AP Psych Exam Review #1
c
1. When asked which of two countries has a larger population, participants are likely to judge the country that is more familiar to them as being more populous. Which of the following best explains this finding? (A) A means-end analysis (B) The representativeness heuristic (C) The availability heuristic (D) Algorithms (E) Inductive reasoning
c
10. Researchers find that there is a significant, positive correlation between the number of hours students sleep and their grades. The researchers would be justified in concluding that (A) earning good grades causes people to sleep more (B) sleeping more causes students to perform better in school (C) students who earn good grades tend to sleep more than those who do not (D) more sleep has a beneficial impact on students' grades (E) sleep deprivation has no impact on school performance
b i lied
100. this is a freebie answer is a
c
11. In phase one of a study, a researcher classically conditions a dog to salivate to the ringing of a bell. In the second phase, the researcher pairs a flashing light with the ringing of the bell. After several pairings of the light and the bell, the dog will (A) no longer salivate when the bell is rung (B) only salivate when the bell is rung (C) salivate when the light is flashed (D) stop salivating when the light is flashed (E) salivate when the researcher comes into the room
b
12. Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone? (A) Sensory adaptation (B) Selective attention (C) Perceptual constancy (D) Weber's law (E) Functional fixedness
d
16. A statistical technique that would allow a researcher to cluster such traits as being talkative, social, and adventurous with extroversion is called (A) a case study (B) meta-analysis (C) statistical significance (D) factor analysis (E) z score
d
17. Ralph is aware that smoking is harmful to his health, but he continues to smoke. According to cognitive dissonance theory, it is most likely that Ralph will (A) gather information on the dangers of smoking (B) start smoking more frequently (C) argue that his friends should stop smoking (D) focus on the social advantages to smoking (E) experience no tension
a
18. Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an (A) antagonist (B) agonist (C) inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) (D) excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) (E) excitatory neurotransmitter
a
19. this is a freebie answer is a
d
2. An individual with damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to have difficulty (A) identifying an object held in the hand but not seen (B) planning what to wear to a party (C) remembering the name of a person in a photograph (D) comprehending a spoken request for information (E) distinguishing between red and green
c
20. Which of the following is a type of medication that has been linked to the side effect of tardive dyskinesia? (A) Antidepressants (B) Benzodiazepines (C) Neuroleptics (D) Anxiolytics (E) Tricyclics
a
21. A researcher surveyed social adjustment in the same group of 20 people from early childhood through adulthood. In this example, the group of 20 people surveyed was the study's (A) Sample (B) Population (C) Operational definition (D) Control group (E) Randomization
d
22. Which theoretical perspective in psychology attempts to characterize the way in which humans store and process sensory information? (A) Behavioral (B) Psychodynamic (C) Evolutionary (D) Cognitive (E) Sociocultural
e
23. Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with understanding which of the following? (A) Learning (B) Motivation (C) Development (D) Sensation (E) Perception
a
24. During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions? (A) Sleep apnea (B) Narcolepsy (C) Insomnia (D) Night terrors (E) The REM rebound effect
a
25. All summer Thomas hears the sound of the ice- cream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following? (A) A lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar (B) A greater difference threshold for hearing than Oscar (C) A deficit in a sensory system other than hearing (D) A greater amount of experience with approaching ice-cream trucks than Oscar (E) A tendency for confabulation
b
26. A therapist who emphasizes helping clients to identify and change irrational beliefs that underlie feelings of anxiety is using which therapeutic technique? (A) Client-centered therapy (B) Rational-emotive behavior therapy (C) Aversion therapy (D) Psychoanalytic therapy (E) Social-learning therapy
e
27. Julio has fragmented thinking and distorted false beliefs. Which of the following psychological disorders is Julio most likely experiencing? (A) Simple phobia (B) Somatization disorder (C) Antisocial personality disorder (D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (E) Schizophrenia
d
28. Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning? (A) A biologically-based unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must immediately follow a conditioned stimulus (CS) for learning to occur. (B) Any novel or familiar stimulus could serve as a CS because the biological mechanisms underlying learning are very powerful. (C) Because all animals share a common cellular history, the laws of classical conditioning apply to all species. (D) Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival. (E) Biological reinforcers foster learning more quickly than do environmental reinforcers.
