daughter
With patrilineal descent, a man belongs to the same descent as his
daughter
Functions of kin (descent) groups include
deciding who you will marry, assigining land for use in horticulture, siding with you during a quarrel= *All of the Above*
Sharing is most common in
egalitarian societies
The probability that an individual will change class levels in an open class system is
extremely low
Evidence of human activity is called a
feature
The subsistence strategy that characterized most of human history was
food collection
Which subistence strategies results in the LEAST amount of time spent in subsistence activities?
foraging
An inderect form of _______ is taxation
forced labor
The custom of allowing one man to marry more than one woman is
found in most societies anthropologists have studied
When goods and services are given to another without any apparent expectation of a return gift, we call it
generalized reciprocity
Mendal's units of heredity what we now call
genes
The Genetic makeup of a pea plant is known as its
genotype
As understood by anthropologists, horticulture includes all of the following EXCEPT
greenhouses for growing plants
Which of the following is not a stated explanation for marriage?
guarenteed sexual satisfaction
The horse drawn plow is associated with which subistence activity?
intensive agriculture
The Church can be seen as part of the orgins of musems because
it collected and commissioned works of art, it collected and display relics, it collected objects from other countries during the crusades= *All of the Above*
In a matrilocal society,
males frequently exercise power in their kin groups.
_______ is the main evidence used by the Single Orgin or "Out of Africa" theorists to support their theory for the orgin of homo sapiens sapiens
mtDNA studies
______ is the source of all new varation in species
mutation
The main process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits through time is called
natural selection
The form of marital residence in which the married couples lives apart from the relatives of both spouses is
neolocal
Looking at a worldwide scale there are fewer ________ museums
nonwestern
Which is the most common form of marital residence?
patrilocal
Which of the following forms of marriage is the rarest?
polyandry
Bride __________ is a gift of money or goods from the groom or his kin to the bride's kin.
price
Fossils are
rare
The two general catagories of dating are absolute and
realative
Giving and taking without the use of money is characteristic of
reciprocity
Which of the following is not a characteristic of food-collecting societies?
recognition of individual rights to land
_______ is the accumulation of goods by a particular person, or in particular place, for the purpose of subsequent distribution
redistribution
Of the following, which is not a consequence pf horticulture?
strict egalitarianism
To explain the Hebrew prohibition against pork as a reaction to pigs not fitting sterotypes about how animals behave is a ____________ explanation
symbolic
which region are hunter-gatherers least likely to be found today?
temperate climates
Objects are important to culture because....
they give power to the culture, they can help the culture continue if they are used
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
traditions
By "market exchange" anthropologists mean
transactions in which prices are subject to supply and demand, whether or not the transaction takes place in the market place
The concept of the IQ test was first developed by Alfred Binet
was desinged to measure age-related activities
Patrilocal residency means
A man's wife is an outsider, there is a group of men realatives who have grown up togther, authority is strongly vested in the male line= *All of the Above*
What is a potlatch and why is it important?
A native party/celebration that is important to express cultural vales and joy
Which of the following is NOT a hominod chateristic?
A tail
The tool tradition idenified with Homo erectus is the
Acheulian
The oldest fossil hominins are found in
Africa
________ descent affiliates an individual with kin related to him either through men or through women?
Ambilineal
Each member of a gene pair or group is called ______
An allele
Which is not put forth as a possible reason for broad-spectrum collecting?
Average height of the population
Which kinship system is ego-centered; hence it varies with different points of reference (except brothers and sisters)?
Bilateral
What is the design of the U'Mista Cultural Center?
Blending past and present with a triditional big house space in which to repatriate the potlatch collection
Which of following men did NOT believe in change to the natural word?
Carolus Linnaeus
Genes are located on rope-like strutures called
Chromosomes
_______ is the exchange of sections of chromosomes between one chromosome and another
Crossing-over
Which system of kinship terminology has been called the mirrior image of the Omha system?
Crow
The Cultural Constrution of Meaning is...
