ARRT Test Prep, LIMITED X-RAY CORE

PUBLIC EXPOSURE:

1 MSV: EFFECTIVE, FREQUENT EXPOSURE 5 MSV: EFFECTIVE, INFREQUENT EXPOSURE 15 MSV: EQUIVALENT, LENS OF EYE 50 MSV: SKIN HANDS FEET

.1 Rem = ? Seivert

1 Sievert

What is the ratio of a grid whose lead strips are 0.25 mm thick, 1.6 mm high and are seperated by a 0.10 mm alluminum spacer?

16:1 grid

In the lateral position, how far posterior does the sacrum lie from the mid coronal plane?

3 inches

Recommended amount of filtration in Fluoro?

3 mm Al Equivalent

Optical stimulated detector can be worn up to?

3 months and be sensitive to 2 mR

What is Aplastic Anemia? When dose it occur?

All types of blood cells: Red & White 25 Rads

Pregnant radiographer should? (3)

Always practice TDS Has legal right for re-assignment of duty Never confuse collar badge with waist badge

You are called to the trauma center to perform a bedside radiographic procedure on a patient and you suspected the patient may have hepatitis B. What are safe practices to follow to protect yourself?

Always put on gloves Always wash hands after the procedure NOT always put on mask

Minimum suggested schedule for testing lead aprons and gloves for adequate shielded?

Annually

Using Line Focus Principle images will enhance a side effect known as?

Anode Heel Effect

Image noise can be decreased by?

Increasing xray dose

How should the patient be instructed to breath for an AP position of the lower ribs?

Full expiration

ANODE HEEL EFFECT:

GREATER RADIATION INTENSITY TOWARD THE CATHODE END OF THE FIELD. WHEN YOU SHOOT AN X-RAY PLACE THE THINNER SIDE TOWARD THE ANDODE. ONE END OF THE X-RAY WILL BE LIGHTER (THE ANODE SIDE)

What does GSD stand for?

Genetic Significant Dose

List the 3 measurements that are more appropriate for measuring absorbed doses for radiation or occupational dose?

Gray (1) - Rad (100) Seivert (1) - Rem (100) Curie - Bacquerel

# of grid lines per inch or centimeter defines?

Grid Frequency

What is the name of the opening thru which the spinal nerves pass after branching from the spinal chord?

Intervertebral foramen

Electrical current being generated by a charge created in air thru ionization by x/gamma radiation is called a?

Ion Chamber

Main property of x-radiation that makes it potentially hazardous is its ability to?

Ionize

ROENTGEN:

MEASURES IONIZATION OF AIR SI: AIR COULOMB/KG AIR 1 ROENTGEN = 2.58 COULOMB/KG AIR

EMBRYO/FETAL:

MONTHLY EQUIVALENT: .5 MVS./MONTH TOTAL PREGNANCY: 5 MSV

COLLIMATORS:

MOST FREQUENTLY USED, TWO SETTINGS OF LEAD SHIELDS IN THE X-RAY HOUSING. USES A LIGHT TO SHOW TECHNICIANS WHATS THE X-RAY FIELD.

If a pt scheduled an arthrogram sts that he/she has an allergy to an iodinated contrast media, what other imaging method could demonstrate the anatomy w/o putting the pt at risk?

MRI

SHIELDING:

MUST BE PLACED BETWEEN PATIENT AND X-RAY TUBE. THIN FLEXIBLE SHEETS OF LEAD.

According to quality assurance programs, how often should the chemicals be changes in an automatic processor?

Once a month

Which type of pathology would be best demonstrated by a radiograph of the lower leg?

Osgood Schatter Disease

PATIENT CONSIDERATION ON TECHNICAL FACTORS:

PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES AFFECT DENSITY BY ALTERING TISSUE INTEGRITY, ATOMIC NUMBER, TISSUE DENSITY, AND TISSUE THICKNESS. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ARE VARIED BETWEEN ADDITIVE (DECREASE DENSITYT AND INCREASE CONTRAST) AND DESTRUCTIVE (INCREASE DENSITY AND DECREASE CONTRAST) DISEASES. TECHNICAL FACTORS WOULD BE REQUIRED TO BE ADJUSTED TO COMPENSATE.

IMAGE ARTIFACTS, DIGITAL AND FILM SCREEN:

PHANTOM OR GHOST IMAGES MAY APPEAR FROM INCOMPLETE PLATE ERASURE. SCRATCHES OR TEARS ARE PERMANENT ARTIFACTS CAUSED BY DAMAGE TO THE CR PLATE. LIGHT SPOTS ARE CAUSED BY DUST OR OTHER FOREIGN MATERIAL IN PLATE. GUIDE SHOE LINES AND PI LINES ARE POOR GRID LINES.

COMPUTER RADIOGRAPHY (CR)

PHOTOSTIMUABLE PHORPHOR (PSP): CONTAINED IN THE PLATE, STORES THE LATENT IMAGING UNITL ITS PROCESSED. THE PHOSPHOR ABSORBS THE THE ENERGY OF THE X-RAYS AND WITH IT, THE IMAGE OF THE BODY PART. MOST IP PHOSPHORS ARE MADE OUT OF BARIUM FLUOROHIDE WITH EUOPOUM. -STANDARD RESOLUTION: THICK PHOSPHOR LAYER -HIGH RESOLUTION: THIN PHOSPHOR LAYER - GREATER RESOLUTION BC OF THIN LAYER.

RECTIFICATION:

PRIMARY PURPOSE IS TO CHANGE THE ALTERNATING CURRENT TO DIRECT CURRENT. THEY USE DIODES (ELECTRICAL DEVICES THAT PERMITS CURRENT TO FLOW IN ONE DIRECTION)

FILTRATION:

PURPOSE IS TO REDUCE PATIENT DOSE. IT REMOVED LONG WAVELENGTHS FROM BEAM. PLACED BETWEEN TUBE AND PATIENT. THE FILTER ABSORBS LOW ENERGY PHOTONS INSTEAD OF PATIENT.

What may be demonstrated on a tangential projection of the patella?

Patello-Femoral Articulation Longitudinal Fx of the patella NOT transverse Fx of patella

The purpose of reducing added filtration is to reduce radiation dose to?

Patients skin

What type of interactions cause ionization of irradiated material?

Photoelectric - Changes inner shell electrons Compton - Affects outer shell electrons

Which of the following xray interactions with matter is primarily responsible for contrast?

Photoelectric effect

In order to change the visibility of a digital image, lookup table (LUTs) alter the?

Pixel value

Which of the following pathologies are well visualized by the double contrast BE?

Polyps

The radiographic contrast medium that absorbs more radiation than the organ in which it is instilled is called a (an)

Positive agent

Where are the exposure timer located in a typical xray circuit?

Primary side of the step-up transformer.

What is Cataractogenesis?

Process of Cataract Formation

Which imaging study of the urinary system demonstrates the collecting ducts of the kidneys by injecting a radiographic contrast medium?

Retrograde pyelogram

Which of following pathological conditions would allow the x-ray beam to easily penetrate the pt?

Rheumatoid arthritis

Radiation exposure in air = ?

Roentgens - Ionization in air dose measurement.

RELATIVE TISSUE RADIOSENSITIVITY

SAYS RADIOSENSITIVITY OF ANY TISSUE RELATES TO THE CELLULAR COMPOSITION. USES THE BERGONIE-TRIBONDEAU LAW

HL-7:

SET STANDARDS USED IN COMMUNICATION WITH RIS, HIS, AND DICOM.

A geometric characteristic of a computerized image is known as?

Spacial resolution

The ampulla of Vater empties its contents into the duodenum thru the structure called the?

Sphincter of Oddi

Destruction or alteration of medical records, such as the radiology report, by an unauthorized person is referred to as?

Spoliation

How would light and x-ray field alignment test be done?

Standard ruler test cassette or measure the light field w/ radio-opaque objects such as pennies.

What test tool would be used to measure FSS?

Star Test Pattern

PIXEL SIZE:

THE SIZE OF THE PIXEL IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE AMOUNT OF SPATIAL RESOLUTION OR DETAIL IN THE IMAGE. eg) THE SMALLER THE PIXEL IS, THE GREATER THE SPATIAL RESOLUTION.

FOCAL SPOT:

THE SMALLER THE FOCAL SPOT, THE BETTER THE SPACIAL RESOLUTION, BEAUSE THERE IS LESS PENUMBRA, THUS INCREASING DETAIL. *LINE FOCUS PRINCIPLE: ACTUAL FOCAL SPOT(ANY AREA THAT IS STRUCK BY ELECTRON STREAM) IS BIGGER THAN THE EFFECTIVE FOCAL SPOT(VERTICLE PROJECTION OF THE ACTUAL FOCAL SPOT ONTO THE PATIENT AND IMAGE RECEPTOR) .

