apes final semester 1, apes final semester 2
Which of the following best describes the source of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that could accumulate in the tissues of a top predator?
DDT and other pesticides that are sprayed to control for mosquitoes.
Scientists are interested in studying the bioaccumulation of mercury in different species of dolphins exposed to the same concentration of mercury. The dolphins in the study will be of similar age and living in the same habitat. Which of the following best identifies a testable hypothesis for the study?
Different species of dolphins will have different levels of mercury in their fatty tissues depending on the species' ability to absorb and excrete mercury.
The location where one tectonic plate is being forced beneath another, creating a volcanic arc.
E
Soybean crops are generally planted in early or mid-May and harvested in August. The table below shows the times of peak damage to soybean crops from various agricultural pests. Farmers use this type of data calendar to track pests and plan integrated pest management strategies to maximize crop yields. Based on the data, which of the following time periods are insect pests most detrimental to the soybean crops?
Early May through mid-September
Sort the following from farthest to closest to Earth's surface.
Farthest from the surface of Earth - Exosphere - Thermosphere - Mesosphere - Stratosphere - Troposphere Closest to the surface of Earth
Three common methods of beef production include using rangelands, pasture, and feedlots. The environmental impacts of these different methods for a variety of variables is compared in the graph below. Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph?
Feedlots have high levels of pesticide use and energy consumption as a result of high demands for grain production.
Based on the data in the graph, which of the following likely occurred from 1960 to 2015 because of changes in solid waste disposal methods?
Fewer natural resources needed to be extracted.
Place the following in chronological order for using geothermal energy to generate electricity.
First Step - Drill deep into the ground - Release the high pressure steam from water in the rock - Steam rises and excess water is removed from the steam - Dry steam spins a turbine - Turbine spins magnets in a generator - Electricity is generated and goes to the grid - Water vapor is condensed back into liquid - Liquid water is injected back into the ground Last Step
Place the following in chronological order.
First Step - Mine the uranium - Enrich the uranium - Fission to release heat - Heat water to turn it to steam - Use the steam to spin a turbine - Turbine causes generator to generate electricity - Spent fuel rods are cooled in a pool - Spent fuel rods are stored on land in dry casks - Spent fuel rods are buried under the ground for thousands of years Last Step
Place the following steps in order for a coal burning power plant.
First Step - Pulverize coal into smaller pieces - Burn the coal - Heat causes water to turn to steam - Steam spins a turbine - Turbine causes the generator to generate electricity that goes to the electric grid - Steam cools to condense back into water, while some of the heat is released as water vapor from the cooling tower Last Step
Place in chronological order for generating electricity using a hydroelectric dam.
First Step - Water from the upstream side of the dam moves through an opening - Moving water spins a turbine - Turbine spins the magnets in a generator - Electricity goes to the grid Last Step
Place the following in chronological order for generating electricity using a hydroelectric dam.
First Step - Water moves from the upstream side to towards the downstream side of a dam - Flowing water spins a turbine - Turbine spins magnets in a generator - Generator generates electricity - Electricity is sent to the grid to power homes Last Step
Place the following in chronological order to describe the formation of sedimentary rocks.
First Step - Weathering - Deposition - Compaction - Cementation Last Step
The diagram below represents how solar radiation strikes the surface of the Earth differently, depending on location, during the June solstice. Which of the following combinations correctly identifies and explains the effects of the differences in the distribution of solar radiation on Earth as seen in the diagram above?
Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses.
The first substitute for CFCs was...
HCFCS
Which of the following is an unintended consequence associated with water logging caused by flood irrigation?
High water tables
Sort the following from highest to lowest priority to reduce solid waste.
Highest Priority - Create products that last longer - Reuse products - Recycle products - Send the used product to a landfill Lowest Priority
The following methods can improve the insulation of a home.
- Double Pane Windows - Fix leaks around windows and doors - Green Roof NOT open windows
Match the following:
- Inorganic Chemicals- acids, salts, metals - Organic Chemicals- oil, gasoline, pesticides
if NPP is 5 units of energy and the plants needed 10 units of energy for respiration, GPP is ____ units of energy.
15
It is easier to ascribe toxicity to a specific cause when the exposure is ____.
Acute
Which of the following changes are linked to an increase in ocean water temperature?
An increase in metabolism in marine species and a decrease in dissolved oxygen in ocean water.
The thinnest area of stratospheric ozone is located over...
Antarctica
Which type of coal is the cleanest to burn with the lowest amount of sulfur?
Anthracite
Which of the following gases has the greatest impact on global climate change as a result of having the highest global warming potential (GWP)?
Chlorofluorocarbons
After the Industrial Revolution, the use of fossil fuels increased significantly. Despite the documented environmental effects of these resources and the availability of renewable resources, the use of nonrenewable sources continues. Which of the following statements best explains why there is continued widespread use of nonrenewable fossil fuels in energy production in the United States?
Established technology and transportation infrastructure for fossil fuels allows these resources to be converted into energy to meet consumer demand.
Most fresh water on our planet is in the form of liquid fresh water.
False
Place the following in chronological order.
First Step - Wind spins the blades of a wind turbine - The blades spin the gears in the gearbox - The gearbox spins the magnets in the generator - The generator generates electricity - Electricity moves to the grid Last Step
inorganic conventional products
GMO, synthetic pesticides, hormones, synthetic fertilizers
Love Canal is located in...
New York
The best solution for indoor air pollution is to...
Open a window and increase ventilation.
List the following countries in order from the source zone of the Nile River to the floodplain.
Source - Ethiopia - Sudan - Egypt Floodplain
List the following countries in order from the source zone of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to the floodplain.
Source - Turkey - Syria - Iraq Floodplain
In order to maximize the use of passive solar energy to heat a home all year in the United States, the windows of the house should face ____.
South
Which of the following statements best describes how the Clean Water Act legislation aims to protect wetlands from being lost?
The Clean Water Act requires wetlands to be constructed to mitigate the effect of newly drained wetlands.
indicator species
a trout requires a certain amount of dissolved oxygen. it is sensitive to low dissolved oxygen and dies when the levels drop
sexual reproduction
can lead to genetic diversity
During a drought, the water table will move ____, when it rains, it will move ____ closer to the surface of the soil.
down, up
irruptive population curve
exponential growth followed by a population crash
locally extinct
extinct in one area but still exists somewhere else
T/F in the U.S. genetically modified foods must be labeled.
false
bird friendly
farming that occurs under the canopy
which of the following are renewable or perpetual resources?
fresh water, fresh air, fish, wind, trees NOT gold, fossil fuels, phosphates
as energy moves up through the trophic levels, it is lost as ____.
heat
type 1 survivorship curve
humans, penguins, whales
biomagnification
increase in concentration of a chemical as you go up the trophic levels
IWC
international whaling commission
lake victoria- nile perch
introduced, large, predatory fish that ate the endemic cichlids
most of the human population lives in _____ developed countries.
less
mass extinction
many species going extinct in a short period of time
rangeland
natural grasslands
boreal forest
needles for leaves and cone bearing trees
a system moving in one direction and then goes in the opposite direction is an example of a(n) _____ feedback loop.
negative
When plant material decays, it first forms ____, then it turns into ____. With more heat and pressure, it becomes ____. Finally, it forms a type of coal with lower amounts of sulfur called ____.
peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
mimicry defense
protected by looking like a poisonous species
precipitation
rain, snow, hail
detrivore
scavenger
type 2 survivorship curve
sparrows, squirrels
tropical desert
stable temperature year-round with less than 10 inches of rain in a year
prairie aka
temperate grassland
mutualism is a ____ interaction.
+, +
parasitism is a ____ interaction.
+, -
Match the following:
- Bubbling Tank- secondary treatment - Bar Screen- primary treatment - UV, sand filter- tertiary treatment
CFCs are made up of...
- Chlorine - Fluorine - Carbon NOT oxygen, bromine
Match the following terms with the definition.
- Cooling Tower- stores hot water and gives it time to cool down - Moderator- slows down the neutrons - Control Rods- absorbs neutrons to control the rate of fission reactions - Coolant- removes heat from the core - Fuel Rods- contains uranium 235
Which of the following are sources of methane?
- Cow burps - Mining for oil - Landfills - Swamps NOT living trees
Which of the following are sources of nitrous oxide?
- Legumes - Rice paddy fields - Organic fertilizers - Sewage - Synthetic fertilizers
An acceptable level of coliform bacteria in drinking water is ____. For water to swim in, it is less than ____.
0, 200
Area where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary. Hard to see it but there are 5 location labeled, A through E on this map.
B
At which of the following sites would activity result in volcanoes, island arcs, and mountains?
B
The world's worst industrial accident occurred in ____, ____ at a ____ plant. A toxic ____ was released that killed many people living nearby. It also caused blindness.
Bhopal, India, pesticide, gas
Chemicals that stick in the fat of organisms tend to...
Biomagnify
Oil is mostly made up of which element?
Carbon
Ozone thickness is measured in...
Dobson Units (DU)
Chemicals that cause cells to change as if a hormone is present are called...
Hormone Mimics
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using hydrogen fuel cells?
Hydrogen gas is not readily available on Earth.
____ requires surface mining companies to restore the land after they are done mining to pre-mining conditions.
SMCRA
The most ecologically sound method of sewage sludge disposal is...
To use it as a soil conditioner.
temperate deciduous forest
broad leaves that change color in the fall and fall off of the trees
mutations...
can be caused by random changes to the DNA during sexual reproduction, are important to natural selection, can be caused by chemicals or ionizing radiation, provide genetic diversity, are not always harmful NOT are always harmful
cows raised by grazing
can lead to overgrazing, meat with less fat
algaecide
chemical that kills algae
fungicide
chemical that kills fungi
miticide
chemical that kills mites
soil that is high in ____ is more prone to water logging.
clay NOT silt, sand
high pressure system
cool dry air sitting over an area bringing fair weather
clear cutting
cutting all of the trees in an area
lake victoria- water hyacinth
decorative water plant that is invasive and blocked waterways
the arctic fox and gray fox have a common ancestor. they became two different species due to _____.
divergent evolution
the ____ green revolution moved away from ____ to large ____ that required higher inputs of land, water, pesticides, fertilizers, and energy.
first, polycultures, monocultures
plants have been genetically modified to...
fix it's own nitrogen, resist drought, resist frost, ripen slower, be resistant to herbicide
steppes
grassy plains in eastern europe
floodplain
high turbidity
palm oil
ingredient added to food to extend the shelf life
biotic pollution
invasive species
which of the following are underlying causes of rainforest destruction?
logging, cash crops, population growth, poverty, oil drilling, cattle ranching, roads
list in order of most to least restricted land use.
most restricted land use wilderness national parks national wildlife refuge national forest least restricted land use
Bacteria and fungi that can break down biodegradable plastics can work faster at breaking it down if they have access to ____ and ____.
oxygen, moisture
which of the following nutrient cycles, cycles the slowest?
phosphorous NOT water, sulfur, carbon, nitrogen
____ uses plants to remove contaminants from soil or water, while ____ uses fungi.
phytoremediation, mycoremediation
the _____ of a population is the number of individuals in the population, while the _____ describes the number of individuals per area or volume
size, density
two components having a greater amplified effect when combined is an example of a(n) ____ effect.
synergistic
convergent evolution
when two different species independently gain similar traits due to living in similar environments
commensalism is a ____ interaction.