c
29. Respondents to surveys and questionnaires often report that they are healthier, happier, and less prejudiced than would be expected based on the results of other types of research. This finding can best be explained by which of the following? (A) Sampling bias (B) Experimenter bias (C) The social desirability bias (D) The bystander effect (E) The placebo effect
e
3. The psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory? (A) Encoding (B) Short-term memory (C) Procedural memory (D) Explicit memory (E) Retrieval
d
30. Synesthesia is a phenomenon that has been estimated to occur in only a few people in a million. Because of its rarity, researchers are likely to choose which research method to study it? (A) Naturalistic observation (B) Correlational research (C) Survey research (D) Case study (E) Experimental research
c
31. Paula lacks self-confidence. She has a difficult time expressing disagreement with others, and she usually lets friends make decisions for her. Others have commented that they do not know who the "real" Paula is. With which of the following personality disorders might Paula be diagnosed? (A) Histrionic (B) Borderline (C) Dependent (D) Passive-aggressive (E) Narcissistic
d
32. Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of (A) iconic memory (B) procedural memory (C) semantic memory (D) episodic memory (E) short-term memory
c
33. Researcher Renee Baillargeon found that four-month-old infants will look longer at a ball if it appears to roll through a solid barrier, demonstrating that babies seem to grasp basic physical laws intuitively. Which of the following theories does this finding challenge? (A) Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development (B) Lev Vygotsky's social cognition learning model (C) Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development (D) Mary Ainsworth's findings from the Strange Situation (E) Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
c
34. In vision, transduction occurs within the (A) optic nerve (B) visual cortex (C) retina (D) lens (E) cornea
a
35. In a classic study, a group of rats learned to run through a maze to obtain food, and another group of rats explored the maze without receiving food. Some time later, the researcher compared the two groups of rats to determine if both groups would find the food at the end of the maze. According to the researcher, the untrained rats found the food at the end of the maze as quickly as the trained rats as a result of (A) latent learning (B) observational learning (C) avoidance learning (D) counterconditioning (E) aversive conditioning
c
36. During a psychology experiment, a researcher uses a probe to lesion the ventromedial nucleus of a rat's hypothalamus. After the procedure the rat most likely will (A) become less aggressive (B) become more aggressive (C) eat more and gain weight (D) stop eating and lose weight (E) experience a loss of coordination and muscular control
a
37. When a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate that pain is (A) an opiate (B) an amphetamine (C) a depressant (D) a hallucinogen (E) a stimulant
b
A psychologist describes the following steps to a client, while the client is practicing relaxation techniques, in order to treat the client's psychological disorder: 1. You are entering a large building. 2. You are pressing a button for an elevator. 3. You are stepping into an elevator. 4. You are watching the doors close after entering the elevator. 5. You are traveling five floors on the elevator. (Refer to the information above) 13. Which of the following categories would most likely represent the diagnosis associated with this set of behaviors? (A) Mood disorder (B) Anxiety disorder (C) Dissociative disorder (D) Schizophrenic disorder (E) Somatoform disorder
b
A psychologist describes the following steps to a client, while the client is practicing relaxation techniques, in order to treat the client's psychological disorder: 1. You are entering a large building. 2. You are pressing a button for an elevator. 3. You are stepping into an elevator. 4. You are watching the doors close after entering the elevator. 5. You are traveling five floors on the elevator. (Refer to the information above) 14. What type of treatment technique is described above? (A) Aversion therapy (B) Systematic desensitization (C) Extinction (D) Flooding (E) Punishment
b
A psychologist describes the following steps to a client, while the client is practicing relaxation techniques, in order to treat the client's psychological disorder: 1. You are entering a large building. 2. You are pressing a button for an elevator. 3. You are stepping into an elevator. 4. You are watching the doors close after entering the elevator. 5. You are traveling five floors on the elevator. (Refer to the information above) 15. Which type of therapy is most closely associated with the technique used in this method? (A) Psychoanalytic (B) Behavioral (C) Biomedical (D) Cognitive (E) Client centered
e
A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. (Use the scenario above) 70. What is the dependent variable in this study? (A) Sex of the children (B) Duration of free play (C) Type of television program viewed (D) Level of televised violence (E) Incidence of aggressive behavior
b
A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. (Use the scenario above) 71. What is the independent variable in this study? (A) Incidence of aggressive behavior (B) Type of television program viewed (C) Sex of the children (D) Number of groups (E) Duration of free play
a
A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. (Use the scenario above) 72. This research method is best characterized as (A) experimental (B) correlational (C) longitudinal (D) naturalistic observation (E) case study
b
38. The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples? (A) When scolded by his parents, a college student reverts to childlike behavior to gain sympathy. (B) A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances. (C) A young man who is shy becomes the center of attention at a party given by friends. (D) After exams were graded and returned, a college student looked at his low grade and decided that the test was unfair and difficult. (E) After a fight with her boyfriend, a woman yells at her roommate for sitting in her favorite chair.