THYROID:

THYROID TUMORS.

BASIC METHODS OF PROTECTION

TIME: LIMIT TIME SPENT IN RADIATION FIELD. SHIELDING: LEAD WALL IN CONTROL BOOTH; APRONS, GLOVES, AND THYROID SHIELDS DISTANCE: INCREASE DISTANCE BETWEEN YOU AND RADIATION SOURCE.

15% RULE

TO DECREASE CONTRAST INCREASE KVP BY 15% AND HALF THE MAS. TO INCREASE CONTRAST DECREASE CONTRAST BY 15% AND DOUBLE THE MAS.

GOALS OF GONADAL SHEILDING:

TO MINIMIZE THE AMOUNT OF RADIATION RECIEVED BY THE MALE/FEMALE GONADS

PURPOSE OF GONADAL SHIELDING

TO PROTECT GONADS AND TO REDUCE BIRTH DEFECTS.

Phosphorescence or afterglow is a property of intensifying screen that?

Tends to increase image blur

What film change can be made to reduce the dose to the patient and surrounding radiographer?

Use higher speed screen w/ a comparable change in mAs

SHIELDING ACCESSORIES (LEAD, GLOVES, APRON TESTING)

VISUALLY: INSPECT THE APRON, LOOKING FOR ANY TEARS OR IMPERFECTIONS. THEN, RUN YOUR HANDS OVER THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE APRON TO FIND ANY THINNING OR LEAD CREASES. X-RAY TEST: LOOK FOR KINKS OR IRREGULARITIES, TAKE A RADIOGRAPH, PROCESS THE IMAGE, AND LOOK FOR BREAKS IN THE LINING.

Which of the following methods represents a means of transmitting a disease thru insect bites?

Vector

What can happen if a diabetic patient has taken his or her normal dose of insulin but has been NPO since midnight?

patient can go into insulin shock

ACUTE TO CHRONIC:

MAY START OUT ACUTE BUT DEVELOP INTO A CHRONIC DISEASE.

What is used in output phosphors?

Zinc Cadmium Sulfide

ATOMIC NUMBER

# INCREASES, ABSORPTION INCREASES. (BONE ABSORBS MORE THAN SOFT TISSUE) DUE TO HIGHER ELECTRONS.

DENSITY:

(CALLED BRIGHTNESS IN DIGITAL WINDOW LEVEL: CONTROLS BRIGHTNESS OF THE IMAGE IN DIGITAL IMAGING. ) THE OVERALL BLACKNESS OR DARKNESS ON THE IMAGE. TOO DARK: OVEREXPOSED, TOO LIGHT: UNDEREXPOSURED. PRIMARILY CONTROLLED BY MAS, SECONDARILY CONTROLLED BY KVP AND SID

THE ANODE:

(THE TARGET) IS AT THE OPOSITE END OF THE TUBE. ITS HARD, SMOOTH, SLANTED, AND MADE OF TUNGSTEN. THE ELECTRONS ARE DIRECTED TOWARD THE TARGET AND THATS WHERE THE X-RAYS ARE GENERATED.

CONTRAST:

(WINDOW WIDTH: CONTROLS CONTRAST RESOLUTION IN DIGITAL IMAGING) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADJACENT PORTIONS OF RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY. *TOO LOW-LITTLE DENSITY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE. THEY HAVE A FLAT GRAY APPEARANCE. *TOO MUCH CONTRAST- HAVE A "BLACK AND WHITE" APPEARANCE AND HAVE VERY LIGHT AREAS AND VERY DARK AREAS. *CONTRAST IS PRIMARILY CONTROLLED BY KVP. *HIGH CONTRAST, LOW KVP, SHORT SCALE *LOW CONTRAST, HIGH KVP, LONG SCALE.

EDUCATIONAL/TRAINING DOSE LIMITS:

1 MSV: ANNUAL EFFECTIVE 15 MSV: EQUIVALENT LENS OF EYE 50 MSV: EQUIVALENT HANDS SKIN FEET

IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE INSITUTION TO MAINTAIN CUMULATIVE DOSE RECORDS FOR ALL EMPLOYEES THAT WORK AROUND RADIATION. EVERY EXPOSURE MUST BE RECORDED AND CANNOT BE ERASED

********

IMAGE PROCESSING:

*DEVELOPER, FIXER, WASHER, DRYER* -AUTOMATIC FILM PROCESSORS: TAKES THE RECORDED IMAGE AND DEVELOPS IT INTO THE LATENT IMAGE. A SERIES OF ROLLERS, AND CHEMICALS BATHE AND WASH THE FILMS PRODUCING THE FINAL IMAGE RATHER QUICKLY. *7 BBASIC PROCESSING COMPONENTS: FEED TRAY, MICROSWITCH, DEVELOPING TANK, FIXING TANK, WASH TANK, DRYING CHAMBER, RECEIVING BIN. *DEVELOPER: 1ST SOLUTION THAT BATHES THE FILM, ITS RESPONSIBLE FOR TAKING THE LATENT IMAGE AND MAKING IT VIEWABLE. THE PROCESS WORKS BY CHANGING THE SILVER HALIDE CRYSTALS IN THE EMULSION LAYER OF THE FILM INTO BLACK METALLIC SILVER, IT ALSO HARDENS THE EMULSION LAYER, TRAPPING THE IMAGE. *FIXER: THE PURPOSE IS TO STOP DEVELOPMENT. IT PREVENTS OVER DEVELOPMENT OF THE FILM AND REMOVES ANY UNEXPOSED SILVER HALIE CRYSTALS, AND FINISHES HARDENING OF THE EMULSION LAYER. *THEN THE FILM IS BATHED IN FRESH WATER, TO WASH CHEMICALS OFF THE FILM, AND DRIED, AND PUT INTO THE RECEIVING BIN READY TO BE VIEWED.

BEAM RESTRICTION:

*SMALL LIGHT FIELD = LESS FOG* -CONED DOWN IMAGE: A SMALL AREA CENTERED TO CLINICAL INTEREST. -DECREASING COLLIMATION WILL DECREASE TISSUE RADIATION, DECREASES SCATTER, AND INCREASES CONTRAST.

TECHNIQUES ARE BASED ON SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS:

-ANATOMICAL: AS THICKNESS IN BODY PART INCREASES, RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY WILL DECREASE UNLESS ADJUSTMENTS ARE MADE. USUALLY A CHANGE IN THE MAS, 30% MAS INCREASE WILL COMPENSATE A 2 CM INCREASE IN PART. A MAS IS REDUCED 20% WITH A 2 CM DECREASE IN BODY PART. -PATHOLOGIC: HARD TO PENETRATE DISEASES: INCREASE BODY PART MEASUREMENT BY 2-4 CM. EASY TO PENETRATE: DECREASE BODY PART MEASUREMENT BY 2-4 CM. -PEDIACTRICS: ACCURATE EXPOSURE TECHNIQUES SHOULD BE USED, AS WELL AS KEEPING REPEATS TO A MINIMUM. THEY WILL BE A LOT LESS COMPARED TO A NORMAL TECHNIQUE CHART.

TECHNIQUE CHART:

-COMPUTERIZED CONTROL UNITS WITH PRE-PROGRAMMED EXPOSURE SETTINGS (APR- ANATOMIC PROGRAMMING) WILL AUTOMATICALLY SET THE EXPOSURE FACTORS WHEN A TECHNICIAN ENTERS A BODY PART AND MEASUREMENT TO FUNCTION ACCURATELY THESE UNITS MUST FIRST BE PROGRAMMED WEITH EXPOSURES THAT MEET THE FACILITY REQUIREMENTS. EVEN THOUGH THIS IS ALL ON THE COMPUTER, YOU STILL MAY BE REQUIRED TO HAVE A TECHNIQUE CHART POSTED. -ALL TECHNIQUES ARE BASED ON THE MEASUREMENT OF THE BODY PART. THE TOOL USED IS A CALIPER, AND THE AREA MEASURED IS WHERE THE X-RAY IS GOING TO GO THROUGH. SOME PARTS HOWEVER IS THROUGH THE THICKEST PART.

KILOVOLTAGE PEAK (KVP):

-CONTROLS QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF THE X-RAY BEAM. AS THE KVP IS INCREASED, ENERGY OF THE PHOTONS IS INCREASED. THE KVP IS THE PRIMARY CONTROLLER OF THE PENETRATION OF X-RAYS. WHEN KVP IS INCREASED, THE ELECTRONS FROM THE FILAMENT REACH THE ANODE WITH MORE ENERGY. MORE INTERACTIONS THEN OCCUR IN THE ANODE AND MORE X-RAYS EMITTED. -THE CONTRAST OF AN IMAGE IS DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY KVP. HIGH KVP = LOW CONTRAST/LOW KVP=HIGH CONTRAST. KVP IS THE PRIMARY CONTROLLER OF CONTRAST.