+, neutral
Match the following.
- Accident that scared the American public away from using nuclear energy- Three Mile Island - Early testing site that had a partial meltdown that most people are unaware of- Rocketdyne/Santa Susana Field Lab - Accident that led to radioactive steam spreading from an explosion across Europe- Chernobyl - Accident caused by an earthquake- Fukushima disaster
Sort the following:
- Advantages to Incinerating Waste- reduces the volume of trash, heat can be used to generate electricity - Advantages to Sending Waste to a Landfill- methane can be used to generate electricity - Disadvantages of Incinerating Waste- toxic ash is produced, expensive to build - Disadvantages of Sending Waste to a Landfill- could contaminate ground water, methane is produced, must be monitored for many years
Match the following.
- Bioassay- tests done on living things - Biomagnification- toxin moving up the trophic levels - Threshold Level- dose of a chemical where none of the test subjects are harmed - Bioaccumulation- toxins staying in a cell
Sort the following hazards.
- Biological Hazard- bear, mold, pollen - Chemical Hazard- acid, radiation - Physical Hazard- tsunami, forest fire - Cultural Hazard- drinking alcohol, driving, poverty
Match the following.
- Biological Weathering- caused by tree roots or acidic chemicals released by lichens - Physical Weathering- caused by wind, rain, or the freezing and thawing of ice - Chemical Weathering- caused by acid rain
The Sun's energy is responsible for generating which of the following renewable sources of energy?
- Biomass (ex. wood, ethanol from fermented plants) - Wind - Flowing water NOT oil, natural gas
Match the following
- Bioremediation- using bacteria or enzymes to break down oil or other chemicals - IPM- can reduce the amount of pesticides in runoff - Boom- traps oil or debris on the surface of water - Double Hull- protects ships from spilling oil
NOx is produced by...
- Burning anything at a high enough temperature in our atmosphere - Lightning - N fixing bacteria in the soil - Legumes
Lead enters the atmosphere by...
- Burning leaded gasoline - Smelting lead ores - Burning coal NOT volcanoes, burning natural gas
Match the following:
- CERCLA- Superfund Law - RCRA- cradle to graze documentation of hazardous wastes - Basel Convention- international treaty to stop hazardous wastes from being shipped to countries without permission - Stockholm Convention- international treaty to phase out POPs
Match the following:
- CFC- ODS and GHG - Paris Agreement and Kyoto Protocol- climate change agreement - Montreal Protocol- ozone protection agreement - HFC- GHG only
Burning coal releases which of the following?
- Carbon Dioxide - Mercury - Sulfur Dioxide - Radioactive Particles - Carbon Monoxide - Particulates (Soot)
Match the following.
- Changing climate can changes the range of tropical diseases like- malaria - Ocean acidification is caused by- carbon dioxide dissolving into the water - Lower biodiversity leads to- less resilience to climate change - Lower pH leads to- death of coral - Changing climate can affect the migration of certain species and the timing of plants growing/blooming- phenology - Loss of coral leads to- lower aquatic biodiversity
Match the following terms.
- Climate- average temperature and rainfall for an area over a long period of time (decades) - Weather- day to day changes in temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed
Match the following regarding industrial smog forming a large cloud over an area.
- Climate- increases flooding by warming higher elevations and melting snow, can also cause cooling by reflecting light - Agriculture- decrease crops by blocking light (photosynthesis) - Aquaculture- makes the water more acidic - Human Health- respiratory illnesses
Rising sea levels will lead to...
- Coastal flooding - Salt water contaminating coastal aquifers - Climate refugees - Increased coastal erosion - Loss of islands
Which of the following are compostable?
- Coffee grounds - Grass clippings - Flowers NOT salad dressing, cheese, bones, meat
Natural gas can be burned to...
- Cook your food on a stove - Heat the water in your home - Heat your home - Generate electricity
Which of the following are cons to using solar energy?
- DC needs to be converted to AC before use - Requires a back up source of electricity at night - Initial cost of solar panels can be expensive NOT releases carbon dioxide as it generates electricity
Match the following.
- Dioxin- released from burning certain plastics - PCBs- currently banned from use but were previously used in transformers - BPA- previously used in baby bottles but banned since they mimic estrogen. Found in plastic food and beverage containers - Phthalates- added to plastics to make them more pliable
Match the following.
- Divergent- plate boundaries moving apart away from each other - Transform- plate boundaries sliding in opposite direction past each other - Convergent- plate boundaries moving together towards each other
Which of the following reduces the amount of fertilizer in agricultural runoff?
- Divert the runoff - Plant a buffer zone of bushes - Crop rotation with legumes - Growing GMO crops that fix their own nitrogen - No till farming
Match the following.
- Does not use a tank to store heated water but burns natural gas when heated water is needed- Tankless Water Heater - Mirrors used to point sunlight towards a central tower to heat water to turn to steam, to spin a turbine and generator magnets to generate electricity- Heliostat - Uses panels on a roof to heat a fluid that releases the heat in a water heater tank to raise the temperature of the water for use in the home- Solar Water Heater - Uses sunlight to excite electrons that flow along a semiconductor to create direct current that needs to be converted to alternating current- Solar Panel - Uses curved mirrors to concentrate sunlight towards a pipe with oil that traps heat to transfer to a water tank to turn it to steam and spin a turbine and generator magnets to generate electricity- Solar Trough
Match the following:
- E85- fuel with 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline - Regenerative Braking- can be used to recharge a battery when you brake - Electric Vehicle- does not have an internal combustion engine
Which of the following is considered biomass fuel?
- Ethanol from fermenting corn - Paper or cardboard being burned - Wood chips to burn NOT coal
Match the following:
- Example of a physical change to water- sediment increases the turbidity of the water - Example of a biological change to water- introduction of an invasive species - Example of a chemical change to water- decrease in pH
Match the following.
- Formaldehyde- found in wood paneling, particle board, new furniture - Ultrafine Particulates- dust mite droppings, asbestos - Radon 222- radioactive gas that is a byproduct of uranium 238 - Tobacco Smoke- contains carcinogens like arsenic, cadmium, and formaldehyde
Match the following.
- Gear Box- the blades turn the gears that are connected to the generator - Wind Vane- shows the direction of the wind - Anemometer- measures wind speed - Blades- the part of a wind turbine that catches the wind
Electronic waste can contain...
- Gold - Lead - Cadmium - Nickel - Mercury
The water cycle is powered by...
- Gravity - The Sun NOT volcanoes, fission
Challenges to the Montreal Protocol include...
- HFCs have global warming potential - Illegal trade of CFCs - Some countries have yet to ratify the amendments NOT few countries have agreed to the Montreal Protocol
Excessive UV can...
- Harm N-fixing bacteria in the soil - Damage coral - Cause skin cancer - Cause cataracts - Harm phytoplankton - Break down paints and plastics - Suppress your immune system - Damage crops
Geothermal energy can be used to...
- Heat homes - Generate electricity - Heat water
Which of the following could increase depletion time?
- Higher prices - Recycling - Finding a substitute - Reuse - Finding more NOT mine, use, throw away
Match the following.
- Ice Bergs- towing them to areas with less fresh water to get more fresh water - Three Gorges Dam- located in China - Aral Sea- shrinking and getting salty - Cloud Seeding- uses silver iodide to make clouds to hopefully make rain - Burning Coal- releases radioactive particles, sulfur dioxide leading to acid deposition, releases carbon dioxide
Which of the following can be used as evidence of past climate?
- Ice cores from Antartica - Forams - Mud cores from the bottom of the ocean - Old navigation routes - Tree rings - Historical records of harvest dates
Which of the following are solutions to help slow down climate change?
- Increase subsidies for low emission technology and decrease subsidies for those with high emissions - Increase energy efficiency - Plant more trees/protect existing forests - Reduce food waste - Eat less energy intensive foods
Match the following:
- Influent- water entering - Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP)- treats sewage waste before releasing the water into a watershed - Effluent- water leaving - Leach Field- area outside of a home where water from a septic tank is distributed - Septic Tank- for homes not attached to a sewer line
Which of the following are cons for using geothermal energy?
- It can release a sulfur smell - It can contaminate aquifers - It cannot be used everywhere - It may lead to subsidence if too much water is removed NOT it can be used around the clock, it requires a lot of maintenance compared to wind farms
Which of the following are cons to using a tidal barrage or tidal stream power?
- It is in a corrosive environment - Limited locations where this energy source available - Difficult and expensive to maintain
Which of the following are advantages to using phytoremediation?
- It is more aesthetically pleasing - It is inexpensive compared to removing soil and sending it to a landfill - It reduces erosion compared to soil removal
Which of the following are disadvantages of phytoremediation?
- It is slower than soil removal - You still have to dispose of the contaminated plants - It can introduce an invasive species into an area - It can only be used up to a certain depth due to the length of the plant roots
Acid deposition leads to...
- Kills fish by lowering the pH of lakes or ponds - Respiratory illnesses - Damages paint on buildings and cars - Leaching of toxic metals from soils and rocks into lakes or ground water
Match the following.
- Kyoto Protocol- international agreement to reduce GHG emissions to 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012 - Canada- backed out of the Kyoto Protocol due to increased mining of oil sands - Paris Agreement- aims to keep global temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by 2100 - U.S.- signed the Kyoto Protocol but did not ratify it because less developed countries were excluded - Earth Summit- led to the Kyoto Protocol
Match the following;
- MSW- trash from homes and schools - Hazardous Waste- anti-freeze and brake fluid - Industrial Solid Waste- trash from factories like metal scraps, wood, packaging
What are the consequences of not having access to enough fresh water?
