Apush Chapter 14.2 Foner

Thaddeus Stevens

"It is plain," declared..., a Radical Republican congressman from Pennsylvania, "that nothing approaching the present policy will subdue the rebels."

Haiti

"You and we are different races," he declared. "It is better for us both to be separated." As late as December, the president signed an agreement with a shady entrepreneur to settle former slaves on an island off the coast of...

Frederick Douglass

Outside of Congress, few pressed the case for emancipation more eloquently than....

victories

Since most of these slaves were still behind Confederate lines, however, their liberation would have to await Union....

weaken the South's ability to sustain the war

Since slavery stood at the foundation of the southern economy, they insisted, emancipation was necessary to...

destroyed and worthless

Slavery there, wrote a northern reporter, "is forever ..., no matter what Mr. Lincoln or anyone else may say on the subject."

political and military necessity

Sometime during the summer of 1862, Lincoln concluded that emancipation had become a...

military commander-in-chief

Because its legality derived from the president's authority as... to combat the South's rebellion, the Proclamation exempted areas firmly under Union control (where the war, in effect, had already ended).

alienate

Action against slavery, he feared, would drive the border, with its white population of 2.6 million and nearly 500,000 slaves, into the Confederacy and... conservative northerners.

burden to the army and an embarrassment to the administration

At first, blacks' determination to seize the opportunity presented by the war proved a...

mobilize public support

At the outset of the war, Lincoln invoked time-honored northern values to...

6 million

Between 1831, when the British abolished slavery in their empire, and 1888, when emancipation came to Brazil, some... slaves gained their freedom in the Western Hemisphere.

Union victory

But on the advice of Secretary of State William H. Seward, Lincoln delayed his announcement until after a..., lest it seem an act of desperation.

antislavery northerners

But the failure of traditional strategies to produce victory strengthened the hand of...

3 million

But the vast majority of the South's slaves—more than... men, women, and children—it declared "henceforward shall be free."

irrelevant

But while appealing to free labor values, Lincoln initially insisted that slavery was.... to the conflict.

"the contrabands."

Butler's order added a word to the war's vocabulary. Escaping slaves became known as... They were housed by the army in "contraband camps" and educated in new "contraband schools."

Union and abolition

By making the Union army an agent of emancipation and wedding the goals of..., the Proclamation sounded the eventual death knell of slavery.

General Benjamin F. Butler

By the end of 1861, the military had adopted the plan, begun in Virginia by..., of treating escaped blacks as contraband of war—that is, property of military value subject to confiscation.

jubilation

Despite its limitations, the Proclamation set off scenes of... among free blacks and abolitionists in the North and "contrabands" and slaves in the South.

black

For the first time, it committed the government to enlisting... soldiers in the Union army.

Douglass

From the outset, he insisted that it was futile to "separate the freedom of the slave from the victory of the government." "Fire must be met with water,"... declared, "darkness with light, and war for the destruction of liberty must be met with war for the destruction of slavery."

John C. Frémont

In August 1861,..., commanding Union forces in Missouri, a state racked by a bitter guerrilla war between pro-northern and pro-southern bands, decreed the freedom of its slaves. Fearful of the order's impact on the border states, Lincoln swiftly rescinded it.

White House

In August 1862, Lincoln met at the... with a delegation of black leaders and urged them to promote emigration from the United States.

fugitive slaves

In March 1862, Congress prohibited the army from returning...

gradual emancipation

In November, the president proposed that the border states embark on a program of... with the federal government paying owners for their loss of property. He also revived the idea of colonization.

free labor ideology

In a message to Congress, he identified the Union cause with the fate of democracy for the "whole family of man." He identified the differences between North and South in terms of the familiar...: "This is essentially a people's struggle. On the side of the Union, it is a struggle for maintaining in the world, that form and substance of government, whose leading object is to elevate the condition of men . . . to afford all, an unfettered start, and a fair chance, in the race of life."

gradual emancipation and colonization

In his annual message to Congress, early in December, Lincoln tried to calm northerners' racial fears, reviving the ideas of... He concluded, however, on a higher note: "Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history. . . . The fiery trial through which we pass, will light us down, in honor or dishonor, to the latest generation. . . . In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free—honorable alike in what we give, and what we preserve."

sack plantation houses and refuse to work unless wages were paid

In southern Louisiana, the arrival of the Union army in 1862 led slaves to...

