AP Euro Chapter 21
compare Romanticism (6) and the Enlightenment (6), (4)
*Romanticism*: -trust intuition and emotion -humans governed by spontaneous, irrational forces -fascination with supernatural and spiritual -individual expression -subjectivity -sensitivity, imagination, and creativity *Enlightenment*: -trust reason -humans are rational -secularism -objectivity -universal truths -logic, order, rule of law *Similarities*: -idealistic -reaction to Scientific Revolution (different ways) -philosophical -elitist
Who was Prince Klemens von Metternich (aka "Architect of the Concert of Europe") (3)
-Austrian Foreign Minister -dominated Great Power discussions at Congress of Vienna -pessimistic view of human nature, cosmopolitan/conservative
Italian States Revolutions of 1848 results
-Austrian army defeated Charles Albert and restored authority in other Italian states -Louis Napoleon sent French troops into Rome to restore Pope Pius IX -serfdom remained abolished -Piedmont got a constitution -set stage for Italian unification
How did Metternich and the Holy Alliance (Austria, Russia, Prussia) suppress nationalistic or liberal movements for change in Naples? (2)
-Austrian forces marched into Naples when revolution began in Italy -restored autocratic power (Ferdinand I)
How did the Grimm Brother bring together Nationalism and Romanticism in their rescue of the fairy tales of Germany? (7)
-Brothers Wilhelm and Jacob -University-trained linguists -studied peasant life and collected folktales from oral tradition -helped preserve "world of magic" during time of rapid change -collected stories of Napoleonic Wars and French occupation of German Territory -Helped create German national identity through shared culture, tradition, and language -Romantic idealization of simple rural virtues
John Stuart Mill (8) and his Three Basic Liberties
-English Philosopher -one of the most influential liberal and utilitarian thinkers of the 19th century -the first member of Parliament to call for women's suffrage -most famous work: On Liberty -freedom of the individual is most important -the government needs constitutional checks -the prevailing opinion may not always be correct (tyranny of the majority) -most valuable thing is individuality Three Basic Liberties in order of importance: -freedom of thought and emotion (speech) -freedom to pursue tastes -freedom to unite
JMW Turner
-English Romantic artist -sublime scenes -tech conquering nature -abolitionist -Rain, Steam, and Speed
Mary Shelley
-English Romantic novelist -wrote Frankenstein at 18 (sublime, macabre) -raised questions about science -daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft
Lord Byron
-English Romantic poet -wrote She walks in Beauty -Don Juan -many affairs and scandals -died supporting Greek war for Independence -Drama King
William Wordsworth (2)
-English Romantic poet -wrote Tintern Abbey about nature
Vienna Revolutions of 1848 results
-Franz Joseph broke promise about Bohemian autonomy, and broke up Pan-Slavic congress -Slavic nationalism remained a problem and helped cause WWI
Budapest Revolutions of 1848 results
-Franz Joseph gets help from Russian Tsar Nicholas I to crush nationalist movement -Magyars remain the most restless of the ethnic minorities in the empire
Eugene Delacroix
-French Romantic artist -stirred strong emotion -nationalism -Liberty Leading the People
Victor Hugo
-French Romantic novelist -Les Miserables -republicanism supporter -deputy and senator -national hero
Charles Fourier
-French philosopher -influential early socialist thinker and one of the founders of utopian socialism -came up with a plan for a utopia with communities called phalanxes *each phalanx made up of 1,620 people *jobs would be determined by skills, aptitude, and interests of individual (12 common passions, 810 types of character x 2=1620) *all jobs open to women, women are individuals *abolition of marriage, sexual freedom, and unions of love -first to use the word feminism -influential in establishment of several utopian communities
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
-French socialist and father of Anarchy -"Anarchy is order without power" -"property is theft" -influenced and was influenced by Marx -social revolution could be peaceful
Caspar David Friedrich (4)
-German Romantic artist -Wanderer above the Sea of Fog -Monk by the Sea -sublime nature scenes
Ludwig van Beethoven
-German Romantic composer -went deaf in 30s -changed opinions about Napoleon -Ode to Joy -Eroica
Richard Wagner
-German Romantic composer and director -The Ring Cycle -Hitler used his music to promote German nationalism
What (according to Metternich) was wrong with national and liberal ideas? (6)
-Human nature: ever-prone to error, excess, and selfishness -liberalism bore responsibility for war -blamed liberals for stirring-up middle class -authoritarian, aristocratic government was best -he believed organized religion was good -he defended elite class
Franz Liszt (5)
-Hungarian Romantic composer -"rock star" of his generation -toured Europe -first to perform for large crowds -19 Hungarian Rhapsodies
What did the Great Irish Potato Famine have to do with land ownership, religion, population, and potatoes? (2)
-Irish Catholics rented land from English Protestants (had little sympathy, still taxed and had high rents during famine) -huge population growth because of potato -->famine-->death
French Revolutions of 1848 results
-June Days (class violence between radical republicans and army) resulted in 10,000 deaths and established a moderate republic -Louis Napoleon was elected president of the Second Republic -he would eventually establish authoritarian control
What was the "Congress System"?