- Mass emigration or immigration - Famine - Use of dirty water - Disease - Wars
Which of the following are factors to consider when deciding on a location for a new wind farm?
- Migratory paths of birds - Mountains, tall buildings, or tall trees that -might disrupt the flow of wind -Distance from a city - Wind speed and wind blowing at least 90% of the time - Migratory paths of bats
Match the following
- Minamata Disease- mercury poisoning - Neurotoxin- toxin that damages neurons - Mercury- higher trophic level fish - Lead- found in some ceramic glazes and old pipes
Sort the following examples.
- Mitigation- wasting less energy, reducing carbon dioxide emissions by not burning fossil fuels, protecting forests - Adaptation- moving to higher elevation, building sea walls due to higher sea levels, pumping water out of a street due to coastal flooding
Match the following.
- Most efficient energy source for transportation- natural gas - Most efficient energy source for space heating- passive solar - Most efficient energy source for producing high temperature industrial heat- surface mined coal
The human body protects itself form particulates with...
- Mucus - Cilia - Sneezing and coughing - Nose hairs
Which of the following are pros for using wind to generate electricity?
- Multiple land use with animals grazing on a wind farm - Renewable - Does not release greenhouse gases - You can place wind farms offshore NOT some people think wind farms are ugly, can kill bats, you do not need a backup source of electricity, can kill birds
Consequences of burying our radioactive waste include...
- Must be monitored for thousands of years - Could contaminate ground water - Could contaminate soil
Sort the following pros and cons for natural gas and coal.
- Natural Gas: Pros- no sulfur dioxide released when burned, no mercury released when burned, no particulates released when burned - Natural Gas: Cons- highly explosive, if leaked, it is a GHG 20-25 times more potent than CO2 - Coal: Pros- easy to transport without a pipeline, can produce high temperature heat for industrial uses - Coal: Cons- mining this can have a high environmental impact, leads to acid deposition, black lung
The following are sources of carbon monoxide.
- Natural gas burning stove - Fireplace burning wood - Car running indoors in a garage - Wood burning stove NOT an open window
Which of the following are environmental impacts of mining?
- Noise pollution - Water pollution - Soil pollution - Air pollution - Disturbed land
CFCs are...
- Odorless - Non-corrosive - Stable - Non-flammable - Non-reactive NOT flammable, explosive
Match the following.
- Ogallala Aquifer- subsidence and overuse of groundwater - Florida Everglades- loss of wetlands, toxic runoff, and diverting water away from a wetland - Gulf of Mexico- dead zone
Match the following.
- Particulates- dander from pets - Chloroform- vaporized chlorinated water - Carbon Monoxide- fire place burning wood, water heater burning natural gas - VOC- paints stored in a garage can be a source of this - Asbestos- in walls, floors, or around water pipes in older homes as insulation - Formaldehyde- new furniture, shelves, wood flooring - Radon 222- tends to seep in through cracks in the walls of the basement
Sort the following:
- Passive Solar Heating- does not generate electricity - Solar Thermal Power Plant- generates electricity by using steam to spin a turbine, uses mirrors, generates alternating current - Solar Panels- uses solar cells, generates direct current, made from silicon
Match the terms.
- Persistence- how long the substance lasts in the environment - Solubility- describe how something dissolves with something else - Exposure- how long someone is in contact with a substancr - Dose- amount of a substance taken in
Match the following:
- Physical Treatment of Hazardous Waste- using resin to separate out harmful chemicals - Incineration- using high temperature to break down hazardous wastes - Chemical Treatment of Hazardous Waste- treating an acid with a base to neutralize it - Bioremediation- cleaning up an oil spill
The Superfund has failed because...
- Polluters try to classify the waste as not hazardous - Polluters sue local governments and small businesses to get out of fully paying for clean-up - Polluters deny responsibility
Sort the following:
- Primary Pollutant- particulates, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide - Secondary Pollutant- nitric acid, nitrous acid, sulfuric acid, carbonic acid
Sort the following.
- Pros for Nuclear Energy- low environmental impact without accidents, can release ⅙ less carbon dioxide compared to burning coal - Cons for Nuclear Energy- requires mining, potentially releases thermal pollution, expensive
Sort the following pros and cons for using groundwater and dams.
- Pros for using groundwater- is not lost through evaporation - Cons for using groundwater- can be contaminated by saltwater if overused near the ocean, can lead to subsidence if overused - Pros for using dams- can provide cheap renewable electricity, provides recreation and jobs, reduces downstream flooding - Cons for using dams- can block migratory fish paths, loses water through evaporation, expensive to build and maintain, toxins and nutrients build up on one side, displaces people
Match the term with the definition.
- Recharge- to refill or replenish - Watershed- area from where water runs off the land into a body of water - Water Table- top part of the zone of saturation - Consumptive Water Use- using water from one watershed and using it in a different watershed that is not returned to the original watershed - Ground Water- water that is stored under the ground - Nonconsumptive Water Use- using water from one watershed and returning it back to the same watershed - Reliable Runoff- surface runoff that is a consistent amount from year to year - Zone of Saturation- area under ground where the soil particles are completely surrounded by water
Match the following terms with the definition.
- Reduce- use less of a product - Compost- biodegradable waste that is not sent to a landfill and is instead broken down by decomposers to recycle the nutrients - Refuse- not buying something you do not need - Repurpose- using a tires as a tire swing - Recycle- changing a plastic bottle into a park bench - Reuse- using the same product over and over again in the same form for the same purpose
Which of the following are the benefits of using mulch in your garden?
- Reduces erosion - Retains moisture in the soil - Blocks weed growth - Recycles nutrients
Mining companies can restore the land by...
- Replacing the topsoil or adding nutrients back into the soil - Reshaping the land back into its original topography - Planting native grasses
Match the following.
- SPM- tiny particles that stay suspended in the air - Phytotoxins- toxic to plants - Neurotoxins- lead, mercury - VOC- organic compounds in the air (ex. new car smell, paint smell, methane) - PM-10- particulates with a diameter less than 10 micrometers - PM-2.5- ultrafine particulates, diameter less than 2.5 micrometers
Match the following:
- Sanitary Landfill- landfills that are lined with clay and plastic and covered daily - Open Dump- landfills that are not lined - Waste to Energy Incinerator- incinerator that used the heat from burning trash to generate electricity
Match the following:
- Second Law of Thermodynamics- energy goes from high to low quality, it cannot be recycled - First Law of Thermodynamics- energy is neither created nor destroyed - Law of Conservation of Matter- matter is neither created nor destroyed
Match the following.
- Secondary Oil Recovery- pushing water into the well to recover more oil from the well - Primary Oil Recovery- removing the crude oil that comes out of a well when you drill a hole in the ground - Tertiary Oil Recovery- using heated gas or a detergent to remove more oil from the well
Match the following:
- Secondary Pollutants- not initially harmful as they are released but become harmful once they combine with other chemicals - Primary Pollutants- harmful pollutant directly emitted into the air
Match the following.
- Secondary Recycling- a plastic bottle is recycled into a park bench - Composting- a banana peel is decomposed and the nutrients go back into the soil - Primary Recycling- an aluminum is recycled back into an aluminum can
Water is lost in agriculture by....
- Seepage - Runoff - Evaporation
Match the following.
- Smelting- using chemicals or heat to separate ore from the metal - Gangue- the part of the ore you don't want - Overburden- soil on top of the ore when it is in the ground - Spoils- soil that was removed to get to the ore - Tailings- removed gangue - Ore- rock containing a desired mineral
Which of the following have a cooling effect on climate?
- Snow reflecting light away - Clouds - Volcanic activity with ash and smoke in the air - Particulates from burning coal or other anthropogenic sources NOT greenhouse gases increasing
A mineral can be described as...
- Solid - Metallic or non-metallic - Inorganic - Naturally occurring - Crystal structure
Some options for reducing and controlling malaria include...
- Spraying DDT to kill mosquitoes - Using medicines to kill the parasite in the blood - Draining wetlands - Using mosquito nets at night
Which of the following are the byproducts of a coal burning power plant?
- Sulfur Dioxide - Carbon Dioxide - Radioactive particles - Particulates/Ash - Mercury
Match the following:
- Surface Impoundments- a lined open pit in the ground - Above Ground Long-Term Retrievable Storage- store hazardous waste in metal drums in a warehouse for frequent monitoring - Deep-Well Disposal- deep well that uses high pressure to store waste in porous rocks - Secure Landfill- store hazardous waste in metal drums and then under the ground in a clay and plastic lined compartment with water and gas monitoring
Which of the following are sources of methane?
- Swamps - Landfills - Methane hydrates from the bottoms of the ocean - Cow burps - Melting permafrost
Which of the following are problems that could arise from putting waste cake in a landfill?
- Takes up space - Nutrients will not be recycled - It needs to be transported to a landfill which requires energy - Could contaminate an aquifer with heavy metals - Decomposition of the cake in the landfill will produce methane
Match the following:
- Tertiary Treatment- additional treatment using UV radiation, microfiltration, reverse osmosis - Potable Water- drinkable water - Secondary Treatment- biological water treatment - Reclaimed Water- water that can be used for irrigating landscapes - Primary Treatment- physical water treatment
Which of the following are differences between the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement?
- The Paris Agreement allowed each country to submit its own plan to reduce GHG emissions, while the Kyoto Protocol did not - The U.S. initially agreed to the Paris Agreement, while the Kyoto Protocol was signed, but not ratified NOT The Kyoto Protocol focused on reducing ozone depleting substances while the Paris Agreement did not, The Paris Agreement focused on reducing GHG emissions while the Kyoto Protocol did not
Love Canal was...
- The first Superfund site - The location where chemicals were buried under a clay cap - Abandoned in 1980 NOT fully cleaned up in 1980, cleaned up by the Hooker Chemical Company
Match the following.
- Thermosphere- where molecules are moving fast so temperature is high, but it would feel cold due to fewer particles hitting our skin - Stratosphere- where the beneficial ozone layer is located - Troposphere- where most of the mass of our atmosphere is locted - Mesosphere- where meteors burn up
Sort the following.
