Anthropology Midterm (Ch. 5 and 6)
Primates reproduce (slowly/quickly), have a (slow/rapid) period of maturation and a (short/long) life
Slowly ; slow ; long One offspring each gestation Long gestation Long period of immaturity
An important concept in biology that has helped us to organize and understand the variety of life on earth
Species
How does human striding bipedalism differ from the clumsy bipedalism of a chimpanzee?
The human pelvis is short, broad and bowl-shaped to provide attachment area for muscles which power bipedalism The vertebral column of humans has curves (which help absorb shock during heel strike)
Are humans anthropoids with eyes close together in a complete bony socket, a fused frontal bone (forehead) and a fused mandible (jawbone)?
YES
Is it true that in a hominoid, the elbow is fully extendable?
Yes
Mammals have 4 kinds of teeth. How many of each kind do you have in each quadrant of your mouth? (incisors, canines, pre-molars, molars) a. 2.1.2.3 (like Old World monkeys) b. 2.1.3.3 (like NWM & lemurs) c. 3.1.4.3 (like primitive mammals) d. 2.1.2.2 (you had your wisdom teeth extracted) e. Something else
a or d
Primates have mobile _____ & _____ dominance
appendages ; hindlimb
In rhesus monkeys, the _____ _____ has the most motor cortex control of any digit (not the thumb)
big toe
Most non-human primates (monkeys & apes) have a _____-_____ _____
canine-cutting complex
Having nervous tissue centralized as a spinal cord and a brain is part of being a _____.
chordate
A _____ is an extension of the last bone of the digit. A _____ floats on soft tissue and is not attached to any bone.
claw ; nail
Animals must _____ other living organisms in order to survive (other plants, other animals).
consume
Which of the following traits makes hominoids distinctive from other primates? a. rotator shoulder joint (360 degree rotation) b. fully-extendable elbow c. 180 degree rotation of the forearm d. short, broad, flat torso with no tail e. all of the above make hominoids distinctive from other primates
e
Primate way of life = _____ + _____
eyes ; hands (eye-hand coordination)
The _____ _____ is centrally located in humans.
foramen magnum
Having an internal skeleton means greater probability of:
fossilization
Bipedalism frees the _____ from locomotor duties
hands
Mammalians have what type of teeth?
heterodont meaning they have different types of teeth (incisors, canine, premolars, molars)
Mammals produce energy in and energy out. For energy in, mammals are _____ (meaning they have different teeth) and they perform _____ (or chewing). For energy out, mammals have _____ (fur), they perform _____ (internal gestation, lactation, and extended parental care (which involves emotional bond and play by immatures))
heterodonty ; mastication ; Homeothermy ; Reproduction
Wrist joint of _____ shows great range of motion while wrist joint of _____ is stabilized to support body weight
hominoids ; monkeys
Reptilians have what type of teeth?
homodont meaning that they have the same type of teeth
KNOW THIS:
humans have the most versatile hands of all primates (no longer shaped by locomotor requirements)
The human brain is 6-7 times bigger than one would expect for a _____ of our body size
mammal
Primates are an order of _____ (which emerged about _____ Mya)
mammals ; 60
Animals' _____ enables them to obtain food.
mobility
The human brain is 3 times bigger than one would expect for a _____ of our body size
primate
Having 4 different kinds of teeth is a _____ trait
primitive
When modern primates are compared to early mammals of 200 Mya: Having 5 fingers is a _____ trait Having nails (not claws) is a _____ trait
primitive ; derived
Plants can turn _____ _____ into _____ (food) via _____.
solar energy; carbohydrate ; photosynthesis
Millions of species have been identified each marked by: 1. 2. 3.
unique traits, reproductive isolation and a distinctive ecological niche.
For primates, traveling, feeding and resting in trees requires _____ limb movement
versatile
Vertebrates have a _____ _____ protecting the _____ _____ and a _____ protecting the _____.
vertebral column ; spinal cord ; skull ; brain
Primates use _____-_____ reaching to feed
visually-guided
Origin of the universe (_____ billion years ago) Origin of solar system and earth (_____ billion & _____ years ago)
13.75 ; 5 ; 4.6
READ (Slide 38) on Oct 7
:)
KNOW THIS:
All contemporary mammals are descended from small, nocturnal, insect-eating mammals that emerged from reptilian ancestors about 200 Mya
_____ have eyes close together in a complete bony socket, a fused frontal bone (forehead) and a fused mandible (jawbone)
Anthropoids
What makes bipedalism such a good marker of a human ancestor?
Any kind of bipedalism is rare in vertebrates; striding bipedalism is unique to humans There are many bony markers for bipedalism making it easier to find the fossil evidence Bipedalism emerged earlier than many other traits unique to humans Bipedalism provided the platform for the evolutionary emergence of other uniquely human traits
Hominoid is another word for?