Culture determines what something means; the culture determines what the meaning is and the meaning of certain objects can be an important way of materially expressing meaning
What is the focus of the cultural center U'Mista?
Efforts to strengthen the culture, language, and history that were nearly lost
In what geographical regions are Neanderthals found?
Europe and the Middle East
Affinal kin are kin related by blood *TF*
False
All evidence supports the theory that hominids at Olduvia Gorge were hunters *TF*
False
Ambilineal descent is a type of unilineal descent *TF*
False
Among hunters and gatherers there is usually no division of labor in food collecting *TF*
False
Biological variation is uniformly distributed to any species *TF*
False
Bishop James Ussher determined that the earth was millions of years old *TF*
False
Cultural realiativism is regarding other cultures as inferior *TF*
False
Endogomy is marriage outside of your local community, clan, or tribe *TF*
False
Ethnocentrism is regarding other cultures is superior to yours *TF*
False
Exchanges of equal value are known as a generalize reciprocity *TF*
False
Food collectors often suffer from famine and food shortage *TF*
False
Food collectors who rely on fishing tend to be more egalitarian *TF*
False
Homo habilis is the first hominin species to be anatomically modern from the neck down *TF*
False
Humans are the only primates that make and use tools *TF*
False
If a society prefers cousin marriages, then it usually parallel cousins who marry *TF*
False
In DNA, aderine is the complimitary base to cytosine *TF*
False
Lactose intoerance occurs in greatest frequencies among populations with a pastoralist background *TF*
False
Money is a medium of exchange that is always inherently valuable *TF*
False
Monogmy is cross-culturally the most common form of marriage *TF*
False
Mosic Evoluation means that all funtional systems evolve at the same rate *TF*
False
Mutations are always adaptive *TF*
False
Natral selection produces variation in a population *TF*
False
Paranthropus boisei had a sagittal keel
False
Polyandry is one man married to more than one woman *TF*
False
The Australopithecines are lage bodied, bipedal homminids *TF*
False
The Hawaiian kinship terminology system is only associated with the bilateral kinship descent system *TF*
False
The Push-Pull Model suggests that populations were pushed into agriculture by changes in the enviroment while at the same time being pulled toward agriculture by their increases in their population size *TF*
False
The Yonger Dryas is a period of sudden warming in the post-ice age world *TF*
False
The different distribution systems rarely coexist in a society *TF*
False
The exchange of genetic material from one breeding population to another is known as genetic drift *TF*
False
The most intresting fact about human skin color is that appears to be no adaptive significance whatsoever to population-level varations in skin color *TF*
False
The purpose of balanced reciporicity is to develop long term relationships among the participants *TF*
False
The slash-and-burn technique is often used by intensive agriculturalists *TF*
False
The studies of mtDNA extracted from the orginal Neanderthal fossil suggest that Neanderthals are directly ancestral to modern humans *TF*
False
The objects under NAGPRA include
Funeary objects, sacred objects, objects of cultural patrimony= *All of the Above*
Gegor Mendal was a pioneer of the field of ________
Genetics
The rule that predicts that populations of birds and mammals in warmer climates will have more melanin and therefore darker skin, fur or feathers is known as
Gloger's rule
The Natufians did all of the following EXCEPT:
Grow domesticated grains
Which of the following is the so called "hobbit" fossil found only in Indonesia?
H. floresiensis
Which system of kinship terminology is least complex?
Hawaiian
The first hominid species to be widely distributed in the Old World was
Homo erectus
Anthropoligists speculate that earliest stone tools found in East Africa were made by
Homo habilis
If two genes, or allels, for a trait are the same, the organism is ______ for the trait
Homozygous
When we say that a trait is Mendelian trait we mean that
It is a genetic trait, it is coded for by a single gene, there are only two alleles for the trait= *All of the above*
Anthropology's understanding of skin pigmentation emphasizes that
It is an adaptive response to ultraviolet light
Why was the potlatch outlawed?
It was seen as inappropriate and something that does not belong in today's world therefore, it should remain in the past
The meaning of objects changes over time based on....