- Transmissible Diseases- chicken pox, measles, flu, malaria - Non-transmissible Diseases- diabetes, asthma
Match the following.
- UVC- most dangerous UV that is absorbed by the ozone layer - UVB- sunburn, redness, can develop skin cancer - UVA- least dangerous, can cause tanning and wrinkles
CFCs were used in...
- Used to be used to make Styrofoam cups - Old spray cans - Old car air conditioners - Old refrigerators
Which of the following helps to save water?
- Using gray water to water your yard - Raising the price of water while providing a lower rate for the poor - Water meters - Xeriscaping - Users pay approach - Rain barrel NOT growing cotton
Tropospheric smog is formed by...
- VOC - NOx - Sunlight NOT water
Catalytic converters reduce which of the following from car exhaust?
- VOCs from evaporated unburned fuel - Carbon monoxide by changing it into carbon dioxide by adding an oxygen - NOx by removing N from the O to produce N2 and O2
Which of the following are nonanthropogenic sources of air polllution?
- Volcanoes - Soil particles in the wind - Pollen NOT car exhaust
Using corn to produce ethanol fuel, requires a lot of...
- Water - Pesticides - Fertilizer - Land
Match the following terms.
- Water running down a hill- runoff - Liquid to gas- evaporation - Water released by plants through their leaves- transpiration - Gas to liquid- condensation - Water breaking the soil barrier- infiltration - Rain, snow, hail- precipitation - Water moving down through soil layers- percolation
Oxygen demanding wastes enter a stream. Match the following.
- Zone that is upstream from the waste- clean zone - BOD- biological oxygen demand - DO- dissolved oxygen - Anaerobic bacteria and fungi are dominant in this zone- septic zone
process of eutrophication
1. nitrogen filled waste runs into a body of water 2. algae grow abundantly (algal bloom) 3. plants below the surface of the water die due to lack of sunlight 4. algae run out of nitrate and begin to die 5. decomposers are decomposing the dead algae and plants 6. dissolved oxygen is removed from the water 7. fish die due to a lack of dissolved oxygen in the water 8. anaerobic organisms are left to survive in anoxic conditions
if the birth rate is 30 per 1,000 people, and the death rate is 15 per 1,000 people, then what is the percent growth rate?
1.5%
If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is...
1.6%
if the ecological efficiency at each trophic level of a particular ecosystem is 10%, and the green plants capture 100 units of energy, ____ units of energy will be available to support herbivores.
10
if primary producers store 10,000 kcal of energy, tertiary consumers will have ____ kcal available.
10 NOT 100, 10,000, 5,000
which of the following years, post disturbance, had the greatest species richness?
100 NOT 25, 175, 250
The current carbon dioxide in our atmosphere is made with the isotope carbon ____, which is preferred by plants to be taken in through photosynthesis, not carbon ____ which is due to volcanism. The extra carbon dioxide in our atmosphere is coming from the burning of old plant material, in the form of ____ ____.
12, 13, fossil fuels
based on the data in the graph, when did more-developed regions first reach replacement level fertility?
1970
Which of the following is the approximate projected rate of change in renewable energy consumption from 2010-2040?
2.33 quadrillion BTUs per year
A state is looking to reduce the cost of transportation, which uses 7.10×10^14 BTUs per year. Currently the cost of 1x10^6 BTUs is $20.00. How much will the state save in one year if they implement regulations requiring all transportation methods to be 20% more efficient?
2.84×10^9 dollars
The net annual primary productivity of a particular wetland ecosystem is found to be 8,000 kcal/m2 per year. If respiration by the aquatic producers is 12,000 kcal/m2 per year, what is the gross annual primary productivity for this ecosystem, in kcal/m2 per year?
20,000
a temperate grassland biome has a GPP of 3,480 kcal/m2/year and an NPP of 2,000 kcal/m2/year. what is the approx. number of kcal/m2/year available to herbivores in that biome?
200 NOT 2,000, 1,480, 5,480
loam is ____% sand, ____% silt, and ____% clay.
40, 40, 20
The concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has now surpassed ____ ppm.
400
A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent. If the growth rate remains constant, what will be the population of this country in 40 years?
400 million
if the human population growth was 10%, it would take ___ years for the population to double if the current population is 7 billion.
7
In 1997 the World Resources Institute estimated the world's proven oil reserves to be 1,000 billion barrels and the ultimately recoverable reserves to be 2,000 billion barrels. The table below shows the world consumption of oil from 1986 to 1997. At the 1997 rate of consumption, about how long will the estimated 2,000 billion barrels of oil last?
75 years
At which of the following sites does seafloor spreading result in rifts and possible volcanoes?
A
The graph below shows the dose response curves for four different chemicals, labeled A — D, in a dose-response study on the effects of the chemicals on mortality in amphibians. All dose experiments began at 0 units of each chemical. Based on the data in the graph, which of the four chemicals is the most toxic to amphibians regardless of dose?
A
The intraplate location where hot-spot volcanism is occurring.
A
which box represents a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest period of time?
A NOT B, C, D
Which of the following is a direct economic consequence that would likely occur if an area of forest was clear-cut so that a housing development can be built?
A decrease in the number of game hunting licenses purchased
Which of the following is an example of a point source of pollution?
A leaking septic tank
Which of the following best describes how ocean acidification harms coral reefs?
Acidification decreases the amount of carbonate ions, which leads to a decline in the formation of reef infrastructure.
Which of the following is most responsible for the change in the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from 1970 to 2020 as shown in the graph?
An increase in air emission standards that began in 1970 that regulated corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards.
Which of the following statements best describes an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture fish-farm enclosures located in estuaries?
Aquaculture enclosures can harbor parasites that can negatively affect wild populations that breed in estuaries.
Chemical A has a higher LD50 concentration than chemical B. Therefore, chemical ____ is more toxic than chemical ____.
B, A
____ uses bacteria or enzymes to help convert toxins into less toxic substances.
Bioremediation
At what step in the diagram would the last solid waste be removed from the wastewater in the treatment plant?
C
At which of the following sites is an earthquake most likely to occur as two plates slide sideways past each other?
C
The location where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary.
C
If a country possesses large oil and gas reserves within its borders, which of the labeled rock types must be present in the underlying geology of the country?
C (sedimentary rock)
The Superfund law is also known as...
CERCLA
____ is reducing carbon dioxide emissions using cap-and-trade.
California
Vaccines work by...
Causing your body to produce an immune response so you can fight the actual virus when it enters your body.
What is used to determine the boundary between the layers of the atmosphere?
Change in temperature from decreasing to increasing or increasing to decreasing
The graph below shows the change in hog farming in the United States from 1955-2015. The hog-farming industry maintains production levels to satisfy the demand for pork. Which of the following methods of meat production would provide the most likely explanation for the information represented in the graph above?
Concentrated animal feeding operations
Which of the following best describes the total consumption of all fossil fuels in 2040 compared to the consumption of nuclear energy in 2040?
Consumption of fossil fuels will be approximately 13 times greater than consumption of nuclear energy.
The phrase used to describe keeping track of hazardous waste from when it was made to when it is disposed of is also called...
Cradle to grave
Overfishing of stocks of fish species, like salmon and cod, in an effort to meet a growing global demand has become an international concern. A recent estimate indicates that the average annual consumption of fish globally in 2014 was about twice the consumption in 1960. Because of increased concerns about the impact of overfishing, fishery managers are looking for ways to protect wild populations while still satisfying global demand for food for human consumption. Which of the following techniques could best reduce the harmful effects of overfishing if it were to be widely adopted by the fishing industry?
Increased use of large-mesh gill nets for harvesting salmon and trout
The function of the chlorine added to the water at the end of wastewater treatment is to...
Kill bacteria or other microorganisms.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are human-made chemicals that have been used as temporary replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigerants because they decompose more readily in the atmosphere and thus pose less of a threat to Earth's protective ozone layer. Levels of HCFCs have been measured in the stratosphere, and the concentrations of many different HCFCs have been steadily increasing since the mid- to late 1990s. HCFCs were originally introduced as a solution to help phase out the use of CFCs. Which of the following most likely contributed to the increased levels of HCFCs in the stratosphere over the past 30 years?
Leaking of refrigeration and air-conditioning units.
Refining oil separates carbon chains by boiling points. List the following in order of boiling point (lowest to highest).
Lowest Boiling Point - Methane (1 carbon) - Gasoline (8 carbon chain) - Diesel (12-20 carbon chain) - Asphalt (45 carbon chain) Highest Boiling Point
The data in the graph can be useful in explaining the greenhouse effects when they are compared with...
Mean global temperatures
Which of the following best describes how a scientist could accurately study the effects of soil buffering on plant growth in a region that is affected by acid deposition downwind of a coal-burning power plant?
Measure the changes in plant height over a year in two different groups of trees the same distance from the power plant; one group is in topsoil and one group is in topsoil with limestone added.
Based on the data in the graph, which of the following insulation options is ineffective at insulating a home and greatly contributes to indoor air pollution?
Mineral fiber batt
Sort the following from most to least abundant in our atmosphere.
Most Abundant - Nitrogen Gas (N2) - Oxygen Gas (O2) - Argon - Carbon Dioxide Least Abundant
Irrigation methods and efficiency.
Most Efficient - LEPA/Drip Irrigation - Center Pivot - Spray Irrigation - Flood Irrigation Least Efficient
Fluidized bed combustion burns coal over jets of air that suspend the particles. This lowers the temperature to prevent the formation of ____. This helps to reduce ____ ____. It also uses ____ to absorb sulfur from the gasses that are produced. By removing the sulfur, less ____ ____ will form.
NOx, photochemical smog, limestone, acid deposition
Burning anything in our atmosphere at a high enough temperature produces ____, which contributes to the formation of ____.
NOx, smog
When drilling for oil, the first layer you will encounter is made up of...
Natural Gas (methane)
A scientist is studying the correlation between air pollution and cardiovascular disease in humans. Which of the following measures would best show a link between air pollution and cardiovascular disease?
Occurrences of emergency room visits by individuals with cardiovascular disease on days with a high air quality index value.
____ ____ are rocks with ____ in it. The ____ is removed to produce ____ ____. Tar sands, also known as ____ ____, contain ____. Compared to conventionally drilled oil, the oil from tar sands and oil shales will have a ____ net energy yield.