-Periodic international conferences to settle international crises -Quadruple alliance agreed to meet regularly
Frederic Chopin
-Polish Romantic composer -"poet of the piano" -Revolutionary Etude
Berlin (Prussia) Revolutions of 1848 results
-Prussian army eventually reestablished control -reversed pro-Polish legislation
Francisco Goya
-Spanish Romantic artist -Third of May, 1808 -went deaf and insane
In Ireland in the mid-1800's a great majority of the rural population rented their land from landowners who...
-Were Protestants -lived in England -evicted their tenants when crops failed
Vienna Revolutions of 1848 causes/events/leaders
-Workers and students rebelled during "March Days", Metternich fled Britain -Franz Joseph I became emperor -Serfdom abolished -Joseph agreed to constitution
Italian States Revolutions of 1848 causes/events/leaders
-after "March Days" in Vienna, several Italian states revolted against Austrian rule -Charles Albert (king of Piedmont-Sardinia) granted a constitution to his people and declared war on Austria to gain territory in Italy -more Italian states rose in revolt -Austrian authorities agreed to abolish serfdom, hoping to win over peasants -when pope is expelled from Rome, nationalist Guiseppe Mazzini declared a Roman Republic
Other German States Revolutions of 1848 causes/events/leaders
-after Berlin, liberals overthrew political structures -established elected delegates to meet at Frankfurt Assembly -discussed unification of Germany and new constitution -Assembly offered Frederick William IV rule as constitutional monarch -issued Declaration of the Rights for the German People
Anarchism
-all forms of government authority were unnecessary, should be overthrown and replaced (voluntary cooperation)
Utilitarianism
-an ethical philosophy that states the best action is that which produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people -19th century proponents: John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham
Liberalism (Economic)
-built on Classical Liberalist ideas of Adam Smith -Favors doctrine of laissez-faire ("let it go"): transactions between private parties should be free from government interference such as regulations, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies -Goal is free market, free trade, protection of private property
What are four reasons fro the failures of the revolutions of 1848?
-conflicting aspirations -disorganized -no military -depression, weak, unemployed
The Communist Manifesto main ideas (4)
-criticized bourgeoisie for exploiting the proletariat -capitalism: effective but exploitive -history is dialectical: an evolutionary process of struggle between opposite forces (classes) -history is materialistic: about concrete things
Other German States Revolutions of 1848 results
-delay in deciding who would be included in unification caused conservative forces to regain their strength -by the time Frankfurt Assembly wrote constitution and offered Frederick the crown, he rejected it
Conservatism (6)
-developed as a distinct political attitude and movement in reaction to French Revolution -championed by Metternich -Goal is to conserve/maintain the *throne* and the *altar* (absolute monarchies, nobility, and church Built on ideas of Edmund Burke: -humans are driven primarily by passions and self interest (pessimistic) -Traditions, evolved over time, act as checks on the passions and should not be discarded lightly -radical change and sudden freedoms are bad
British Corn Laws (1815) (5)
-governed export and import of grain -placed high tariffs on imported grain -benefitted aristocracy -made food prices extremely high -triggered protests and demonstrations by laborers
Budapest Revolutions of 1848 causes/events/leaders
-inspired by France -Hungarian Diet proclaimed liberty for Magyars (Austrian minority) -nationalists proclaimed new constitution that promoted Magyar language but suppressed Slavic rights -After Franz Joseph rejected constitution, Hungary declared complete independence
Nationalism
-is the belief that one's greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history Bonds that create Nationalism: -NATIONALITY: a belief in a common ethnic ancestry-real or imagined -LANGUAGE -CULTURE: a shared way of life (food, behavior, dress, ideals) -HISTORY -RELIGION -TERRITORY: a certain territory that belongs to the ethnic groups; its "land"