c
39. Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person's (A) balance (B) ability to develop plans (C) vision (D) fine motor movements (E) language processing
c
4. Which psychologist reported that infant attachment to another goes beyond the satisfaction of the need for nourishment? (A) Albert Bandura (B) Jean Piaget (C) Harry Harlow (D) Erik Erikson (E) Konrad Lorenz
e
40. James was born with a condition that makes it impossible for him to metabolize certain proteins. Due to early screening and a special diet, he was able to avoid developing potentially serious symptoms. Which of the following disorders does James have? (A) Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) (B) Down syndrome (C) Autistic disorder (D) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (E) Phenylketonuria (PKU)
d
41. Stanley Milgram's classic research on obedience showed that approximately what percentage of participants administered the highest voltage shock? (A) 10% (B) 25% (C) 40% (D) 60% (E) 85%
b
42. After staring at a green, black, and orange "American flag" for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon? (A) Trichromatic theory (B) Opponent-process theory (C) Retinex theory (D) Color constancy (E) Convergence
a
43. Certain cultures often place more emphasis on collective than on personal achievement. One result of this may be that people of these cultures are more likely to develop which type of self- system? (A) Interdependent (B) Interrelated (C) Independent (D) Integrated (E) Inner-directed
a
44. A basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is (A) limited in capacity (B) unlimited in capacity (C) long-lasting (D) not under conscious control (E) resistant to decay
b
46. Carol Gilligan, in her criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg, proposed that the moral reasoning of males is primarily based on (A) male repression of females, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on economics (B) rational abstract principles, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on relationships and the social context (C) legalistic ideals, whereas the moral reasoning of females is based on more humanistic ideals (D) observational learning, whereas the moral reasoning of females is genetically determined for the most part (E) physical strength, whereas males start developing morally later than females but surpass them soon afterward
a
47. Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory? (A) Attention (B) Cognition (C) Differentiation (D) Perception (E) Sensation
a
48. When the word "walk" is changed to "walked," the suffix "ed" is an example of a (A) morpheme (B) phoneme (C) lexicon (D) syntax (E) language acquisition device (LAD)
a
49. The just-world hypothesis would best explain which of the following phenomena? (A) Blaming the victim (B) Cognitive dissonance (C) The need for power (D) Bystander apathy (E) Groupthink
d
5. Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of (A) reinforcement (B) associations (C) punishment (D) effect (E) outcomes
d
50. Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception? (A) Linear perspective (B) Texture gradient (C) Interposition (D) Retinal disparity (E) Motion parallax
b
51. People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their (A) rods (B) cones (C) lens (D) optic nerve (E) occipital lobe
d
52. Research on human mating preferences suggests that men place greater value on physical attractiveness and youthfulness, whereas women place greater value on social status and financial resources. Which of the following psychological points of view best explains this behavior? (A) Collectivistic (B) Individualistic (C) Psychoanalytic (D) Evolutionary (E) Humanistic
c
53. If Juan tried to learn a long list of words, he would be most likely to forget words that (A) appeared early in the list (B) appeared near the end of the list (C) appeared in the middle of the list (D) were very unlike the rest of the words (E) were randomly dispersed throughout the list
a
54. Which of the following perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized? (A) Humanistic (B) Behavioral (C) Gestalt (D) Cognitive (E) Psychodynamic
b
55. An image projected to the left visual field of a split-brained person will be processed in the (A) left visual cortex (B) right visual cortex (C) right side of the left retina (D) left side of the right retina (E) sensory cortex
a
56. A researcher is training laboratory rats to run a complex maze. Each time the rats learn a new part of the maze, they are rewarded with a pellet of food. Within a few hours, the rats have learned the entire maze. Which of the following did the researcher use to teach the rats the maze? (A) Shaping (B) Generalization (C) Negative reinforcement (D) A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement (E) Spontaneous recovery
e