Oil shales, kerogen, kerogen, shale oil, oil sands, bitumen, lower
According to the World Health Organization, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are found in nearly all tested organism tissues and environmental samples. Which characteristic of POPs accounts for their presence in living tissues and in environmental samples?
POPs are released in to the air, water, and land, which allows them to be transported and incorporated in multiple ways.
A developer wants to develop a large tract of land near a watershed, which will require the removal of several large trees. Which of the following statements best describes the impact that the development would have on the watershed?
Removing large trees would cause an increase in temperature and keep the surrounding water and soil warmer.
____ rock on the surface of the crust can be pushed into the Earth. Under heat and pressure, it is converted into ____ rock. This is then melted and brought back up to the surface out of a volcano and is now ____ rock.
Sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous
Based on the diagram, organic solids that have settled to the bottom of the treatment tanks in step B are transferred to which of the following for further processing?
Sludge treatment tanks
What causes acid drainage from coal tailings?
Sulfur
____ is the most useful indicator for predicting future population change.
TFR NOT infant mortality, crude death rate, crude birth rate
A scientist wanted to investigate the effect of tropospheric ozone on the respiratory function of mice. Twenty female mice were placed in one of five different field environments that mimicked the natural habitats of the mice. Each environment had a tube connected to it that would pump in a set level of ozone measured in ppm. In each field environment, the scientist measured the average respiratory output for the twenty mice over a three-month time frame. Which of the following describes the independent variable in the experiment?
The different levels of ozone introduced into the environments.
The Atacama Desert lies to the west of the Andes Mountains in northern Chile. It is the oldest, most consistently arid place in the world. Based on the map above, which of the following best identifies and explains the region of South America that would have a more moderate climate?
The east coast would have a more moderate climate because of the Brazil Current.
The map above shows the locations of known volcanoes and earthquakes. Which of the following explains what is being illustrated in the enclosed area in the northwest portion of the map?
The enclosed area shows a hot spot in the middle of the Pacific Plate in the Hawaiian Islands.
Which of the following statements best describes the boundary between the two tectonic plates seen in the map?
The map illustrates a transform boundary, where tectonic plates slide past each other as the Pacific Plate moves northwest and the North American Plate moves southeast.
The Montreal Protocol is and example of ____ ____ ____ because the agreement was made to protect the health of humans and the environment from the potential adverse effects of ozone loss.
The precautionary principle
Which statement is best illustrated in the diagram above regarding how the Sun's energy affects the Earth's surface from June through September in the Northern Hemisphere?
The season changes from summer to autumn, daylight hours decrease, and infrared radiation is the strongest during the June solstice.
An environmental agency wants to evaluate the effectiveness of rain gardens in reducing the impact of urban runoff from an impervious parking lot and from the roof of the building. The parking lot is slightly sloped so the rainwater flows toward the gardens. The runoff from the roof is collected by various downspouts and directed toward the gardens. Scientists at the agency plan to monitor the effectiveness by measuring the water quality of the storm water as it moves through the gardens during and after storm events. Which of the following would be the best measure to use to determine the effectiveness of the rain gardens in reducing the impact of urban runoff?
The speed and volume of the water exiting the gardens.
Burning wood releases carbon dioxide.
True
Coal is made from plants that died in swamps millions of years ago, that were buried in dirt and water, and placed under a lot of heat and pressure.
True
Photochemical smog (brown smog) forms when ____, ____, and ____ combine to form ____.
VOCs, NOx, sunlight, ozone
Which of the following best describes an environmental problem that is often linked to the process of fracking?
Wastewater from fracking operations is injected into porous rock formations, which can induce seismic activity.
In the previous question, which of the following would be the best control in this experimental design?
Water samples collected from the roof or parking lot before they passed through the gardens.
An experiment to evaluate the efficiency of wet and dry scrubber networks that filter particulate gas at different flow rates was conducted under different flow rate conditions. The results are shown below. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following methods would be most effective at removing the greatest amount of particulate matter from coal-burning power plant emissions?
Wet scrubbers using a flow rate of 450 L/min are best suited to remove small particles.
An air pollution expert set up a monitoring program to determine the amount of particulate matter (PM) leaving a farmer's field after crops were harvested and the soil was bare. She set up high-volume air samplers 10 meters from each edge of the square field and collected samples weekly for two months. When she looked at her data, she was surprised by how much the PM levels varied, both from site to site on a given date and over time at each site. Which of the following parameters would have been best to measure to help explain the variation in her results?
Wind direction and speed.
foundation species
a beaver builds a dam and creates an aquatic habitat that did not exist before so other animals can live in the area
interference competition
a dog and cat fighting each other directly for food
exploitation competition
a dog eating all of the food in the bowl before the cat can get to it
Lichen are formed by a relationship between ____ ____ and ____. They indicate ____ air quality when they are growing in an area.
a fungus, algae, good
mutualism
a plant and its pollinator
stable population curve
a population that is slightly above and below carrying capacity
clumped dispersion
a pride of lions
endangered species
a species close to extinction
globally extinct
a species that is no longer found on Earth
critically endangered
a species that is very close to extinction
ecologically extinct
a species with so few in the population that it no longer fulfills its role in the ecosystem
parasitism
a tick feeding on the blood of a deer
which of the following has allowed the human population to grow so rapidly?
ability to move into different habitats, medicine, industrialized agriculture, increased sanitation
non-living factors such as pH and temperature are limiting factors that are considered to be ____ factors.
abiotic
____ bacteria are used to remove nitrates and phosphates in the water in secondary wastewater treatment. ____ bacteria are used in the digester to break down the solid sludge that is removed from the sewer water.
aerobic, anaerobic
Oxygen demanding wastes are called this because the bacteria that break it down are ____. These oxygen demanding wastes, like manure and sewage, can also be high in ____ and ____.
aerobic, nitrate, phosphate
which continent has the highest crude birth and crude death rate?
africa NOT australia, europe, north america
The largest use of water in the western U.S. is for ____. The largest use of water in California is for ____.
agriculture, agriculture
how is DNA inserted into a plant cell?
agrobacterium, gene gun NOT selective breeding, artificial selection
soil contains...
air pockets, particles of rock, nutrients, organic matter, water
what kinds of problems will humans face if their population grows too quickly?
all of the above- reduction in resources, loss of habitat, loss of biodiversity
which of the following are benefits of habitat corridors?
allow for gene flow between populations to increase genetic diversity, they allow organisms to move to other areas for more space, food, and mates NOT they allow disease to spread more easily between habitats, they allow invasive species to move between habitats
fair trade
allows cash crop growers to receive a fair wage with fewer people between the grower and consumer
AEWC
allows for some tribes to hunt whales
commensalism
an epiphyte growing on a tree. it does not hurt the tree
the demographic transition model describes population change over time as a country becomes more developed. Age-structure diagrams describe how populations are distributed across age ranges. Which of the following age-structure diagrams best displays the age ranges in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition?
an expansive pyramid age-structure diagram
barrier islands...
are sandy islands along a coastline that reduce erosion of the mainland NOT are in the middle of lakes, are made of rock and are far from the mainland, are found in rivers
riparian zone
areas with vegetation along a river or stream
based on current trends and patterns, which of the following statements best predicts how the human population will change over the next 50 years?
as the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality
plants are ____, while cows are _____.
autotrophs, heterotrophs
which of the following could help slow down human population growth?
available contraception, protecting women's rights, women being able to earn incomes outside the home, providing women access to education, delaying marriage
which of the following are opportunists or pioneer species?
bacteria, weeds, fungi NOT lions
____ tends to push a population towards exponential growth. it is represented by the letter ____. ____ tends to push a population towards ____. it is represented by the letter ____.
biotic potential, r , environmental resistance, carrying capacity, K
predator/prey
bird eating a worm
even dispersion
birds on a rock fighting for limited nesting space
stage 1: preindustrial
birth and death rates are high
stage 4: post industrial
birth rates and death rates are low
stage 2: transition
birth rates are high, death rates decrease
stage 3: industrial
birth rates decrease, death rates are still low
camouflage defense
blending in with the environment so it is harder to be seen
check all the names for a coniferous forest
boreal forest, taiga NOT veldts, pampas
which of the following are sources of sulfur in the atmosphere?
burning coal, volcanoes, swamps NOT photosynthesis, respiration
how have deserts been misused?
by testing bombs and burying radioactive waste NOT by logging, by overgrazing, by overfarming
Bats are killed by wind turbines when they fly ____ the spinning blades. The change in air pressure created by the spinning blades causes their lungs to explode. Bats provide an important ____ service as they help to control pest populations. They are also being harmed by a ____ that causes white nose syndrome.
by, ecological, fungus
farm raised fish
can introduce an invasive species into an area, produces a lot of fish sewage, uses antibiotics, requires less energy, can lead to the destruction of mangroves
Oceans help to slow down climate change by absorbing ____ ____ and ____. As the ocean absorbs this, the pH will ____ and the water will release the dissolved ____ ____ ____ ____.
carbon dioxide, heat, decrease, oxygen and carbon dioxide
what causes overturns to occur in temperate lakes?
changes in temperature of the water surface due to the changing seasons NOT the rotation of the earth, the moon's gravity, the movement of organisms under the water
Mediterranean
chaparral
savanna
characterized by a wet and dry season and has alot of hoofed animals
first generation pesticide
chemical from plants, citronella oil from a plant to repel insects
herbicide
chemical that kills plants or weeds
rodenticide
chemical that kills rodents
world's largest hydroelectric dam is in...
china NOT australia, europe, north america
which of the following could help to reduce the spread of invasive species through waterways?
cleaning your boat, emptying the ballast water before moving to a new location, drying your boat NOT immediately moving from one waterway to the next
slash and burn
clears forest and returns nutrients to the ground quickly
which of the following factors make sea turtles prone to extinction?
climate change warming the sand and causing sea levels to rise, getting caught in fishing nets, development on nesting sites, poaching of turtles and eggs
the area above the continental shelf is called the ____ zone. it is _____ in nutrients, ____ water with plenty of sunlight, and is _____ in biodiversity compared to the open ocean.
coastal, high, shallow, high
cold front
cold air moving and pushing warm air up leading to thunderstorms
The Great Ocean Conveyor Belt is powered by the sinking of ____ water by Greenland. This current moves warm water by Europe and keeps their temperatures mild along the coast. Freshwater from increased rain and thawing ice in the arctic, will lead to the ____ dense freshwater from sinking, therefore disrupting the conveyer belt current.