DARK ROOM

-FILMBIN: BIN USED TO HOLD FILM IN THE DARKROOM. YOU USE IT TO RELOAD CASSETTES. THE BIN IS OPENED NLY IN SAFELIGHT EXPOSURE, AND THE BIN IS TOTALLY LIGHT PROOF -SAFELIGHT: SPECIAL LIGHTS USED TO SEE IN THE DARK ROOM. IT'S FITTED WITH A GBX FILTER, THEY'RE DEEP CHERRY RED. THE SAFE LIGHT SHOULD BE 7-15 WATTS MAX AND SHOULD BE NO CLOSER THAN 3-4 FEET FROM THE FEED TRAY.

MAS

-LOWEST MAS = LOWEST RAD DOSE -QUALITY OF ELECTRONS

HIGH FREQUENCY (HF) GENERATOR:

-MOST COMMONLY USED TODAY -SINGLE SOURCE OF CURRENT IS USED -60 HZ FULL WAVE RECTIFIED CIRCUIT IS CONVERTED TO 6,000 HZ -CAN CONCERT TO UP TO 100,000 HZ -INVERTER CIRCUITS BRING THE FREQUENCY UP TO THE HIGH LEVEL AND SEVERAL LAYERS OF SMOOTHING CAPACITORS ASSIST IN CREATING THE HF CURRENT -THE INVERTER CIRCUITS BRING THE FREQUENCY UP TO THE HIGH LEVEL AND SEVERAL LAYERS OF SMOOTHING CAPACITORS ASSIST IN CREATING THE HF CURRENT -THE INVERTER CIRCUIT CHANGES THE WAVELIKE CURRENT INTO A SQUARE PULSE. -HF GENERATORS PRODUCE A NEAR CONSTANT VOLTAGE WAVEFORM, WHICH RESULTS IN LESS EXPOSURE TIME. -GREATER AMOUNT OF X-RAYS FOR THE SAME EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE. -THEY'RE SMALLER, MORE EFFIECIENT AND COST LESS.

THREE PHASE GENERATOR W/ FULL RECTIFICATION

-POWERED BY 3 SEPERATE SOURCES OF AC CURRENT AT THE SAME TIME -ALTERNATING CURRENT IS GENERATED IN 3 OVERLAPPING CYCLES -360 PULSES OF ELECTRICITY RESULTS IN 360 PULSES OF X-RAYS PER SECOND -*ADVANTAGE: PRODUCES APPROX. 40% MORE X-RAYS THAN SINGLE PHASE.

SINGLE PHASE GENERATED W/ FULL RECTIFICATION:

-PRODUCED BY A SINGLE SOURCE OF AC CURRENT -PRODUCE A PULSATING CURRENT THAT ALTERNATES FOR POSITIVE TO NEGATIVE -SINGLE PHASE CURRENT RESULTS IN PULSATING BEAM -120 PULSES OF ELECTRICITY PER SECOND RESULTS IN 120 PULSES OF X-RAYS PER SECOND -LOWEST POWER, MOST BASIC, LEAST EXPENSIVE.

KVP

-QUALITY -PENETRATIVE POWER -HIGH KVP = LESS RAD ABSORBED BY PATIENT.

DIGITAL ARTIFACTS:

-QUANTUM MOTTLE: GRAINY X-RAY, CAUSED BY INACURATE EXPOSURE TECHNIQUES. -MOIRE PATTERN: OCCURS WHEN THE GRID LINES ARE NOT ALIGNED WITH THE LASER SCANNING FREQUENCIES OF THE CR READER. -LIGHT SPOTS: USUALLY CASUED BY DIST OR OTHER FOREIGN OBJECT ON IP. *IP MAY BE CLEANED, BUT YOU MUST FOLLOW MANUFACTOR'S CLEANING PROTOCALL TO AVOID DAMAGING IMAING PLATE* -PHANTOM/GHOST IMAGE: RESULT OF INADEQUET IP ERASURE. YOU MUST TROUBLESHOOT THE CR PLATE PREPARATION SYSTEM AND THE DISPLAY SYSTEM. -SCRATCHES OR TEARS: PERMENANT ARTIFACTS DUE TO DAMAGE OF THE PLATE. -FOGGING: FROM BACKGROUND OR SCATTER BC CR PLATE IS MUCH MORE SENSITIVE THEN THE FORMER FILM.

TYPES OF PERSONNEL MONITORING

-TLD: THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETER: CONTRUCTED W/ RADIOSENSITIVE CRYSTALS THAT EMIT LIGHT WHEN EXPOSED. CRYSTALS CAN BE REUSED, AND CAN BE READ IMMEDIATELY. -FILM BADGE: CONSTRUCTED OF PLASTIC, AND ALUMINUM AND HAS A SHEET OF FILM IN IT. FILM IS PUT IN A LIGHTPROOF ENVELOPE SO ONLY EXPOSED TO RADIATION. -OSL: OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENT. USES ALUMINUM OXIDE AS A RADIATION DETECTOR. IT IS PRODUCED USING A LASER LIGHT. THEY CAN MEASURE LIGHT MORE PRECISELY AND CAN BE REANALYZED TO CONFIRM.

X-RAY PROPERTIES:

-WAVELIKE MOTION -TRAVEL IN STRAIGHT LINE -CANNOT BE DETECTED BY SENSES -HIGHLY ENERGIZED, CAN IONIZE AIR -ABILITY TO PENETRATE ALL MATTER -CAN CAUSE BIOLOGICAL CHANGES -CAN BE DIRECTED BUT NOT FOCUSED -ABILITY TO PENETRATE ALL MATTER -CAN CAUSE BIOLOGICAL CHANGES -CAN BE DIRECTED BUT NOT FOCUSED -CAN CAUSE CERTAIN MATERIALS TO GIVE OFF LIGHT.

Densitometer film density measurement of 3 corresponds to approx _____ of the light from a view-box being transmitted thru the film?

0.1%

What is the recommended monthly dose-equivalent limit for the fetus in the third trimester?

0.5 mSv .05 Rem NRCP 116

Pocket dosimeters can only work for?

1 day and must be reset everyday. Upper reading limit of 200-300 rads

TYPES OF SHIELDS:

1)SHADOW SHIELD: ATTACHES TO X-RAY TUBE, CAN BE USED IN VARIETY OF POSITIONS. DOES NOT CONTAMINATE. 2)FLAT CONTACT SHIELDS: MADE OF LEAD AND VINYL. FLAT AND FLEXIBLE. USED WHEN PATIENT IS LAYING DOWN OR STANDING. 3)BREAST SHIELD: SHIELDS BREAST WHEN TISSUE IS STILL DEVELOPING. MAINLY USED IN A SCOLI- ON PRE PUBESCENT GIRLS. COMES AS A FILTER OR VINYL VEST. 4)CONTOUR CONTACT SHIELDS: SHAPED SHIELDS TYPICALLY USED AS GONAD SHIELDS.

BERGONIE-TRIBONDEAU LAW

1. MORE CELL DIVISION 2. HIGHER OXYGEN 3. LESS DIFFERENTIATED (NO SPECIFIC PURPOSE)

0.1 Gray = ? Rad

10 Rad

Under normal modes of operation, fluoroscopic procedures should NOT exceed?

10 Renkens per min.

How many heat units are generated when setting a technique of 75 kVp, 400 mA, 250 milliseconds on a 3 phase, 12 pulse generator?

10,575 HU 250 millisec = .25 sec HU= kVp(mA)(Generator type - 1.35=6pulse, 1.41=12Pulse)

1 Gray = ? Rad

100 Rad

Leakage radiation should NOT exceed how much mR at 1 meter from the scource?

100 mR per hr 0.1 Rad per hr NCRP 102

Which of the following blood pressure readings would indicate shock?

115-130 beats per min

Techniques above 90 kVp would utilize what grid ratio?

12:1

How many degrees of pt face rotation from the lateral for the single tube angulation of oxiolateral (Law) method of demonstrating the mastoid process?

15 degrees

How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for an AP projection of the sternum?

15 degrees cephalic

EMBRYONIC CELLS:

1ST TRIMESTER: GREATEST RISK, MOST RADIOSENSITIVE, DAMAGE TO CELLS, DEATH OF EMBRYO. 2ND TRIMESTER: LESS BUT STILL RADIOSENSITIVE, DEALTH LESS LIKELY BUT SEVERE DISFORMITIES LIKELY, MORE DIFFERENTIATED AND LESS MIOTIC ACTIVITY. 3RD TRIMESTER: MOST RADIORESISTANT, MOST DAMGE TO CNS (LOW IQ OR NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMS.

How many pulses per cycle are found in a single phase, full wave rectified xray machine?

2

How much will the kidneys move when changing the patient position from recumbent to the erect position?