57. Martha is an undergraduate student who is interested in pursuing a career in psychology. She wants to use her knowledge of psychology to help employees become more productive in the workplace. Which field of psychology should Martha select in graduate school? (A) Physiological (B) Cognitive (C) Educational (D) Clinical (E) Industrial-organizational
d
58. Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of (A) homeostasis (B) attribution theory (C) catharsis (D) extrinsic motivation (E) arousal theory
b
59. The term group polarization refers to the tendency for (A) two opposing factions to emerge within a group (B) the prevailing opinion within a group to become more extreme after discussion (C) a single leader to eventually dominate most groups (D) one or more group members to eventually have their opinions disregarded (E) democratic leadership to decrease as the length of meetings increases
e
6. When trying to solve a problem, Bret uses a logical, step-by-step formula called (A) a heuristric (B) incubation (C) insight (D) priming (E) an algorithm
b
60. Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals' personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot? (A) Thematic Apperception Test (B) Rorschach Test (C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (D) Halstead-Reitan Battery (E) Bender-Gestalt II
b
61. Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia? (A) Acetylcholine (B) Dopamine (C) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (D) Norepinephrine (E) Serotonin
d
62. According to Sigmund Freud, our sexual and aggressive instincts are located primarily in the (A) frontal lobes (B) ego (C) superego (D) id (E) latent stage
c
63. Charles Spearman's concept of g is most accurately defined as (A) a specific type of performance that is affected by intelligence (B) one of seven fundamental abilities that determine behavior (C) a single, underlying intellectual capacity measured by intelligence tests (D) the ability to create novel solutions to complex situations (E) the storehouse of knowledge and facts that we accumulate during our adult years
c
64. Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design? (A) Testing the first graders, and testing them again when they are in third grade (B) Testing first graders at the end of the school year (C) Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year (D) Observing first graders as they test in two different subject areas (E) Observing first graders as they interact with either third graders or fifth graders
d
65. Which type of therapy uses free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of transference? (A) Cognitive-behavioral (B) Humanistic (C) Behavioral (D) Psychodynamic (E) Client-centered
d
66. Which of the following psychometric properties is used to assess the extent to which the items on an intelligence test measure a person's intelligence? (A) Internal consistency (B) Split-half reliability (C) Standardization (D) Construct validity (E) Predictive validity
b
67. Marc performs poorly on a psychology exam and explains his failure by saying, "That test was so hard no one could pass it." This explanation illustrates (A) reciprocal determinism (B) self-serving bias (C) the fundamental attribution error (D) the representativeness heuristic (E) the just-world hypothesis
a
68. Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following? (A) Gate-control theory (B) Opponent-process theory (C) Trichromatic theory (D) Expectancy theory (E) Phantom pain
c
69. While grocery shopping, John heard voices that seemed to be narrating his every action. The voices made statements such as "Now he is picking up the bread" and "Now he is putting the bread in his shopping cart." No one else heard the voices. John has heard voices narrating his behavior on several other occasions. What is John experiencing? (A) Illusions (B) Delusions (C) Hallucinations (D) Hypnosis (E) Grandiosity
b
7. It is well established that certain autonomic responses such as heart rate, perspiration, and respiration change under stress. In view of the fact that people generally have stronger autonomic responses when lying than when telling the truth, it follows that the polygraph would be a foolproof approach to lie detection. Which statement best explains why the polygraph is not more widely used in courtrooms and in testing of job applicants? (A) Most people can avoid detection when they lie. (B) Physiological arousal is much the same for several emotions, so the polygraph cannot always reliably distinguish guilt from other reactions. (C) A significant number of people show paradoxical autonomic reactions, responding more strongly when telling the truth than when lying. (D) In controlled studies, the polygraph has correctly identified guilty individuals in only a small percentage of cases. (E) The polygraph has been shown to be reliable only in highly emotional cases, such as child abuse and spying.