Mass Politics
-large political participation -demonstrations, protests, open-air meetings, political petitions, newspapers, and political clubs
French Revolutions of 1848 causes/events/leaders
-liberals discontented over Louis Philippe's government -advocated for suffrage and planned "banquet campaign" -government canceled banquet, Paris revolted -Louis renounced throne-->provisional government formed -radicals attacked new government in hopes of establishing a socialist republic
Romanticism (5)
-literary, musical, and artistic movement dominating European culture in the 19th century -reaction to Enlightenment -challenged Enlightenment overemphasis on reason and rationalism -Romanticism broke with neoclassical forms of artistic representation, placing more emphasis on intuition and emotion -five main tenets
Reform Bill of 1832
-more power for the House of Commons -democratic direction -more representation in Parliament -increased number of voters: 12% of adult men
Socialism (2)
-political/economic response to capitalism and capitalism's effects of selfish individualism and inequality -socialists advocate for economic planning, greater social equality and state regulation of property
British suspension of habeas corpus and the Six Acts
-response to protests/demonstrations -habeas corpus: right to a trial -Six Acts: controlled the press and eliminated mass meetings
Berlin (Prussia) Revolutions of 1848 causes/events/leaders
-revolted against Prussian king (Frederick William IV) -inspired by France -Liberals forced election of a Prussian Assembly, they granted autonomy to the Polish minority
Communism
-social, political, and economic ideology -common ownership of the means of production -no classes, no money, no state
Jeremy Bentham
-used utilitarianism -advocated: individual and economic freedom, separation of church and state, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, the right to divorce, decriminalizing of homosexual acts -called for abolition of slavery, the death penalty, and the abolition of physical punishment, including that of children -one of the earliest proponents of animal rights -basically this dude advocated for everything good
Robert Owen
-utopian -Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities -promoted labor unions
British Chartists and other suffrage movements
-wanted universal male suffrage -good/just society -huge petitions but rejected 3x -pretty liberal for their time
What basic causes triggered the Revolutions of 1848? (4)
1. Liberals felt profound frustration at the lack of political change towards constitutional and representational government 2. Nationalists chafed under the 1815 Vienna settlement and its blunt rejection of self-determination for ethnic minorities 3. The lives of the working class suffered from poor agricultural productivity and jobs were lost to new industrial machinery 4. The "hungry 40's" - the 1840's were a time of widespread famine and crop failures
five main tenets of Romanticism
1. emphasis on imagination and emotion -sublime 2. mystical attachment to nature -reaction to Industrial Revolution detachment from nature 3. importance of the individual/subjective vision -French Revolution devalued individualism (nationalism) 4. Fascination with the exotic and the macabre 5. Nationalism
Congress of Vienna (rise of Metternich's Conservatism and age of "isms")
1815
Publication of Shelley's Frankenstein (Romantic Movement)
1818
Greece wins independence from Ottomans; revolution in France (Louis Philippe)
1830
Marx and Engels published the Communist Manifesto
1848
Revolutions in France, Prussia, Frankfurt, Austria, Prague, Budapest, and Italy
1848
Karl Marx
19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
What percentage of the population of Great Britain was allowed to vote in the 18th century?
8%
Pan-Slavism
A nationalist movement which grew in the mid-19th century, aimed at the unity of all the Slavic peoples. Pan-Slavism is one of the causes of WW1
Which kind of government would be preferred by a 19th century Conservative?
Absolutist
One reason why Klemens von Metternich was opposed to nationalist ideas was
As Austrian foreign minister, he saw movements in favor of national self-determination as a threat to his Empire
Who supported the Greeks in their War of Independence?