2"

What minimum distance should the safe light be positioned above the processor shelf to avoid fogging of the radiograph?

3 feet

According to Bushong, tabletop intensity should NOT exceed what?

2.1 mR per min for each mA operating at 80 kVp.

What is the usual amount of filtration in Fluoro?

2.5 mm Al Equivalent

MUST HAVE FILTRATION:

2.5MM AL EQUIV ON MACHINE 70 KVP + (ADDED AND INHERENTED)

Cataractogenesis occurs after acute or chronic exposures of how many Rads?

200 Rads, 2 Gray

A decrease in blood count is the earliest response seen to dose radiation. It can occur at dosease as low as?

25 Rads or .25 Gray

Temporary Sterility occurs in the adult male at acute doses of how many Rads?

250 Rads, 2.5 Gray

HOW MANY TYPES OF BEAM RESTRICTORS ARE THERE?

3 TYPES: 1) APERATURE DIAPHRAMS: PROVIDE LEAST AMOUNT OF RESTRICTION:, SMALL AND USED CLOSE TO AREA WHERE PHOTONS ARE PRODUCED, ATTACHES DIRECTLY TO X-RAY HOUSING. 2) CONES+CYLINDERS: PROVIDE BEST BEAM RESTRICTION, LONG AND NARROW, HAVE GREATEST IMPACT ON SCATTER, HEAVY AND DONT COME IN DIFFERENT SIZES, ATTACHES TO X-RAY HOUSING. 3) COLLIMATOR: MOST WIDELY USED, VARIOUS SHUTTERS, INSIDE X-RAY HOUSING.

If the orbitalmeatal line is perpendicular to the film for an AP Axila (Grash.Townes) Projection of the skull, how much caudal angulation of the central ray requires

30 Degree

ARS (ACURE RADIATION SYNDROME)

4 STAGES 3 TYPES. STAGES: 1) INITIAL: 48 HOURS AFTER EXPOSURE. NASUEA, FATUGUE, LOSS OF APPETITE. 2)LATENT: LAST ABOUT 1 WEEK, EARLY SYMPTOMS DISAPPEAR, FEELS BETTER. 3)MANIFEST: FEVER, INFECTION, DIARRHEA, DEATH MAY FOLLOW. 4)RECOVERY: IF DOSE NOT LETHAL, RECOVERY BEGINS. MAY TAKE MANY WEEKS. TYPES: 1)CNS: VERY LARGE DOSE, DEATH OCCURS AFTER EXPOSURE(FEW HOURS), BREAKS DOWN NEURO+CARDIO SYSTEMS. 2)GASTROINTESTINAL(GI): DOSE ABOVE 600REMS, DEATH WITHIN 15-30 DAYS, DESTRUCTION OF GASTROINTESTINAL LINING. 3)HEMATOPOIETIC: AKA BONE MARROW SYNDROME, DEATH MAY OCCUR FROM DAMAGE TO BLOOD FORMING ORGANS.

What degree of central ray angulations should be used for the axial plantodorsal projection of the os-calcis?

40 Degrees

To ensure proper light field to radiation field alignment, the deflecting mirror must be at?

45 degree angle to x-ray beam

Which of the following radiographic methods would best demonstrate the coronoid process of the ulna?

45 degree internal oblique of the elbow

To demonstrate the apophaseal joints of the lumbar vertebrae with an AP projection, the pt rotation is?

45 degrees

Which of the following represents the level of the iliac crest in the body?

4th & 5th Lumbar Vertebre

OCCUPATIONAL DOSE LIMIT:

50 MSV: ANNUAL EFFECTIVE 10 MSV X AGE: CUMULATIVE EFFECTIVE 150 MSV: EQUIVALENT, LENS OF EYE 500 MSV: SKIN HANDS FEET.

What is the Occupational radiation dose equivalent limit for stochastic effects to the whole body?

50 mSv (5 Rem)

Which of the following is the normal diastolic pressure for an adult.

60-90

How much must the pt be rotated from the horizontal plane to visualize the apophaseal joints of the thoracic vertebre?

70 degrees

What is the typical frame size of the most spot film (photospot) cameras used for the diagnostic imaging?

70-105 mm

Maximum # of electron that may be found in the L-Shell of an atom?

8

A radiologist requires 60 percent more than the normal 50 cc dose of radiographic contrast media to be used for a urologic procedure. The cc's to be prepared is

80 cc's

During cardiopulmonary resuscitation of an adult, the cardiac compression rate should be about

80-100 per min

For all dedicated chest units whose tube potential routinely exceeds 90 kVp, the minimum recommended grid ratio is?

8:1

Techniques below or at 90 kVp would utilize what grid ratio?

8:1

About what percentage of radiographic density is due to light emitted by an intensifying screen phosphor?

95-98%

CASSETTE WITH FILM:

A DEVICE THAT CONTAINS INTENSIFYING SCREENS THAT GLOW WHEN STRUCK BY X-RAYS AND IMPRINTS THE IMAGE ON FILM. DARK ROOM IS REQUIRED TO PROCESS FILM, THE FILM IS VIEWED ON AN ILLUMINATOR.

IMAGE PLATE:

A DEVICE USED WITH COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY. SIMILAR TO A CONVENTIONAL INTENSIFYING SCREEN. THE IP IS A CASSETTE THAT CONTAINS A SPECIAL PHOSPHORUS TO STORE THE IMAGE. THE IMAGE PLATE IS INSERTED INTO A READER WHERE THE X-RAY SHOWS UP ON A COMPUTER SCREEN AFTER IT HAS BEEN SCANNED WITH A LAZER BEAM.

MATRIX & PIXEL:

A DIGITAL IMAGE SEEN ON A MONITOR IS DESCRIBED AS HAVING A MATRIX. THE MATRIX IS A SERIES OF THOUSANDS OF VERY SMALL BOXES OR SQUARES, CALLED PIXELS. A MONITOR MIGHT HAVE A MATRIX OF 2,000 X 2,500 PIXELS, MEANING 5,000,000 TOTAL PIXELS FORM THE IMAGE. THE SMALLER THE PIXELS THE BETTER THE RESOLUTION.

THE SOURCE OF ELECTRONS:

A FILAMENT AT ONE END OF THE TUBE. THE FILAMENT CONSISTS OF A TUNGSTEN COIL.

SOLID STATE DETECTOR:

A FLAT PANEL THIN FILM TRANSISTOR USED WITH DIRECT DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY. CASSETLESS, CONCERTS X-RAY DIRECTLY TO DIGITAL FORMAL

HISTOGRAM:

A GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE NUMBER OF PIXELS WITH A PARTICULAR INTENSITY

LOOK UP TABLE (LUT)

A HISTOGRAM OF THE LUMINANCE VALUES DERIVED DURING IMAGE ACQUISITION. THE LUT IS USED AS REFERENCE TO EVALUATE RAW INFORMATION, AND CORRECT LUMINANCE VALUE. THE PROPER LUT WILL PROVIDE THE PROPER GRAYSCALE, REGARDLESS OF VARIATIONS IN KVP AND MAS RESULTING IN CONSISTENT IMAGES.

IDENTIFICATION MARKERS:

A MINIMUM OF TWO TYPES OF MARKERS SHOULD BE IMPRINTED ON EVERY RADIOGRAPH. 1) PATIENT IDENTIFICATION, DATE, AND TWO SIDE MARKERS. THESE MARKERS SHOULD NOT OBSTRUCT ANATOMY. IT IS TOTALLY UNACCEPTABLE TO ANNOTATE BECAUSE OF LEGAL AND LIABILITY CAUSED BY MISMARKING.

SOURCE OF ELECTRONS:

A NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRON CLOUD (SPACE CHARGE) IS FORMED WITHIN THE FOCUSING CUP WHEN HEAT IS APPLIED TO THE FILAMENT OF THE CATHODE. THE SPACE CHARGE IS THE SOURCE OF ELECTRONS. THE PROCESS OF APPLYING HEAT TO RELEASE THE SPACE CHARGE IS CALLED THERMIONIC EMISSION (OR BOILING OF ELECTRONS)

PORTABLE DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY.

A PORTABLE LIGHTWEIGHT DR SYSTEM THAT CAN BE USED AS LATERAL OR AXIAL LIMBS. TRANSMITTED VIA ETHERNET OR WIRELESS.

CONTRAST/GRAY SCALE:

A RADIOGRAPH MUST EXIBIT DIFFERENT ADJACENT DENSITIES IN ORDER TO DIFFERENTIATE ANATOMICAL TISSUES. DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY HAVE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ATTENUATION ALLOWING BETTER VISUALIZATION OF THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES WITHIN THE BODY.

Radiation workers cumulative dose-equivalent limit is determined by?