a
73. John is completing a lengthy test in which he must indicate whether various written statements are true or false about himself. He is most likely taking which of the following? (A) A personality inventory (B) A projective test (C) An achievement test (D) An intelligence test (E) A neuropsychological test
e
74. Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear? (A) Hippocampus (B) Thalamus (C) Cerebellum (D) Hypothalamus (E) Amygdala
d
75. Of the following cognitive milestones, which ability tends to be acquired last? (A) Telegraphic speech (B) Use of schemas (C) Object permanence (D) Hypothetical thinking (E) Assimilation
b
76. Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls (A) the facial feedback hypothesis (B) display rules (C) phlegmatic personalities (D) the two-factor theory (E) adaptation-level phenomenon
c
77. A teacher finds the distribution of scores on a final exam to be positively skewed with low variability. On the basis of this information, the teacher would be most justified in concluding that (A) a small number of students in the class did poorly on the exam (B) the students in her classroom have a very wide range of intellectual abilities (C) the exam was too difficult (D) the exam is not a reliable assessment tool (E) most of her students are of above average ability
d
78. In which of the following techniques do researchers inject a harmless, radioactive substance into the living human brain to examine activity? (A) Lesioning (B) Electroencephalogram (EEG) (C) Computerized axial tomography (CAT) (D) Positron-emission tomography (PET) (E) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
e
79. An individual who stomps angrily out of a restaurant after being kept waiting five extra minutes for a reserved table may be exhibiting symptoms of (A) schizophrenia (B) antisocial personality disorder (C) avoidant personality disorder (D) dependent personality disorder (E) narcissistic personality disorder
d
8. The principles of operant conditioning are best illustrated by (A) exposing a client to anxiety-provoking stimuli (B) replacing a response to a stimulus with an alternative response (C) deep relaxation techniques (D) a token economy to reinforce adaptive behaviors (E) development of intrinsic motivation
d
80. Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates which of the following principles? (A) Latent learning (B) Self-fulfilling prophecy (C) Intermittent reinforcement (D) The overjustification effect (E) The law of effect
a
81. Jim is better at computer games when his friends are watching than when he plays alone. Researchers would explain Jim's behavior using which of the following theories? (A) Social facilitation (B) Social loafing (C) Group polarization (D) Groupthink (E) Normative social influence
b
82. Which of the following theories suggests that a physiological need creates a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need? (A) Opponent-process (B) Drive-reduction (C) Incentive (D) Arousal (E) Gate-control
b
83. According to Jean Piaget, children cease to exhibit egocentrism during which of the following stages? (A) Sensorimotor (B) Preoperational (C) Concrete operational (D) Post-conventional (E) Pre-conventional
a
85. Which procedure can reduce problems associated with the use of deception by a researcher? (A) Debriefing (B) Random sampling (C) Random assignment (D) Using only single-blind studies (E) Using only double-blind studies
b
86. Psychologists from which of the following perspectives of personality are most interested in assessing a person's locus of control? (A) Psychoanalytic (B) Cognitive (C) Evolutionary (D) Humanistic (E) Gestalt
c
87. Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by (A) classical conditioning (B) positive reinforcement (C) negative reinforcement (D) extinction (E) punishment
d
88. 84. The fundamental attribution error occurs when individuals do which of the following? (A) Mold their interpretations of the past to fit how events actually turned out (B) Incorrectly assume that virtually all behavior is determined by genetic factors (C) Underestimate the influence of unconscious motivation when trying to explain their own behavior (D) Overestimate the influence of personal qualities relative to situational factors when trying to explain the behavior of others (E) Assume that very attractive people tend to be more intelligent and more competent than people who are somewhat less attractive
e
88. The diathesis-stress approach would likely support which of the following statements about psychological disorders? (A) Disorders are a result of the social and economic situations in which people live. (B) Disorders are a result of unresolved, unconscious conflicts between the id and the superego. (C) Disorders are a result of negative events that trigger irrational thoughts. (D) Disorders are a result of whether or not showing emotions is accepted by the individual. (E) Disorders are a result of predisposed, biological factors triggered by the environment.