cold, less
a transgenic organism...
contains DNA from another organism in its genome NOT contains 3 copies of DNA in its nucleus, is not considered to be GMO, is a clone of another species
organic fertilizer
contains micronutrients, bulky, slow release of nutrients, compost, manure, offensive odor
which of the following causes air to circulate on our planet?
coriolis effect, uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, tilt of earth on its axis causing seasons, convection currents
Biodegradable plastic is made form sugars that come from ____. The sugar is fermented to make ____ ____. This is connected to make a long chain of ____ called PLA.
corn, lactic acid, carbons
benthic organisms include...
crabs, worms, clams NOT parrot fish, whales, turtles
a population that exceeds carrying capacity can...
crash, move to another location with more resources, change habits to use an alternative resource NOT continue to grow exponentially indefinitely
chemicals defense
creating a chemical that is distasteful to a predator
which of the following techniques helps to reduce the rate of erosion?
crop rotation, terracing, conservation tillage, contour farming NOT till farming
industrialized agriculture uses feedlots to grow meat. this leads to...
crowding of animals like chicken and pigs, loss of habitat to grow more crops to feed that animals, large amounts of water, fertilizer, and pesticides being used to grow the grain to feed the animals, use of antibiotics to keep animals from getting sick, the production of large amounts of nitrogenous wastes
selective cutting
cutting certain trees and leaving other trees at different ages behind
terracing
cutting stair steps into a hillside to grow crops on
strip cutting
cutting trees in rows at different time periods
In the troposphere, an increase in elevation leads to a ____ in temperature and a ____ in pressure.
decrease, decrease
wolves were exterminated from Yellowstone, then reintroduced. following the wolf reintroduction, the elk population _____, the vegetation _____, and biodiversity _____. therefore, wolves are considered to be an example of a(n) _____ species.
decreased, increases, increased, keystone
The amount of dissolved oxygen in water ____ with increased temperature. It can also ____ with the addition of oxygen demanding wastes as the ____ bacteria require oxygen to break down the wastes.
decreases, decrease, aerobic
fragmenting a habitat _____ interior habitat and _____ edge habitat. it also _____ biodiversity.
decreases, increases, decreases
nitrate is converted to nitrogen gas through the process of ____.
denitrification
One disadvantage of solar cells is that ____ current must be converted into ____ current.
direct, alternating
density dependent factor
disease, food shortage affecting the population
Desalination removes salt from ocean water. ____ evaporates fresh water out and requires a lot of energy. ____ ____ pushes saltwater through a semi-permeable membrane to remove the salt.
distillation, reverse osmosis
describe the restoration of the Florida Everglades.
divert water back to the wetlands, reducing the pollution in the runoff from cities and farms NOT building of dams, allow more farming near the Everglades
asexual reproduction
does not require a mate
which of the following are benefits of using Kenaf as a source of fiber for paper?
does not require fertilizer, it contains more fiber than trees, does not require pesticides, does not require as much energy to grow NOT it costs more to produce
As you refine crude oil, the overall net energy yield of the gasoline that is produced will go ____.
down
which of the following are economic benefits of dams?
drinking water, water for irrigating crops, recreation, jobs, electricity if it is a hydroelectric dam NOT climate moderation
lake victoria- deforestation
due to the need to smoke the fish meat
inorganic fertilizer
easy to apply, synthetic, requires alot of energy to produce, requires frequent application to the soil, mostly N, P, K
a team of ecologists are studying four different ecosystems with varying levels of biodiversity. The ecologists categorize the different levels of biodiversity for the four ecosystems as shown in the table below. based on the information above, which ecosystem most likely experienced a recent population bottleneck?
ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool
the arrows in a food web represent the direction of ____ flow.
energy
T/F homologous structures are features in different species that are not from a shared ancestor.
false
T/F kelp that washes up on the shore should be immediately removed and discarded.
false
T/F natural selection works by letting organisms pick the traits they want during their lifetime because they need them or want them.
false
T/F sustainable yield can apply to fossil fuels.
false
T/F two species that occupy the same niche can coexist
false
affluenza
feeling like you need to buy more than you need, uncontrolled and unnecessary shopping
controlled fires
fires set on purpose to remove excess dead vegetation and to prevent bigger fires later
salmon ranching process
first step grow salmon in a hatchery allows them to get bigger inside nets in freshwater lakes or pools release them into the wild so they swim out in the ocean to feed and grow for 2-5 years harvest them when they return to their birth place last step
currently, electricity can be commercially generates using nuclear ____.
fission
which of the following species show high biotic potential?
frogs, bacteria, small fish NOT whales
worldwide, the majority of wood is used for _____. this is mostly occurring in _____ developed countries with a _____ population growth rate.
fuel, less, higher
condensation
gas to liquid
in genetic engineering, a ____ from one species is removed and inserted into the ____ of another species. it does not require _____.
gene, DNA, breeding
exponential growth curve
graph that looks like a letter J. the graph continues to show an increase
logistic growth curve
graph that looks like a letter S. starts out exponential and then levels off
veldts
grassy plains in south africa
pampas
grassy plains in south america
a population with a high number of individuals in the prereproductive category can expect the population to ____ in the future.
grow NOT stay the same, decrease
contour farming
growing crops in rows that are perpendicular to the slope of a hill
gully reclamation
growing native grasses on an area that has been significantly eroded by water
phosphorous can be found in...
guano, rock, animals, plants NOT air
maintains or increases biodiversity
habitat bridges or corridors connecting habitat islands, marine protected areas (MPA's), blocking the creation of roads into forests, reducing pesticide runoff, laws like the ESA, protecting wetlands, national parks or wilderness areas, protecting old growth forests
habitat island
habitat that is isolated from surrounding habitat due to fragmentation
temperate rainforests...
have a stable climate due to being near a large body of water, receive alot of rain NOT have nutrient rich soil, are near the equator
which of the following density-independent factors can affect the size of a human population?
heat waves NOT disease, availability of food, access to clean water
Ozone in the stratosphere ________, while ozone in the troposphere ________.
helps to block UV radiation from Earth's surface, leads to respiratory problems
character displacement is seen when niches overlap and there is ____ competition for resources.
high
source
high turgidity
rainforests tend to have ____ inertia and ____ resilience due to having ____ biodiversity.
high, high, high
tropical rainforests are ____ in species biodiversity. species tend to be ____ to reduce ____. when different species occupy different levels of a rainforest, it is an example of resource ____.
high, specialists, competition, partitioning
in a world with rapidly changing climate, having ____ biodiversity leads to ____ resilience, which is the ability to bounce back from a disturbance.
higher, higher
The melting of sea ice reveals the darker ocean surface. The ice has a ____ albedo than the dark ocean. With less sea ice, there will be less reflectance of sunlight or energy. This energy will instead be absorbed by the dark ocean and warm the water. This will lead to the melting of more sea ice so it is an example of a ____ feedback loop.
higher, positive
sort the following in order of highest to lowest biodiversity according to the theory of island biogeography.
highest biodiversity large island, close to the mainland large island, far from the mainland small island, far from the mainland lowest biodiversity
put the following in order of heigh level from the top to the bottom of the tropical rainforest.
highest level emergent layer canopy understory ground layer lowest level
marine reserve
highly protected areas of the ocean (no drilling, mining, or fishing)
the _____ keeps the giant kelp attached to the ocean floor. the _____ float towards the surface due to the _____ that are attached to them.
holdfast, fronds, air bladders
decomposing dead organic matter in the soil is called ____.
humus
commercial whaling
hunting whales and selling the meat or parts for profit
A hydrogen fuel cell car runs on ____ ____ and releases ____ ____ as a byproduct.
hydrogen gas, water vapor
lake victoria- weevil
insect that ate the water hyacinth
a team of ecologists are studying four different ecosystems with varying levels of biodiversity. The ecologists categorize the different levels of biodiversity for the four ecosystems as shown in the table below. based on the information above, which of the following best describes Ecosystem C?
its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories NOT its low species diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has species with very low population sizes, its high genetic diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has species that evolve quickly, its high genetic diversity indicates that Ecosystem C is most likely the result of the founder effect and a subpopulation originating from Ecosystem A
which of the following countries are for whaling?
japan, norway, iceland NOT u.s.
the sea otter is a ____ species because it controls the number of _____ that eat the _____. the kelp forest is _____ in biodiversity. the presence of the sea otter has a significant impact on the biodiversity of the ecosystem.
keystone, sea urchins, kelp, high
Dilution is less effective in ____ than ____ because they can be stratified, there is less mixing of water, and there is little flow.
lakes, rivers
The melting of ____ ice will cause sea levels to rise. Also the expansion of the water as it ____ up.
land, warms
climate changes with increasing ____ and ____.
latitude, elevation
place in order from most to least amount of energy available in the trophic level.
least energy tertiary consumers secondary consumers primary consumers producers most energy
fission...
leaves radioactive waste as a byproduct, splits an atom, is the reaction that is done in most common nuclear reactors, can use Uranium 235 as a fuel source, releases heat NOT fuses two atoms, produces helium as a byproduct, uses heavy hydrogen as a fuel source
conservation tillage
leaving last year's crop debris behind to cover the soil
lake victoria- sewage, fertilizer runoff
led to algal blooms and dead zones
in an el niño year, there is ____ fish off the coast of the western side of South America because the upwelling ____.
less, is blocked
An LD50 graph shows the ____ dose for a chemical at which ____ of the test population dies.
lethal, 50%
what is a nonanthropogenic cause of forest fires?
lightning NOT camp fires that are not properly extinguished, cigarette butts that are thrown out of cars, faulty wiring or electrical equipment, candles falling over or near curtains
evaporation
liquid to gas
random dispersion
location of dandelions in a field
background extinction
low level of extinction that is always occurring
the timber wolf is prone to extinction due to which of the following?
low reproductive rate, feared by humans, is seen as a pest NOT r strategist, fixed migratory pattern, specialized feeding habits
the blue whale is prone to extinction due to which of the following?
low reproductive rate, specialized feeding habits, fixed migratory pattern NOT feared by humans, r strategist, is seen as a pest
clay has ____ permeability and ____ porosity. while sand has ____ permeability and ____ porosity.
low, high, high, low
Acid deposition is rain, snow, dust, or fog with a pH ____ than 5.6.