Age x 10 mSv Age x 1 Rem NCRP 110

ATTENUATION:

ABSORPTION OF X-RAY PHOTONS

SCANNING IMAGING PLATE:

AFTER AN EXPOSURE, THE IMAGING PLATE IS SCANNED INTO A READER. THE PHOSPHOR IS SCANNED WITH A LASER BEAM WHICH RELEASES THE STORED ENERGY AS VISIBLE LIGHT. THEN SPECIAL ELECTRONICS CONVERT THE LIGHT TO AN ELECTRONIC SIGNAL TO FORM THE DIGITAL IMAGE. AFTER THE PLATE IS SCANNED INTO THE READER, IT IS EXPOSED TO AN INTENSE WHITE LIGHT TO ERASE IT. PHOTOSTIMUABLE PHOSPHOR CAN BE USED ATLEAST 10,000 TIMES BEFORE THEN NEED TO BE REPLACED.

RBE (RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS)

ALLOWS ONE TO DETERMINE THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF ONE TYPE OF RADIATION TO ANOTHER.

ADDED FILTRATION:

ALUMINUM, SHEETS PLACED BETWEEN PORT AND COLLIMATOR.

CHEMICAL FOG

AN INCREASE IN OVERALL DENSITY WHEN FILM COMES IN CONTACT WITH CHEMICALS OR CHEMICAL FUMES.

FIXED KVP:

AN OPTIMUM KVP IS SELECTED FOR EACH PROJECTION AND THE MAS IS VARIED DEPENDING ON PATIENT/PART THICKNESS. ADVANTAGES: WHEN KVP IS AT THE HIGH END OF THE OPTIMAL RANGE THERE IS MORE LATITUDE. LATITUDE IS A WIDER RANGE OF DENSITIES, ESPECIALLY GRAYS, ARE SHOWN ON AN IMAGE.

PHOTOELECTRIC:

AN X-RAY PHOTON GIVES UP ALL OF ITS ENERGY (TOTAL ABSORPTION) TO AN INNER SHELL ELECTRON. ELECTRON IS EJECTED FROM K OR L SHELL LEAVING A HOLE. THE HOLE IS FILLED BY ANOTHER ELECTRON FROM AN OUTER SHELL SLOWING DOWN AND TAKING THE EMPTY SPOT OF THE INNER SHELL. THE ELECTRON EJECTED IS CALLED A PHOTOELECTRON. IT CAUSES CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CONTRAST BETWEEN BONE AND SOFT TISSUE.

MOTION:

ANY MOTION WILL CAUSE BLURRING OF THE RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE, REDUCING DEFINITION. -INVOLUNTARY MOTION: NO CONTROL: TREMORS, PERISTALIS OR HEART BEAM. -VOLUNTARY: CAN BE CONTROLLED (ALTHOUGH SOME PATIENTS MAY NOT BE ABLE TO CONTROL IT) NOT HOLDING BREATH, BEING IN PAIN, NOT COOPERATING.

A RT Lateral Decub is taken of a patient with the grid placed behind the patient. This is an example of a ...?

AP Projection

What radiograph would benefit from the use of the anode heel affect?

AP Projection of the femur

Which radiograph of the shoulder will demonstrate the glenoid cavity in profile?

AP oblique Grashey Method

LONG TERM EFFECTS

APPEAR MONTHS OR YEARS AFTER EXPOSURE. 4 TYPES OF LONG TERM SOMATIC EFFECTS. 1) CATARACTOGENESIS: FORMATION OF CATARACTS. 2)LIFE SPAN SHORTENING: AVERAGE LIFESPAN SHORTENED. 3)CARCINOGENESIS: PRODUCTION OF CANCER 4)EMBRYOLOGICAL EFFECTS: 1ST TRIMESTER: EXTEREMELY SENSITIVE OF THE 3 TRIMESTERS, ABNORMALITIES MAY FORM BASED ON EXPOSURE TO EMBRYO/FETUS.

PROTECTIVE DEVICES:

APRONS: .25MM LEAD GLOVES: .25MM LEAD GONAD SHIELDS: .5 MM LEAD THYROID: .5MM LEAD EYE GLASSES: .35MM LEAD

THICKER BODY PARTS:

ATTENUATE MORE X-RAY PHOTONS

Skin Eyrythemia (Skin Redning) occurs above?

Above 200 Rad, 2 Gray

What is the name of the process that extends superiorly from the scapula?

Acromion

What must be done to Xray film to make it compatible to rare earth phosphors?

Add light absorbing dye in the x-ray film emulsion

The C/Kg or R is usually the unit measured in?

Air dose

A patient develops hives several minutes after a radiologic contrast agent has been administered. Which type of drug may the patient be given to counteract the reaction?

Antihistamine Benadryle Claritan Sudafed Zyrtec

When using AEC w/ DR, selecting the center chamber on a PA radiogragh results in?

Appropriate density in the lungs

Type of artifact will result on a radiograph from dirt or dust on an intensification screen?

Area of decreased film density

When using a C-Arm mobile unit, the intensification tower should be?

As close as possible to the patient to reduce patient dose and unnecessary magnification.

Which pathologic condition would require increase in technical factors?

Ascites

The proper medical term for a collapsed lung is?

Atelectasis

Which device in the typical x-ray circuit is adjusted to select the kilo-voltage?

Auto-transformer

What is GSD?

Average gonadal dose received by an exposed population. It is used to estimate the genetic impact of medical radiation dose on the entire population.

PRIMARY X-RAY BEAM:

BEAM THAT COMES FROM X-RAY TUBE

INHERENT FILTRATION:

BUILT IN, GLASS OF THE TUBE AND SURROUNDING OIL, 0.5 MM AL EQUIV.

How should the patients hand be placed for a PA Projection of the rib so that the scapula are rotated away from the rib cage?

Back of the hands against the hips

If a patient is scheduled for an UGI and a small bowel series, which of the radiographic contrast media would be contraindicated if a perforation is suspect.

Barium sulfate

Touching the pt w/o permission is the legal definition of?

Battery

As the field size is increased with all other factors remaining constant, the scale of contrast will?

Be lengthened

Where should ionization chambers be located if it is to be used as an efficient automatic exposure

Between the patient and the image receptor

Reduction in resolution often seen with the use of higher tube currents in a single focus tube is a phenomenon called?

Blooming

What color of light emitted by lanthanum oxy-bromide rare earth crystals in the intensifying screen?

Blue

What could demonstrate off-focus grid cutoff?

Both sides of the film are underexposed

To better visualize the lateral thoracic spine, the patient should be instructed to?

Breath Quietly

LINEAR

DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL

Appearance of grid lines on radiograph with the table Bucky in use indicates?

Exposure time too short

FOG:

CAN BE CAUSED BY ALLOWING FILM TO COME IN CONTACT WITH HEAT, LOW LEVELS OF IONIZING RADIATION, OR CHEMICAL FUMES. DEVELOPER TEMPERATURE, REPLENISHMENT, AND CONTAMINATION MAY INCREASE LEVELS OF FOG. THIS WILL CAUSE A DECREASE IN CONTRAST.

PATIENT POSITIONING:

CAN BE USED WHEN X-RAYING A HIGHLY RADIOSENSITIVE AREA eg) PT DOING A PA TO LIMIT GONADAL EXPOSURE. ALSO, MAKING SURE PT IS CORRECTLY POSITIONED TO LIMIT THE NEED FOR A RETAKE.

MILLIAMPERAGE (MA):

CHANGES IN MAS AFFECTS THE RATE OF EXPOSURE, AS IN HOW MANY PHOTONS ARE PRODUCED PER SECOND OF EXPOSURE. EXPOSURE IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO MA, AS IN IF MA DOUBLES, THE QUANTITY OF EXPOSURE ALSO DOUBLES. DOSE TO THE PATIENT IS ALSO DIRECTLY RELATED. IF MA IS DOUBLED, DOSE TO PATIENT IS ALSO DOUBLED. IT IS THE PRIMARY CONTROLLER OF DENSITY.

ACUTE DISEASE:

CHARACTERIZED BY A SUDDEN ONSET, SEVERE AND HAVE A SHORT DURATION.

CONES

CIRCULAR METAL TUBES THAT ATTACHES TO THE X-RAY TUBE, LIMITING THE BEAM TO A PRE DETERMINED SIZE AND SHAPE

BIT DEPTH

CONTROLS CONTRAST RESOLUTION/SCALE AND CONTROLS GRAYSCALE. -THE NUMBER OF BITS PER PIXEL THAT DEFINES THE SHADE OF EACH PIXEL: THE HIGHER THE NUMBER THE DARKER THE SHADE OF GRAY

WINDOW LEVEL:

CONTROLS HOW BRIGHT OR DARK THE IMAGE IS, THE DENSITY. HIGHER THE WINDOW LEVEL IS THE DARKER THE IMAGE WILL BE

WINDOW WIDTH:

CONTROLS THE RATIO OF BLACK AND WHITE, OR CONTRAST. THE WIDER THE WINDOW WIDTH THE LOWER THE CONTRAST.