It's context (physical and social) *EX*: The Treasure Box shows the masks as a potlatch being something that ended, while U'Mista shows it as a continuing pratice: The orginal people may have stories about them that were not told in musemum the way it's made (naturally changing shape, color etc. because of the material it's made out of
The interpratiotions of objects are going to differ based on...
Legal, moral, and political implications of the objects (Why people battle over who owns the past)
________ is a custom whereby a man is obligated to marry his brother's widow
Levirate
The archalogical evidence at Terra Amata suggests that H. erectus did all of the following EXCEPT:
Live there during the winter
Large-scale evolutionary changes (e.g, speciation) are termed
Macroevolution
If cultural objects are seen as valuable art, this does what?
Makes it harder for the orginal owners to get objects back because they are not wealthy enough to purchase them for use
The context of an object helps to determine the objects
Meaning, as well as how it is protrayed
Which of the following is NOT a haplorine?
Monkeys (Really all of the above)= Monkeys, chimpanzees, tarsiers, and gorillas
Which of the following is NOT a theory about what happened to the Neanderthals?
Multi-national
Why is an argument of "Who Owns the Past" in relation to certain objects
Objects have meaning and power
When the ______ of cultural objects change, usually the ______ of the object changes
Ownership; Context
The development of similiar strutures that occur independently are probably the result of....
Parallel evolution
Which of the following fossil hominins had a sagittal crest?
Paranthropus boisei
The observable apperance of pea plants are called its
Phenotype
_______ study human varation
Physical anthropoligist
In malarial enviroment, natural selection acts on the allele determining hemoglobin
Primarily through differential moratality
Which of the following factors determines how often mutations can arise in a population?
Reprodution rate, population size, mutation rate= *All of the above*
Mitosis....
Results in the production of two identical daughter cells
Which of the following is a prosimian?
A lemur
Which of the following Australopithecines had a large, ape-like canine?
Australopithecus afarensis
The earlist fossil that is a definite hominin is
Australopithecus anamensis
What type of wood is the cultural center U'Mista made of?
Cedar logs
Which of the following is not a food prodution system?
Hunting and gathering
How are objects arranged in the cultural center of U'Mista?
In the order they would be seen in a traditional potlatch
Which of the following is NOT a primate trait?
Keen sense of smell
The famous footprints of Australopithecus were found at
Laetoli
What modern problems can Kwakiutl not control?
Modern things like television, cars, and video games make it uncertain about how the children will feel about their native teachings in the future (It is unclear how the teachings will work to influence the children); The logging industry is practically wiped out; The logging industry makes a lot of money on the native lands, while they don't share the profits; Heath care facilities for indians are inadequate; The education system for indians has been inadequate
The United States has ______ museums than other places in the world
More
The enviromental change that is associated with the appearance of bipedal hominis in Africa is
The forest giving away to woodlands and grasslands, the formation of lakes, a warming up of the climate= *All of the Above*
What is the lifeline of the Kwakiutl?
The ocean: for fishing resources
What does the word U'Mista mean?
The return of something important
What do the Kwakiutl believe are their aborignal rights?
The right to govern themselves, maintain their language, fishing, the right to teach their children, the right to maintain everything that goes on in the community, and the right to control the enviroment that surrounds them
In horticulture, simple techniques are able to yield more food than is available to food collectors *TF*
True
My mother's brother's son is an example of
a cross cousin
The rise of food production led to
accelerated population growth, declining health, elaboration of material possession= *All of the Above*
Generalized reciprocity is most likely between
close kin
Which of the following charaterizes horticulture?
land worked for short periods and then left idle for some years
Advantages of polygny include
large famillies provide plenty of farm labor and extra food, co-wives help with child care and household work, karge famililies tend to be influential in communities= *All of the Above*
Culture is
learned and shared
A society is practicing which form of stratification when the members of the society have equal access to economic resources and power but not to prestige?
ranked
Marriage includes two major factors. These are
sexual and economic considerations.
Marriage to sisters is called
sororate marriage
Marriage is considered a __________ trait by anthropologists because it is practiced by all societies.
universal