c
89. John regularly stops at the pharmacy to collect pamphlets that list symptoms of different illnesses, because he is worried about his health. Each day he carefully monitors his vital signs, and he also frequently meets with a physician. On his most recent visit, the physician suggested that John was perfectly healthy. With which of the following psychological disorders might John be diagnosed? (A) Somatization disorder (B) Conversion disorder (C) Hypochondriasis (D) Generalized anxiety disorder (E) Dissociative disorder
d
9. A man is feeling depressed about his inability to support his family after losing his job. The fact that the patient is currently unemployed is coded on which axis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)? (A) Axis I (B) Axis II (C) Axis III (D) Axis IV (E) Axis V
d
90. The Psychology Aptitude Test (PAT) was administered to incoming college psychology majors. Their scores were later compared to their performance in the introductory psychology course, and high scores on the PAT were related to high grades in the course. Therefore, the PAT has (A) adequate standardization (B) internal consistency (C) face validity (D) predictive validity (E) content validity
e
91. Joseph never sleeps through the night. He wakes up at least once per hour to check all the doors and windows in his house to make sure they are locked and to check the stove to make sure it is turned off. Joseph's behavior would be classified as (A) an obsession (B) an avolition (C) a fixation (D) a panic attack (E) a compulsion
d
92. When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results? (A) James-Lange (B) Ekman (C) Cannon-Bard (D) Schachter-Singer (E) Opponent-process
a
93. Under hypnosis, Jerry is able to withstand pain without showing any outward signs of discomfort. However, when asked to signal if some part of his consciousness is aware of the pain, he raises his hand. Which of the following is a theory that best explains Jerry's behavior? (A) Dissociation (B) State (C) Role (D) Social influence (E) Age regression
c
94. A person eats a hamburger at a restaurant and develops a very bad stomachache after finishing eating. As a result of the sudden illness, the person cannot eat hamburgers anymore. Just thinking about them makes the person feel sick to the stomach. In this scenario, the thought of a hamburger is (A) an unconditioned stimulus (B) an unconditioned response (C) a conditioned stimulus (D) a conditioned response (E) a negative reinforcer
a
95. Research on stereotype threat indicates that students might not do as well as they can on a test if (A) they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests (B) the group taking the test is not ethnically diverse (C) they are forced to take a test that is known to have low test-retest reliability (D) other students perceive them to be of a minority ethnic group (E) the test does not have standardized administration or scoring procedures
a
96. When parents set few controls on their children's television viewing, allowing the children freedom to set individual limits, make few demands, and do not punish for improper television viewing, the parents exemplify a parenting style referred to as (A) permissive (B) authoritative (C) authoritarian (D) rejecting-neglecting (E) pessimistic
b
97. Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process? (A) Manny decides that he is overweight and goes on a diet. (B) Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race. (C) Bert eats nothing but fruits and grains for a week before a huge holiday dinner. (D) Edesa stays up later than normal to study for a test. (E) Lian becomes angry after sitting in traffic for an hour and a half.
d
98. Brad hears a report on the evening news that diets low in carbohydrates are beneficial to one's health. Considering this advice, he begins such a diet. Later he hears another report condemning low-carbohydrate diets as harmful to one's health. Based upon research on belief perseverance, how would Brad respond to this new information? (A) Decide to begin a low-calorie diet and increase his physical activity (B) Believe the second news story and discontinue his diet (C) Study low-carbohydrate diets on his own (D) Continue to believe in the beneficial effects of low-carbohydrate diets (E) Decide to try a high-carbohydrate diet instead
a
99. this is a freebie answer is a
b
| Set A | Set B | |--------------------| | 60 | 60 | | 56 | 41 | | 58 | 76 | | 62 | 35 | | 61 | 65 | | 59 | 50 | |--------------------| Which of the following is true of the two sets of scores above? (A) Set A has a larger standard deviation. (B) Set B has a larger standard deviation. (C) The range is the same for both distributions. (D) Set A has a lower median score than set B. (E) The mean score is the same for both distributions.