WAVELENGTH:

CREST TO CREST

What is the most likely potential hazard working with diagnostic radiology?

Carcinogenesis - Stochastic/Non-Threshold Effect

Which of the following imaging procedures would require formal informed consent?

Cardiac Catheterization

Example of Deterministic Effect?

Cataracto-genesis

Examples of Deterministic or Non-Stochastic associated with a threshold dose?

Cataracts (2 grey - 200 Rad)

What is used in input phosphors?

Cesium Iodide

Describe the damage potential of ionization?

Chain reaction in the human body that may eventually cause biologic damage. X-rays are from the Electric Magnetic Spectrum or radiation energy and is considered harmful in high energy ranges.

Radiation produces at very discrete energies of approx 69 kiloelectron colts (kev) when electrons interact with the K shell of the tungsten target atom is called?

Characteristic Radiation

What steps are necessary for performing radiographs on a patients with a head injury?

Check the patients vital signs frequently Do NOT remove sandbags, collars or dressings NOT Suction as necessary any nasal drainage.

What radiographic procedure requires an image demonstrating a long scale of contrast?

Chest

What is the most radiosensitive part of any human cell?

Chromosome DNA Nucleus

How should the pt hands be positioned for an erect lateral projection of the sternum?

Clasped behind the pt back

Which two bones are united to form the sternoclavicular joint?

Clavicle & Sternum

Into which anatomical structure is the superior end of the T-Tube placed for performing postoperative cholangiography?

Common Bile Duct

Which anatomic term refers to a body part on the opposite side of the body?

Contra-Lateral

Purpose does a photo-cathode serve?

Converts light photons to electrons

The quantity of radiation exposure measured by an ionization chamber would be?

Coulomb/Kilogram

What is the name of the bony projection that extends superiorly from the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone?

Crista Galli

GENETIC:

DAMAGE TO DNA MOLECULES IN THE SPERM OR OVA CAN CAUSE BIOLOGICAL DAMAGE TO OFFSPRING. *MAY NOT SHOW UP FOR YEARS OR GENERATIONS*

SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (SNR):

DESCRIBES THE ABILITY OF THE DIGITAL SYSTEM TO CONVERT THE X-RAY INPUT ELECTRIC SIGNAL INTO A USEFUL RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT. SIGNAL: THE USEFUL INFORMATION IN THE IMAGE. NOISE: THE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION THAT'S NOT USEFUL. NOISE CAN BE CAUSED BY QUANTUM MOTTLE. WHEN SNR IS POOR, IT DIRECTLY AFFECTS CONTRAST RESOLUTION.

SPATIAL RESOLUTION:

DETAIL/SHARPNESS CONTROLLED BY OID AND FOCAL SPOT SIZE (JUST LIKE FILM/SCREEN) CAN ALSO BE CONTROLLED BY ADJUSTING PROCESSING PARAMETERS.

DELs

DETECTOR ELEMENTS, PIXEL SIZED PIECE OF INFORMATION, VERY TINY. CAN'T SEE WITH THE EYE. SMALLER DELs=HIGHER RESOLUTION.

KVP:

DETERMINES THE QUALITY OF THE BEAM *MORE KVP PRODUCES STRONGER X-RAYS*

MAS:

DETERMINES THE QUANTITY OF X-RAYS PRODUCED.

DIGITAL VS FILM:

DIGITAL HAS NO FILM AND IS ELECTRONIC, DOES NOT NEED TO BE PROCESSED. REQUIRES LESS RADIATION THAN FILM. IT IS QUICKER.

DICOM

DIGITAL IMAGING AND COMMUNICATIONS IN MEDICINE. IT IS A GLOBAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY STANDARD THAT ALLOWS NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN A MODALITY AND PACS.

OBJECT-IMAGE RECEPTOR DISTANCE (OID)

DISTANCE BETWEEN SUBJECT AND IMAGE RECEPTOR. AS OID INCREASES, MAGNIFICATION INCREASES AND DISTORTION OCCURS. (DISTORTION: MISREPRESENTATION OF THE SUBJECT) OID ALSO CONTROLS SPATIAL RESOLUTION (RECORDED DETAIL) BY ADDING PENEMBRA. MAGNIFICATION ALSO RESULTS IN IMAGE UNSHARPNESS. (DECREASE IN OID = INCREASE IN EFFECT ON DETAIL.)

SOURCE-IMAGE RECEPTOR DISTANCE (SID):

DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TUBE AND IR. SID AFFECTS THE INTENSITY OF THE X-RAY BEAM AND THE QUANTITY OF X-RAYS. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SID AND INTENSITY IS REPRESENTED IN THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW. THE QUANTITY OF X-RAYS IS REDUCED BY 4X WHEN THE SID IS DOUBLED. WHEN SID INCREASES THE DETAIL INCREASES BECAUSE THE MAGNIFICATION AND PENUMBRA DECREASES. SID ALSO EFFECTS DISTORTION BECAUSE SIZE DISTORTION IS ALWAYS A FORM OF MAGNIFICATION, AND SID DECREASES MAGNIFICATION, THUS DECREASES SIZE DISTORTION.

SCATTER

DOES NOT COME FROM X-RAY TUBE BUT COMES FROM PATIENT AS SOURCE.

ALARA:

DONT BE COMPLACENT BC DOSE LIMIT IS LOW, ALWAYS KEEP LOW AS POSSIBLE

THRESHOLD

DOSE BELOW NO NEGATIVE EFFECTS OCCUR

Which of the following methods for obtaining a radiograph of the hip should be performed when a fracture is suspected?

Daniuelius-Miller

What could decrease the production of scatter radiation?

Decrease in kVp

An older x-ray tube that has evaporated tungsten deposited on the tube window may cause one or more of the following problems.

Decreased tube output Arcing of the tube

Primary factor affecting brightness of fluoroscopic image?

Density of the anatomic part

Explain the Gurney-Mott Theory...?

Describes how an x-ray photon changes silver halide into atomic silver in the film emulsion--a definite chemical change.

Proper term for the patient who suddenly turns pale and feels cold & clammy is?

Diaphoretic

Disadvantage of a flat panel direct capture detector is?

Difficult in mobile imaging

Why shouldn't film badges be worn greater than a month?

Extreme sensitivity to environmental conditions.

Which of the following is an accepted method of sterilization?

Dry Heat

VARIABLE KVP:

EACH PROJECTION HAS SPECIFIC MAS BUT WOULD VARY THE KVP BY 2-3 PER CM MEASURED OF THE BODY PART. ADVANTAGE: OVERALL IMAGE CONTRAST IS HIGHER, WHICH MAY PROVIDE GREATER DETAIL. ALSO, IT ALLOWS SMALL INCREMENTAL CHANGES IN EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE THAT THE MA AND EXPOSURE TIME CANNOT.

GROSS EXPOSURE ERROR:

EXAMPLE IS MOTTLE, A LIGHT OR DARK IMAGE IS DUE TO INSUFFICIENT AMOUNTS OF DENSITY OR TOO MUCH DENSITY ON A RADIOGRAPHIC FILM. LOW CONTRAST CAN ALSO BE AN EXAMPLE OF GORSS EXPOSURE ERROR.

EXPOSURE INDICATOR DETERMINATION:

EXPOSURE INDICATOR PROVIDES THE TECHNOLOGIST WITH A NUMERICAL VALUE INDICATING THE LEVEL OF EXPOSURE RADIATION TO THE DIGITAL IMAGE RECEPTOR. BOTH CR+DR HAVE THIS FEATURE.

Pocket dosimeter uses?

Electrical current as a measurement of charge.

What component of the image intensifier accelerated electrons toward the output phosphor?

Electrostatic Lenses

What is a Erythrocyte?

End cells w/ no nucleus Like mature nerve cells, are practically immune from radiation and have about a 4 month life span

What occurs when exit radiation interacts with a Photo-Stimulable imaging plate?

Energy Absorption

Human tissue considered to be the most radio-resistant?

Erythrocyte

BEAM RESTRICTION:

FEWER PRIMARY PHOTONS ARE EMITTED FROM THE TUBE AND COLLIMATOR, WHICH = A DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF PRIMARY PHOTNS WHICH = A DECREASE IN A DOSE TO THE PATIENT. -BEAM RESTRICTION = INCREASED KVP = DECREASED CONTRAST.