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri

In the war's first year, his paramount concerns were to keep the border slave states—....—in the Union and to build the broadest base of support in the North for the war effort.

numbers, scale, and the economic power of the institution of slavery

In..., American emancipation dwarfed that of any other country (although far more people were liberated in 1861 when Czar Alexander II abolished serfdom in the Russian empire).

1861 and 1862

In..., as the federal army occupied Confederate territory, slaves by the thousands headed for Union lines.

freed people

It contained no reference to compensation to slaveholders or to colonization of the...

abolition

It warned that unless the South laid down its arms by the end of 1862, he would decree...

Great Emancipator

Lincoln now became in his own mind the...—that is, he assumed the role that history had thrust upon him, and he tried to live up to it.

lack of military success, hope that emancipated slaves might help meet the army's growing manpower needs, changing northern public opinion, and the calculation that making slavery a target of the war effort would counteract sentiment in Britain for recognition of the Confederacy

Many factors contributed to his decision—...

road to emancipation

Meanwhile, slaves themselves took actions that helped propel a reluctant white America down the...

antislavery circles

Northern military commanders even returned fugitive slaves to their owners, a policy that raised an outcry in...

military intelligence and detailed knowledge

Not a few passed along...of the South's terrain. "The most valuable and reliable information of the enemy's movements in our vicinity that we have been able to get," noted the Union general Daniel E. Sickles, "derived from Negroes who came into our lines."

Civil War and the course of American history

Not only did the Emancipation Proclamation alter the nature of the..., but it also represented a turning point in Lincoln's own thinking.

4 million

Of these, nearly..., two-thirds of the total, lived in the southern United States.

Emancipation Proclamation

On January 1, 1863, after greeting visitors at the annual White House New Year's reception, Lincoln retired to his study to sign the...

Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

On September 22, 1862, five days after McClellan's army forced Lee to retreat at Antietam, Lincoln issued the...

Indiana and Illinois

The Republicans suffered sharp reverses. They lost control of the legislatures of... and the governorship of New York, and saw their majorities dangerously reduced in other states.

very few

The document did not liberate all the slaves—indeed, on the day it was issued, it applied to...

centerpiece of their campaign

The initial northern reaction was not encouraging. In the fall elections of 1862, Democrats made opposition to emancipation the..., warning that the North would be "Africanized"—inundated by freed slaves who would compete for jobs and seek to marry white women.

destruction of slavery

The most dramatic of these was the..., the central institution of southern society

abolitionists and Radical Republicans

The most uncompromising opponents of slavery before the war, ..., quickly concluded that the institution must become a target of the Union war effort.

Second Confiscation Act

Then came abolition in the District of Columbia (with monetary compensation for slaveholders) and the territories, followed in July by the..., which liberated slaves of disloyal owners in Union-occupied territory, as well as slaves who escaped to Union lines.

military success

These appeals won increasing support in a Congress frustrated by lack of...

emancipation issue

Throughout these months, Lincoln struggled to retain control of the...

John J. Crittenden

Thus, in the early days of the war, a nearly unanimous Congress adopted a resolution proposed by Senator... of Kentucky, which affirmed that the Union had no intention of interfering with slavery

Tennessee and parts of Virginia and Louisiana

Thus, it did not apply to the loyal border slave states that had never seceded or to areas of the Confederacy occupied by Union soldiers, such as...

women and children

Unlike fugitives before the war, these runaways included large numbers of..., as entire families abandoned the plantations.

American life

War, it has been said, is the midwife of revolution. And the Civil War produced far-reaching changes in...

war aim

Well before Lincoln made emancipation a..., blacks, in the North and the South, were calling the conflict the "freedom war."

end of bondage

Whatever the policies of the administration, blacks saw the outbreak of fighting as heralding the long-awaited....

Union lines

Yet as the Confederacy set slaves to work as military laborers and blacks began to escape to..., the policy of ignoring slavery unraveled.