Britain, France and Russia who supported the Greek cause with their navies
Describe the causes (4) and outcomes (4) of the Greek War of Independence
Causes: -had lived under Ottoman Turks -inspired by nationalist ideas of self-determination -formed secret societies -open revolt in 1821 Effects: -romantics responded in support (Byron) -Metternich opposed -Britain, France, and Russia told Ottomans to settle for peace, Ottomans refused -they trapped Ottoman navy-->independence
Called for mathematically precise, self-sufficient communities, abolition of marriage and sexual freedom
Charles Fourier
The most immediate cause of the French Revolution of 1830 was
Charles X's attempt to curtail voting rights and censor the press
Tories
Conservatives in control of British government
After the defeat of Napoleon, how did the Congress of Vienna attempt to restore the balance of power in Europe and contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals in the future?
First Treaty of Paris: -agreed to restore Bourbon king to French crown -gave France 1792 boundaries -France didn't have to pay war reparations Second Treaty of Paris: -Louis XVII on throne -lost a little territory -had to pay 700 million Francs -German-speaking lands returned to Prussia -settled Austrian, British, Prussian, and Russian disputes
How did Great Britain (2) and Russia (4) avoid revolution?
Great Britain: -had acts to suppress and limit attempts at revolution -acts and reforms of improvement calmed people Russia: -too behind in industrialization -absolutist -serfdom -geography
Peterloo Massacre
In 1819, during a public meeting in St. Peter's Fields (Manchester, England), calvary charged into the crowd, killing 11. The purpose of the meeting was to protest the Corn Laws.
Focused on the freedom of the individual and individual thought, emotion, creativity and tastes
John Stuart Mill
How did Metternich and the Holy Alliance (Austria, Russia, Prussia) suppress nationalistic or liberal movements for change in the German states?
Karlsbad Decrees: -outlawed political organizations -policed their universities and newspapers -established committee of spies
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon
Which states did NOT experience a Revolution in 1848?
Russia, Britain
Utopian Socialists
Socialists who had grand schemes for social improvement that ultimately proved unworkable. They founded movements intended to establish model communities that would usher in a new age of happiness and equality.
Jose de San Martin
South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence from Spain for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru
"In the American port of Cincinnati alone, there are a million of quarters of wheat which we could purchase at 16 [shillings] - or less than one-fourth the price which we are now compelled to pay for our home-grown product." (League Oracle Circular, No. 39, 1843) The author of the pamphlet quoted above is complaining about the economic conditions caused by what legislation?
The Corn Laws
Reactionaries
Ultra-conservatives who reject all change
Radicals
Ultra-liberals who wanted universal voting rights for males
Argued that all forms of government authority are unnecessary and should be overthrown
anarchism
Who benefited most from the British Corn Laws of 1815?
aristocratic land owners
Liberalism (Political) (3)
built on ideas of John Locke: -Humans are generally good and capable of reason, self-control and government (optimistic) Goals: -protect and expand liberty (individual freedoms: speech, press, religion, representation, voting rights) -rule of law (including freedom from arbitrary arrest and rational punishments) and equality before the law
Hitherto, every form of society has been based, as we have already seen, on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed classes. -- Marx
communism
most likely to promote free trade
economic liberalism
Simone Bolivar
he led Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela to independence from Spain, and helped lay the foundations for democratic ideology in much of Hispanic America. "George Washington of South America"
macabre
interest in death, the afterlife, and dark mystique
One's greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
nationalism
sublime
of such excellence, grandeur, or beauty as to inspire great admiration or awe
Simone Bolivar and Jose de San Martin challenged conservatism by
overthrowing Spanish rule in South America
most likely to promote a free press and religious tolerance
political liberalism
The Tory (conservative) government's suspension of habeas corpus, Six Acts, and Battle of Peterloo were all reactions to what trend in Britain?
protests and demonstrations by urban laborers
July Revolution of 1830
rebellion in reaction to King Charles' edicts (the July Ordinances) that imposed rigid censorship on the press, stripped voting rights; Charles fled after July Revolution; Louis Philippe, his cousin, became king -Charles was absolutist/reactionary -Louis was more liberal, still disappointed
The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to
restore the balance of power among European states.
most likely to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
utilitarianism
There is no need for class struggle or revolution; model communities, based on equality and cooperation, can demonstrate the feasibility of a planned society.
utopian socialism
The Chartists petitions of 1839, 1842, and 1848
were all 3 rejected by Parliament