Ape
Introduced a hierarchical system to organize information about the diversity of living species
Carolus Linnaeus
Which of the following traits makes the primate order distinctive from other orders of mammals? A. prehensile hands and feet with an opposable thumb and opposable big toe B. touch receptors in fingertips C. forward-facing eyes with bony protection D. stereoscopic vision E. all of the above traits make members of the primate order distinctive from other orders of mammals
E
What are brain features in primates?
Elaboration of cerebral cortex Increase in total brain size (Slides 31-33 on Oct. 7)
KNOW THIS about hominoids:
Forearms are adapted for suspension and have a versatile range of motion long muscular arms rotator shoulder joint allows 360 rotation of the arm fully extendable elbow 180 rotation of forearm extended motion in wrist
_____ thorax is wider and flatter than a _____ thorax
Hominoid ; monkey
_____ have a Y-5 molar
Hominoids
_____ have a broad, flat, short torso & no external tail
Hominoids
KNOW THIS:
Hominoids have permanently curved finger bones helpful for suspensory locomotion. Gorillas and chimps cannot use palmigrade hand contact with the ground because of curved finger bones. They place weight on the middle finger bones...this version of quadrupedalism is called knuckle-walking.
Striding bipedalism is a uniquely _____ form of locomotion
Human
_____ and _____ have a long clavicle (collarbone) while _____ has a short clavicle.
Human ; gorilla ; monkey
KNOW THIS:
Human adults are not often suspensory...but human children are....
KNOW THIS:
Linnaeus was the first person to place humans in a system of biological classification; the first person to provide an objective description of humans comparable to that of any other species. put humans with primates (Anthropomorpha) in the first edition of Systema Naturae (1735-1758 10 editions); 1753 Species Plantarum introduced binomial nomenclature;
ONLY HUMANS HAVE:
Long, well muscled legs with fully extendable knees Foot anatomy is specialized (short toes, big toe is parallel, arches create a springy dome, travel path is unique to our species) Knees are close together to minimize lateral motion Broad pelvis supports large gluteal muscles Curves in spine are shock absorbers Foramen magnum is centrally located since skull is vertically placed over the vertebral column
Why primate traits? Visual-predation theory came from _____ Arboreal theory _____
Matt Cartmill ; F. Wood-Jones
_____ monkeys have a broad nasal septum, nostrils point to the side _____ monkeys, _____ and _____ have a narrow nasal septum, nostrils point down
New World ; old world ; apes ; humans
What is a human?
Shared Traits Humans are vertebrates, mammals, primates, anthropoids, hominoids Unshared Traits Striding bipedalism Versatile hands for tool use & tool-making Unusually large brains Unusual dentition with flat faces & small canines Speech/language Cultural dependence
what are head and face features of Primates?
Eyes face forward Bony protection Cross-over of visual tracts Stereoscopic vision Color vision Reduced snout for reduced emphasis on smell (look at slide 15 more Oct 7)
KNOW THIS:
Pre-Cambrian Eon (4.6 B years to 570 M years) Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic Eras (570 M years to present) Paleocene, Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene Epochs (65 M years to present) know sequence but exact dates for epochs are not required
A diverse order with 300+ species
Primates
A trait that is the same as ancestor is known as a _____ trait. A trait that is different from the ancestor is known as a _____ trait.
Primitive (e.g. primates have 5 fingers just like most other terrestrial vertebrates) Derived (e.g. primates have forward-facing eyes and stereoscopic vision (something not found in most vertebrates)
KNOW THIS:
Primitive traits Generalized skeleton— (e.g. five fingers, clavicle) Generalized dentition— (4 different kinds of teeth) ^still dealing with primates Derived traits eye hand locomotion/posture brain life history sociality
(T/F) A primitive trait is the same in both the ancestor and the descendant. Having 5 fingers is a primitive trait found in both modern primates and the Mesozoic mammalian ancestor of all primates. A derived trait is newly emergent in the descendant and is not seen in the ancestor. Members of the primate order have flat nails with tactile pads and touch receptors. Mesozoic mammals had claws. When compared to early mammals, having nails and tactile pads are derived traits of primates.
True
(T/F) Carolus Linnaeus was an 18th century Swedish botanist who brought order to our understanding of species diversity. He organized organisms into a hierarchical sequence of nested categories (which included species, genus, order, class and kingdom). Contemporary taxonomists use a highly modified version of this idea with many more taxonomic levels in the hierarchy.
True
(T/F) Primates have grasping hands and feet with: nails (not claws) on all or most digits tactile pads with touch receptors friction ridges Grasping appendages
True
(T/F) Reproduction in mammals can be distinguished from that in other classes of vertebrates (such as fish, amphibia, reptiles, and birds). Mammals have a complex reproductive system which includes internal gestation, lactation after birth and extended parental care. No other vertebrate (and no invertebrate) has all of these traits.
True
(T/F) Mammals have four different kinds of teeth and chew their food before swallowing. No other vertebrate (and no invertebrate) chews food before swallowing.
True , but stingrays have been found to chew