FILM PROCESSING MALFUNCTIONS:

FILM JAM (WHEN ROLLERS ARE DIRTY/NOT SITUATED PROPERLY); FOG(WHEN THERE'S A PROBLEM WITH SOLUTION, FILM QUALITY, DARKROOM LIGHT CONTAMINATION); GUIDE SHOE MARKS (SCRATCHES ON FILM WHEN GUIDE SHOE OR ROLLERS ARE NOT SITUATED PROPERLY); PICK-OFF/BUILD-UP (CAUSED WHEN DIRTY ROLLERS EITHER PULLING PIECES OFF EMULSION, OR LEAVING A RESIDUE); NOT ENOUGH DENSITY (DEVELOPER TEMPERATURE TOO LOW OR TOO DILUTE); TOO MUCH DENSITY(DEVELOPER TEMPERATURE TOO HIGH OR SOLUTION TOO CONCENTRATED)

FILTRATION:

FILTRATION REMOVES LONG-WAVELENGTH PHOTONS WHICH STRENGTHENS THE PENETRATIVE POWER OF THE X-RAY BEAM BY LEAVING THE HIGH ENERGY PHOTONS. THE FILTRATION ALSO AFFECTS CONTRAST BY DECREASING CONTRAST SLIGHTLY BECAUSE QUALITY (PENETRATION) INCREASES.

MAKE SURE WHEN TAKING AN X-RAY:

FIRST THING YOU DO IS CHECK THE PATIENT IDENTIFICATION. MAKE SURE THAT YOU USE THE CORRECT LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE MARKERS. ALWAYS TRY ABD USE YOUR PHYSICAL MARKERS INSTEAD OF THE POST PROCESSING IN DIGITAL IMAGING MARKERS. ALTHOUGH NOT ILLEGAL, IT MAY CALL QUESTIONS TO YOUR IMAGE. ALWAYS MAKE SURE YOU ENTER CORRECT INFORMATION TO IDENTIFY THE IMAGE CORRECTLY.

DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY (DR) :

FLAT PANEL DETECTOR: CONSIST OF EITHER A SCINTILLATION SCREEN OR PHOTOCONDUCTOR WHICH CONVERTS THE X-RAY PHOTONS DIRECTLY INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNALS. NO CR READER IS NEEDED. -DIRECT: ONE STEP, CONVERTS X-RAYS INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNAL. AVAILABLE IN SECONDS. -INDIRECT: TWO STEP PROCESS IN WHICH X-RAY IS CONVERTED TO LIGHT, THEN TO ELECTRICAL SIGNAL.

FULL WAVE:

FOUR DIODES, REDIRECTS THE NEGATIVE HALF OF THE CYCLE SO THE CURRENT WILL FLOW IN THE SAME DIRECTION RATHER THAN BE ELIMINATED.

Example of personnel monitor that measures radiation thru chemical change reaction?

Film Badge - Operate off Gurney-Mott theory.

What articulates with the medial cuneiform bone?

First Metatarsus

What is Ascites?

Fluid in the peritoneal cavity

During latent image formation, the concentration of metallic silver in the exposed crystals occurs in the region of the sensitivity specks. This explanation of the formation of the image is reffered to as?

Gurney-Mott theory

RADIOLOGIST INFORMATION SYSTEM (RIS)

HOLDS ALL RADIOLOGIC - SPECIFIC PATIENT DATA FROM THE PATIENT SCHEDULING INFORMATION TO THE RADIOLOGISTS DICTATED AND TRANSCRIBED REPORTS. TECHNOLOGIST CAN PULL PATIENT INFORMATION FROM THE RIS. A MODALITY CAN PULL THIS INFO WHEN IT SUPPORTS A MODALITY WORKLIST MANAGEMENT, AND THE RIS CAN EITHER INTERFACE VIA DICOM OR WITH A HEALTH LEVEL 7 DEVICE AND THE DICOM DEVICE

HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (HIS)

HOLDS ALL THE PT'S INFO FROM HOSPITAL BILLING TO THE INPATIENT ORDERING SYSTEM.

FREQUENCY:

HOW MANY CYCLES PER SECOND.

Determinatio of radiologic bone age is most frequently applied to the?

Hand & Wrist

Underexposed radiograph produced by AEC device might result from?

Having insufficient backup time set for a very large patient

Which of the following anatomical structures articulates with the capitulum of the humerus?

Head of the radius

What type of radiation would produce the greatest amount of biological damage in human tissue?

High LET's

What type of generator would incorporate a DC chopper in order to convert 60 hz AC to pulsed DC?

High frequency

Which of the following radiographic methods are used to demonstrate the intercondylar fossa?

Holmblad Camp-Coventry Beclaire All called tunnel views

For which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be at the highest position?

Hypersthenic

Adding two tsp of salt per liter of water used in an enema preparation may prevent?

Hypervolemia

ACCEPTABLE RANGE OF EXPOSURE:

IF EXPOSURE INDICATOR VALUE IS WITHIN ACCEPTABLE RANGE, ADJUSTMENTS CAN BE MADE FOR CONTRAST AND BRIGHTNESS WITH POST PROCESSING FUNCTIONS. IF THE EXPOSURE IS OUTSIDE THE ACCEPTABLE RANGE, ATTEMPTING TO ADJUST THE IMAGE MAY RESULT IN A NOISY SUBOPTIMAL IMAGE.

AUTOMATIC RESCALING

IMAGES ARE PRODUCED WITH UNIFORM DENSITY AND CONTRAST REGARDLESS OF THE AMOUNT OF EXPOSURE. PROBLEMS OCCUR WITH RESCALING WHEN TOO LITTLE EXPOSURE IS USED, RESULTING IN QUANTUM MOTTLE, OR WHEN TOO MUCH EXPOSURE IS USED, RESULTING IN LOSS OF CONTRAST AND LOSS OF DISTINCT EDGES BECAUSE THERE IS INCREASED SCATTER PRODUCTION.

PATIENT COMMUNICATION:

IMPORTANT TO MAKE SURE THEY UNDERSTAND INSTRUCTIONS SO A RETAKE ISNT NECESSARY.

COMPTON EFFECT

INCOMING X-RAY PHOTON HITS A LOSELY BOUND OUTER SHELL ELECTRON. -THE ELECTRON WHICH IS STRUCK IS KNOCKED OUT AND BECOMES A COMPTON ELECTRON -THE ORIGINAL PHOTON IMPARTED SOME OF ITS ENERGY TO THE ELECTRON BUT STILL MAINTAINS ENOUGH TO EXIT BODY BUT INTERACTION CAUSES PHOTON TO CHANGE DIRECTION. -ACCOUNTS FOR MOST OF SCATTERED RADIATION PRODUCED DURING DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES.

AIRGAP TECHNIQUE

INCREASED OID DECREASES SCATTER INTENSITY ON FILM.

EYES:

INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CATARACTS.

CARCINOGENESIS

INCREASED RISK OF MALIGNANT DISEASE, PARTICULARLY CANCER OF THE SKIN, THYROID, BREAST, AND LEUKEMIA.

QUANTUM MOTTLE"

INHERENT ELECTRICAL NOISE. A GRAINY OR MOTTLED (SPOTTY) APPEARANCE, USUALLY CAUSED BY THE USE OF AN INSUFFICIENT RADIATION EXPOSURE FOR THE BODY PART

What radiographic base line should be parallel to the image receptor for a SMV projection of the paranasal sinuses?

IOML

Beam limiting devices will? (3)

Improve image quality Reduce patient dose Reduce scatter radiation

To emit electrons from its surface, x-ray tube filament must be heated sufficiently to cause what?

Incandescence

If a radiograh demonstrates excessive size distortion, which of the following corrections should be made before repeating?

Increase SID

Radiographing Lumbar vertebrae of a geriatric patient, what technique change could be made to reduce patient exposure but maintain significant density?

Increase kVp by 15% with a 50% reduction in mAs

LD 50

LETHAL DOSE THAT WILL KILL 50% OF THE POPULATION IN AN AMOUNT OF DAYS. eg. LD 50/30 WILL KILL 50% OF THE POPULATION IN 30 DAYS.

CHRONIC DISEASE:

LONG DURATION. MAY EXIST CONSTANTLY, OR FLARE UP AT TIMES.

COHERENT (CLASSICAL) SCATTER

LOW ENERGY X-RAYS HIT AN ATOM AND "EXCITE" IT CAUSING THE RELEASE OF ENERGY. HOWEVER, THE ENERGY WHILE IT IS STRONG ENOUGH TO RELEASE THE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF A PHOTON IT DOES NOT KNOCK AN ELECTRON FROM THE SHELL THEREFORE IT DOES NOT PRODUCE IONIZATION.

The RT SI jnt should be clearly demonstrated in which of the following?

LPO

Which radiographic decubitus position preferred for demonstrating air fluid levels in the abdomen?

LT Lateral Decub

Which of the following anatomic structures pumps oxygenated blood into the Aorta?

LT Ventricle

Compared to analog imaging, CR has the advantage of?

Larger dynamic range

Anatomic organ used for phonation is called the?