lower
second generation pesticide
made in a lab, DDT
tundra
major producers are lichen, mosses, and grasses
national wildlife refuge
managed by US fish and wildlife
national forests
managed by the US forest service
national parks
managed by the national parks service
pastures
managed grasslands
earth is a closed system for ____, and an open system for ____.
matter, energy
which of the following are ways scientists can monitor biodiversity or changes to it?
measuring species richness and evenness, camera traps, observations out in the field, measuring the EPT/midge ratio and pollution tolerance index (PTI)
Melting permafrost in the tundra will release ____, which contributes to global warming. As temperatures rise, more permafrost melts, and more of this gas will be released. This is an example of a ____feedback loop.
methane, positive
which of the following is a law that pertains to wetlands?
mitigation banking NOT soil protection act, ESA, CITES
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
moderate, frequent disturbances lead to higher biodiversity
most of the resources are being used by _____ developed countries.
more
A combined cycle natural gas power plant is ____ efficient than coal power plant. It uses the ____ from burning natural gas to spin a turbine and heat water to turn it into ____ to spin a second turbine. The turbine cause two generators to produce electricity.
more, heat, steam
Old tires can collect water and lead to more ____ that carry disease. They can also lead to highly polluting ____.
mosquitoes, fires
sort the following countries in order of population size.
most china india u.s. indonesia least
place in order of most to least energy intensive to produce per kg of body weight.
most cows pigs chicken fish (catfish or carp) least
list the zones of a biosphere reserve from most to least disturbed by humans.
most disturbed transition buffer core least disturbed
sort in order of most to least energy intensive.
most energy intensive industrial agriculture traditional intensive subsistence farming least energy intensive
sort from most to least nutrient rich soil.
most nutrients temperate deciduous forest coniferous forest tropical rainforest tropical desert least nutrients
camera trap
motion detecting cameras used to document biodiversity
which of the following is an apex predator?
mountain lion NOT squirrels, coyote, rats
density independent factor
natural disasters like an earthquake affecting the population
100% organic products
natural pesticides, animals having access to the outdoors is required, natural sources of nitrate and phosphate, no hormones or antibiotics, non-GMO, typically more expensive
the form of nitrogen most usable to plants is ____.
nitrate
which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?
nitrogen gas NOT methane, carbon dioxide, water vapor
Pesticides and fertilizer runoff from farms is an example of ____ source pollution, while pollution being discharged from a pipe leaving a wastewater treatment plant is an example of ____ source pollution.
nonpoint, point
sort in order of occurrence moving from the equator to the poles.
north pole tundra coniferous forest deciduous forest tropical rainforest equator
which of the following can cause dissolved oxygen (DO) to fluctuate?
number of decomposers, turgidity, number of consumers, number of producers, turbidity, temperature of the water
source river zone
nutrient poor
floodplain river zone
nutrient rich
type 3 survivorship curve
oaks trees, sea turtles, insects, frogs
reef fish inherit tolerance to warming oceans in a rapidly changing climate, the decline of animal populations is a very real concern. An international team of researchers reported new evidence of reef fish adjusting to global warming conditions at the genetic level. [R]esearchers . . . have found that reef fish can inherit from their parents the genetic tools to adjust to ocean warming. "When parents are exposed to an increase in water temperature, we found that their offspring improved their performance in these otherwise stressful conditions by selectively modifying their epigenome." Epigenetic change refers to chemical modifications in the DNA that signals genes to be switched on or off. A range of factors, including disease, famine, or in the case of this research, heat stress, can stimulate these subtle changes. in this study, when both parent and offspring experienced the same elevated water temperatures, responsive changes . . . were observed that enhanced the next generation's ability to cope with the new, warmer temperatures. "We reared spiny chromis damselfish . . . for two generations under three different water temperatures, up to 3 degrees Celsius warmer than current-day ocean temperatures. The next generation appeared to be advantaged by parental exposure to elevated temperatures. The offspring's altered gene expression, also referred to as 'acclimation,' allowed them to maximize oxygen consumption and energy use." "Acclimation may buffer populations against the impacts of rapid environmental change and provide time for genetic adaptation to catch up over the longer term." "reef fish inherit tolerance to warming oceans: Thanks to mom and dad, baby reef fish may have to what it takes to adjust to hotter oceans," Ryu Taewoo, ScienceDaily, April 30, 2018. which of the following best identifies the author's claim?
observed adjustments in the ecological tolerance of a species of reef fish is a result of epigenetic changes
how do humans impact the coastal zone?
oil and trash in the runoff from cities, development along the coast, building dams that block water flow to the ocean, fertilizer and pesticide runoff from farms
most of the nutrients in a tropical rainforest are found in the ____ due to rapid ____ and uptake of nutrients.
organisms, decomposition
lake victoria- loss of jobs for small fishermen
overfishing by larger vessels
overturns bring _____ rich water to the bottom of the lake and _____ rich water to the surface.
oxygen, nutrient
which of the following is a sedimentary cycle?
phosphorus NOT carbon, sulfur, water, nitrogen
during the day when light is available, plants do the process called, ____ which removes atmospheric carbon from the atmosphere
photosynthesis
Burning ethanol from fermenting corn releases carbon dioxide. Since the corn was taking in carbon dioxide through ____, we can say that there ____ ____ net increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
photosynthesis, is no
Malaria is caused by a ____ ____ and the vector is ____.
plasmodium parasite, mosquitoes
which of the following are benefits of periodic fires?
plenty of sunlight for newly growing plants, clears out invasive species, some seeds need fire to know when to germinate, recycles soil nutrients
tundra aka
polar grassland
decreases biodiversity
pollution, overexploitation, habitat loss, invasive species, climate change
population will experience a decline
population pyramid with a narrow base and wide at the top
population will experience rapid growth
population pyramid with a wide base and narrow top
keystone species
prairie dogs create homes for other species, aerate the soil with its burrows, serve as prey for predators, remove tall plants and shrubs by grazing, and alters the soil chemistry. their presence has a significant impact on the biodiversity of an ecosystem
a soil ____ shows various soil ____ or layers.
profile, horizons
which of the following would be a benefit of conservation tillage?
protects the soil from wind erosion, retains soil moisture, saves energy by leaving the previous crop debris covering the soil, reduces the need for added soil nutrients
what are the ecological services provided by the mangrove forests?
provide places for baby fish to hide, provides habitat for birds, produces oxygen, absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, slows down coastal erosion
which of the following are ecological or natural services provided by inland wetlands?
provides habitat for other species, recharging aquifers and replenishing streams NOT fish that can be sold, jobs
which of the following are ecological services of kelp forests?
provides oxygen, provides food for many species, absorbs carbon dioxide, provide shelter for many species NOT can be sold as an ingredient in food and beauty products
irregular population curve
random changes to a population due to changes in the habitat
which of the following describes a country that is stuck in a demographic trap?
rapid economic growth with low GDP per capita
which of the following are ecological services provided by coral reefs?
reduces erosion along the coast, increases biodiversity, absorbs carbon dioxide, provide habitat for many species
which of the following are ecological services provided by forests?
reduces erosion, maintains soil nutrients, provides habit for other species, improves water quality of a nearby stream, takes in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere NOT provides lumber and paper, provides jobs
fisheries can be better managed by...
reducing invasive species, monitoring and enforcing regulations, establishing more MPAs, limiting the number of fish caught, controlling pollution
which of the following will help to slow down human population growth.
reducing poverty, employment for women, family planning and access to contraception, access to education for women
which of the following are ways to restore the land?
replant native plants, remove invasive species, protect the riparian zones NOT allow a dense populations of cows to graze in the area
plantation agriculture...
requires alot of land, grows a monoculture, grows a cash crop NOT grows a polyculture
wild caught fish
requires more energy, can lead to the depletion of wild fish stocks, bycatch
superpests develop by the overuse of pesticides. the pest can become ____ to a chemical by having a beneficial _____. this is then passed down to its _____ and the pesticides is not longer effective at controlling the pest.
resistant, mutation, offspring
restoration
returning to a condition similar to the original state
low pressure system
rising warm air is filled with moisture and as it condenses, it comes back down as precipitation
wind breaks
row of trees used around a field
which of the following are benefits to living in clumps?
safety in numbers, harder for the predator to chase 1 individual, predators can work together and hunt as a group, it is easier to find a mate NOT an increase in the rate at which diseases spread, increased competition for resources such as food and space
the _____ is a keystone species that eats _____ that eat the _____. by controlling the population of _____, the kelp forests remain in tact and _____ the biodiversity of the area.
sea otter, purple sea urchins, giant kelp, urchins, increases
solutions for better managing forests include...
selective/strip cutting, purchasing products made from sustainably grown timber, protecting old-growth forests, growing trees in tree farms, reducing the number of roads being built that go into forests NOT clear cutting
_____ generation time, _____ offspring, _____ size, and _____ parental care describes an r strategist. a _____ generation time, _____ offspring, _____ in size, and _____ parental care describes a K strategist.
short, many, small, short, long, few, bigger, long
the tasmanian devil has a ____ population and ____ genetic diversity. this makes it ____ likely to go extinct.
small, low, more
place in order from smallest to biggest particle size.
smallest clay silt sand largest
limiting factors on the ground of a tropical rainforest include...
soil nutrients, light NOT water, carbon dioxide
which of the following is a natural resource?
soil, water, wind NOT water storage, pest control, climate moderation
CITES is ineffective for which of the following reasons?
some governments are corrupt, it is not well enforced or sufficiently funded, countries exempt themselves from protecting certain species NOT the u.s. has not signed it
which of the following are cons for using GM crops?
some of the insecticide producing crops can kill non-target insects and disrupt ecosystems, some of the herbicide resistant crops require the use of alot of herbicide, the overuse of insecticides can eventually select for insects that are resistant to the insecticide, the overuse of herbicides can lead to weeds becoming resistant to the herbicide
which of the following locations have Mediterranean climates?
southern California, around the Mediterranean sea, parts of Chile, southern tip of Africa, parts of Australia
threatened species
species that is close to becoming endangered
biodiversity includes diversity in...
species, DNA (genetic), ecosystems
armor defense
spines or a hard shell
which of the following are reasons for greater species richness closer to the equator?
stable climate, higher productivity NOT fewer producers available, varying climate
A POP is a persistent organic pollutant. It is ____ and contains many ____ and hydrogens. These chemicals also tend to be ____ so they stick in fat.
stable, carbons, hydrophobic
Ozone in the ____ absorbs and blocks UV radiation from Earth's surface, while ozone in the ____ is found in smog and causes respiratory problems.
stratosphere, troposphere
Ozone in the ____ blocks UV radiation to prevent skin cancer and cataracts. Ozone in the ____ aggravates respiratory issues.
stratosphere, troposphere
traditional agriculture
subsistence farming, usually in less developed countries, polyculture, relies on animal or human labor
The Clean Air Act regulates ____ ____ emissions using a cap-and-trade program.
sulfur dioxide
thriving coral reefs require...
sunlight, dissolved oxygen, nutrients NOT cloudy water
place in order of depth from surface to ocean floor.
surface euphotic zone bathyal zone abyssal zone deep ocean floor
place the following in order from top layer to deepest layer.
surface layer O A B C deeper layer
clearance area
taking out vegetation near properties that may catch on fire
prairie
temperate biome with deep fertile soil and periodic fires
a climatogram shows which of the following information?
temperature for each month of a year, rainfall each month NOT the species in an area, the soil type
which trophic is most prone to extinction due to habitat loss?
tertiary consumer NOT secondary consumer, primary consumer, producer
bottom up population control
the amount of plants controlling the population of herbivores
invasive species
the brown tree snake in Guam is not native to Guam and is causing many native bird populations to decline
tropical rainforests are found near ____, they have a stable ____, and nutrient ____ acidic soil.
the equator, climate, poor
cyclic population curve
the fluctuating populations of a lynx and hare in response to one another
which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures?
the global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase NOT deciduous trees found in temperate seasonal forests would flower later in the year, the latitude range of tropical rain forests would narrow closer to the equator, high-latitude biomes, such as the tundra, would experience a decrease in net primary productivity
species richness
the number of different species in an area
species abundance
the number of individuals of each species in an area
top-down population control
the number of owls controlling the number of mice
scientists collected data for 35 years on the populations of mice and owls in a given area. which of the following claims is best supported by the data shown in the table above?
the owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources
which of the following can be an indicator of water quality?
the presence of bacteria, the amount of nitrates, smell, the amount of dissolved oxygen, the amount of phosphates, pH, turbidity, color, the type of living organisms in the water
six white-tailed deer and six sika deer were enclosed in a pasture for observation during an eight-year study in central Texas. White-tailed deer are a native species to central Texas, while sika deer are a nonnative species to central Texas. white-tailed deer feed on flowering plants and the tips of trees and shrubs but do not eat grass. sika deer feed on flowering plants, the tips of trees and shrubs, and grass. all other grazing animals were kept out of the pasture during the study. The number of sika deer more than doubled after the eight years, while the population of white-tailed deer decreased by 50 percent. which of the following statements best supports the results from the study?
the sika deer out competed the white-tailed deer in consuming flowering plants and shrubs NOT the sika deer are generalists, while the white-tailed deer are specialists, parasites infected the sika deer population but did not infect the white-tailed deer population, change in the local climate reduced the availability of food resources for the white-tailed deer population
which of the following best describes the change in Antarctic temperature from about 440,000 years ago to about 340,000 years ago?
the temperature increases by about 12°C and then decreases by about 12°C NOT the temperature increases by about 10°C, the temperature decreases by about 8°C, the temperature decreases by about 10°C and then increases by about 12°C
why are tropical rainforests very productive?
there is alot of sunlight, a stable year-round climate, there is plenty of rain NOT lack of water available, large difference between winter and summer temperatures
farmers in a suburban coastal town started using no-till agriculture, a practice that reduces soil erosion from their farmland. use the image above to determine which of the following long-term effects no-till agriculture will have on the ecosystem surrounding the farmland.
there will be less algal growth in the nearby ocean NOT there will be an increased need for fertilizer on farmlands, there will be less phosphorous pollution in the atmosphere, there will be an increased deposition of phosphorous-rich sediments
animals are poached for which of the following reasons?
they have parts that are used as medicine, they are valuable or have parts that are valuable, they are a delicacy, they are exotic pets
why are deserts cold at night?
they lack water vapor in the air to trap heat NOT the sand absorbs the heat out of the air, there is very little wind
why did the ranchers kill the wolves in Yellowstone?
they were killing their cattle NOT their population was growing exponentially, they were eating all of the elk
a system that passes an irreversible threshold has passed a _____ point.
tipping
which stage of the demographic transition model has the highest rate of population growth?
transitional NOT post-industrial, industrial, preindustrial
which of the following reduces your exposure to synthetic pesticides found in food?
trimming the fat off of the meat, growing your own organic produce, washing and scrubbing fruit and vegetables, buying organic produce eating less meat NOT eating conventional (non-organic) fruits
savanna aka
tropical grassland
Malaria is more common in ____ ____ with large areas of ____ ____.
tropical regions, stagnant water
T/F convergent evolution is when unrelated organisms become more structurally similar due to living in similar environments
true
T/F forest fires can benefit the Mediterranean biome of Southern California by recycling nutrients and removing invasive species.
true
T/F mitigation banking requires the creation or restoration of a wetland prior to the destruction of an existing wetland.
true
T/F nutrient rich soil is usually darker in color.
true
based on the graph above, which of the following tree species would be the predominant species found during the intermediate stage of succession?
tulip poplar NOT red maple, sweetgum, white oak
which biome do you think is the least resilient?
tundra NOT rainforest, deciduous forest, prairie
stable population growth
uniform distribution of population age groups in all age categories
Nuclear reactors use ____ ____ as a fuel source that undergoes nuclear ____ to release heat. The heat is used to turn water into steam. The steam spins a ____ and that powers the ____ to generate electricity.
uranium 235, fission, turbine, generator
which of the following are alternatives to using pesticides?
use phermones to lure the pests away, vacuum the pest, scald the pest, fool the pest by growing different crops each year or at different times, create homes for the pest's enemy, implant genetic resistance NOT DDT
industrialized agriculture
uses alot of pesticides, usually in more developed countries, requires alot of energy, monoculture, require alot of water, heavily mechanized, large amounts of synthetic fertilizer
cows raised in feedlots
uses antibiotics, fed corn, less space used
ipm is...
uses chemical pesticides as a last resort, specific to a location and situation, expensive NOT fast acting
warm front
warm air moving and hitting cool air causing the warm air to rise and release moisture
A geothermal heat pump uses pipes under the ground filled with a heat exchange fluid that can cool your home in the summer by moving ____ air from your house underground. It can heat your house in the winter by moving ____ fluid from under the ground and releasing it into your house.
warm, warm
in an el niño year, the surface ocean temperature over the Pacific ocean is ____ and this causes an upwelling to ____, as well as causing ____ to fall on the western side of the Americas.
warmer, be blocked, more rain
infiltration
water breaking the soil barrier
which of the following is a natural service?
water storage, pest control, climate moderation NOT water, wind, soil
artificial selection
when humans select traits through the process of selective breeding
divergent evolution
when one species becomes two different species due to geographic isolation
coevolution
when two species evolve in response to one another
all of the following are advantages to sexual reproduction except...
you need to find a mate, females need to produce 2 offspring to replace the parents, you might have to compete with a mate NOT genetic diversity, two parents can provide more protection for the offspring
if the ecological efficiency at each trophic level of a particular ecosystem is 10%, and the green plants capture 100 units of energy, ____ unit(s) of energy will be available to support carnivores.
1
a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 1 x 10 to the -9 moles per liter is a solution with the pH of ____. therefore, this solution is _____.
9, basic
if you were asked to draw a graph of the human population over the last 1,000 years, it would look like the letter...
J
____ = ____ - R
NPP, GPP
the soil layer with the most dead leaves and sticks is the ____ horizon.
O
crop rotation
alternating growing fields of crops with legumes every other year
strip cropping
alternating rows of crops with legumes
the process of nitrogen gas being converted into ammonia is called ____.
ammonification
the fins of a fish and the wings of a penguin both help them to swim underwater. these are ____ structures because they do not have a close common ancestor, but they do live in similar environments.
analogous
secondary consumer
carnivore
which of the following are commons?
clean air, clean water, migratory animals, fish in the open ocean NOT privately owned grassy field
which of the following would increase the rate of extinction?
climate change, loss of habitat, pollution, invasive species, over harvesting or overexploitation
which of the following contains carbon?
coal, oil, trees, limestone
the leaf cutter ant depends on the fungus it grows to break down leaves to extract the sugars from the. the fungus depends on the leaf cutter ant to bring it leaves so it can also eat the sugars in them. the development of this relationship is an example of ____.
coevolution
the process where one species evolves in response to another is called ____.
coevolution
organic fertilizer benefit
does not need to be applied as frequently and contains micronutrients
inorganic (synthetic) fertilizer benefit
easy to store and apply, does not have an offensive odor
T/F the fastest and strongest individuals in a population have the highest evolutionary fitness
false
the sun's energy comes primarily from ____.
fusion
most of the energy lost from our system, is lost in the form of ____.
heat
primary consumer
herbivore
plants with nodules on their roots with bacteria that fix nitrogen are called ____.
legumes
the human population is growing faster in ____ developed countries.
less
which of the following are possible solutions to prevent the Tragedy of the Commons?
limiting the number of fish that can be caught in the open ocean, limiting the amount of pollution that can be released into water or air, laws or agreements between countries to protect migratory animals, increasing government regulation of a resource (ex. fishing only during a certain time of the year, only allowed to catch a certain size fish, only allowed to catch certain species of fish), owning a resource so others cannot use it
most of the pollution is being produced by _____ developed countries.
more
water moving down through the soil layers is called ____, while ____ carries dissolved nutrients or pollutants down through the soil layers.
percolation, leaching
the most limiting nutrient for plants is ____.
phosphorous
producer
plants
a system moving in one direction is an example of a(n) _____ feedback loop.
positive
which of the following would help to reduce erosion on hillsides?
terracing, contour farming NOT till farming
which of the following is a benefit of planting legumes with crop rotation?
they add nitrate to the soil
place in order from the base (at the bottom) to the top trophic level.
top tertiary consumer secondary consumer primary consumer producer base
the following conditions are needed for biological evolution.
traits that can be passed down generations, differential reproduction, genetic diversity in a population NOT a stable climate
percolation
water moving down through soil layers
transpiration
water released by plants through their leaves
runoff
water running down a hill