Larynx

Which radiographic projection of the skull should clearly demonstrate all four sets of paranasal sinuses?

Lateral

If pt places back of the right hand against the RT thigh, the humerus will be in?

Lateral position

What is the typical voltage ripple in a high frequency generator?

Less than 4 percent

If a radiologist instructs you to inject a patient with a radiographic contrast medium and the patient collapses from anaphylactic shock, you may be protected from a lawsuit under the doctrine of respondeat superior which means?

Let the master speak for

Examples of Stochastic, Non-Deterministic, Non threshold dose?

Leukemia Thyroid Cancer Genetic Effects

Most common injury to a health care worker in the radiology department?

Lifting heavy objects

What is the active component of the TLD?

Lithium Fluoride

Which of the following organs receives blood from the portal vein?

Liver

Anterior curvature of the vertebral column is called?

Lordosis Convexed Ex: Lumbar C-Spine

Which of the following situations would cause a pt to go thru the grieving process?

Losing a spouse Being diagnosed with cancer NOT F/x clavicle

What type of exposure factors provide the least patient exposure?

Lowest kVp and lowest mAs would cause the lowest patient dose.

TLD's operate thru?

Luminescence (NO chemical rx's occur)

3 MANUAL EXPOSURE FACTORS THAT EVERY X-RAY MACHINE HAS

MA, KVP, EXPOSURE TIME ( SECONDS)

DIGITAL IMAGING:

MAKING SURE PATIENT IS CENTERED TO IR AND POSITIONED CORRECTLY SO A RETAKE ISNT NECESSARY. REQURES LESS RADIATION THAN FILM.

LEUKEMIA:

MALIGNANT DISEASE OF THE BLOOD THAT HAS BEEN PROVEN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH RADIATION EXPOSURE.

What is arguably the MOST radiosensitive cell in the human body?

Mature Lymphocyte

The plane of the body that divides the thorax into equal anterior and posterior parts is called?

Median Coronal Plane

What is the name of the type of skull that is considered to be of average shape and size?

Mesocephalic MSP-Angle of petrous ridge/pyrimid = 47 degrees

In the image intensifier, the squared ratio of the area of the input screen to the output screen is defined at?

Minification gain

PACS PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

NETWORKED GROUND OF COMPUTERS, SERVERS AND ARCHIVES THAT CAN BE USED TO MANAGE THE DIGITAL IMAGES. A PACS CAN ACCEPT ANY IMAGE THAT IS DIGITAL IMAGING AND COMMUNICATIONS IN MEDICINE (DICOM). PACS SERVES AS THE FILE ROOM , READING ROOM, DUPLICATOR, AND COURIER. IT CAN PROVIDE IMAGE ACCESS TO MULTIPLE USERS AT THE SAME TIME, ON - DEMAND IMAGES, ELECTRONIC ANNOTATION OF IMAGES, AND SPECIALTY IMAGE PROCESSING.

NOISE:

NO USEFUL INFORMATION AND ONLY DEGRADES THE IMAGE. NOISE IS PHOTON DEPENDENT THE FEWING PHOTONS REACHING THE IR TO FORM THE IMAGE THE GREATER THE QUANTUM MOTTLE NOISE IS. QUANTUM MOTTLE IS USED WHEN REFERRING TO NOISE ON A FILM IMAGE.

NONLINEAR

NOT PROPORTIONAL

Monthly Dosimeter reports does NOT include?

Natural or Background Radiation

Example of Radiosensitive stem cells?

Neuroblasts Spermatogonia

How long can a film badge be worn?

No more than a month

Pair-Production affects what portion of the cell?

Nucleus. It does NOT cause ionization.

Monthly dosimetry reports is based on what?

OCCUPATIONAL exposures only.

SMOOTHING AKA LOW PASS FILTERING:

OCCURS BY AVERAGING EACH PIXELS FREQUENCY WITH SURROUNDING PIXEL VALUES TO REMOVE HIGH FREQUENCY NOISE. THE RESULT IS A REDUCTION OF NOISE AND CONTRAST LOW PASS FILTERING IS USEFUL FOR VIEWING SMALL STRUCTURES SUCH AS FINE BONE TISSUES.

EDGE ENHANCEMENT:

OCCURS WHEN FEWER PIXELS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD (ADJACENT PIXELS) ARE INCLUDED IN THE SIGNAL AVERAGE. THE SMALLER THE NEIGHBORHOOD, THE GREATER THE ENHANCEMENT.

The type of personnel monitor that could be worn the longest is the?

OSD

OXYGEN:

OXYGEN ENHANCES THE EFFECTS OF RADIATION

When radiographing multiple trauma patient who is incapacitated, what rule of thumb should be observed to provide the greatest diagnostic benefit for the patient?

Obtain two views 90 degrees apart for all traumatized anatomy.

In series circuit, the total resistance is calculated by the reciprocal of each of the individual resistors. We measure resistance in what unit?

Ohm

What should be considered when using AEC?

Proper selection of ionization chamber(s) Precise positioning over desired chambers NOT Proper selection time

Reasons why lidocaine is often used in radiology dept?

Provide topical anesthetic for invasive procedures.

RAD

RADIATION ABSORBED DOSE: SI: GRAY TO PATIENTS 100 RAD = 1 GRAY

REM

RADIATION EQUIVALENT MAN SI: SIEVERT OCCUPATION 100 REM = 1 SIEVERT

LEAKAGE:

RADIATION THAT LEAKS FROM THE TUBE HOUSING.

Which of the following radiographs positions will demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile during a GI procedure?

RAO

EQUIVALENT DOSE:

REFLECTS RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE TYPE OF RADIATION APPLIED

SHORT TERM EFFECTS:

RELATIVELY SEVERE AND BEGIN IN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME AFTER EXPOSURE. LARGE AMOUNTS OF RADIATION OVER A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME.

PERSONAL MONITORING

REQUIRED WHEN AT RISK OF RECIEVING 10% OR MORE OF ANNUAL DOSE LIMIT (50 MSV, 5 REM)

DISTORTION:

RESULT FROM THE RADIOGRAPHIC MISREPRESENTATION OF EITHER SHAPE OR SIZE OF THE PART. DISTORTION WILL AUSE LOSS IN SPATIAL RESOLUTION. MISALIGNMENT OF THE CENTRAL RAY, PART OR IMAGE RECEPTOR ALTERS THE SHAPE OF THE PART RECORDED ON THE IMAGE. SOME DISTORTION ALWAYS OCCURS AS A RESULT OF OID, THE PART BEING 3D. SID INFLUENCES THE AMOUNT OF MAGNIFICATION ON A RADIOGRAPH. AS SID INCREASES, SIZE DISTORTION DECREASES; AS SID DECREASES, SIZE DISTORTION INCREASES. THE CR IS INTENDED TO BE PERPENDICULAR TO THE ANATOMICAL PART AND THE IR. ANY STRUCTURE NOT IN THE CR PATH WILL BE DISTORTED BECAUSE OF BEAM DIVERGENCE. ELONGATION OCCURS WHEN THERE IS POOR ALIGNMNET OF THE TUBE OR IR. FORESHORTENING OCCURS WHEN THERE IS POOR ALIGNMENT OF THE ANATOMICAL PART.

BONE MARROW:

RESULT IN DISRUPTION OF BLOOD FORMING SYSTEMS.

What is a cutie pie?

Radiation survey monitor or it can be a hot personnel monitoring device.

Which method for measuring body temperature may be contraindicated for patients with cardiac conditions?

Rectal

What effect does excessive filtration have on xray image?

Reduced contrast

Using compression band will have what effect during the production of a radiograph?

Reduces scatter radiation Decreases radiographic contrast NOT reduces patient motion

Medical asepsis can be defined as the _____ of pathogenic microorganisms in the environment.

Reduction in number

RECORDED DETAIL/SPATIAL RESOLUTION:

SHARPNESS WITH WHICH ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES ARE DISPLAYED ON AN IMAGE RECEPTOR CAN ALSO BE EXPLAINED AS THE GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF THE PART BEING RADIOGRAPHED . MOTION RESULTS IN IMAGE BLUR AND SUBSEQUENT LOSS OF RECORDED DETAIL. MOTION CAN BE CAUSED BY THE PATIENT (VOLUNTARY OR INVOLUNTARY), TUBE MOTION, GRID MOTION. FILM SCREEN CONTACT PLAYS A ROLE IN THE LOSS OF DETAIL AND CONTRAST. WIRE TEST TOOL SHOULD BE IMAGED AND EXAMINED FOR AREAS OF POOR DETAIL.

APERATURE DIAPHRAM

SIMPLE, SHEET OF LEAD WITH HOLE IN THE CENTER THAT DETERMINES THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE BEAM AND ATTACHES DIRECTLY TO THE X-RAY TUBE.

START UP AND SHUT DOWN PROCEDURE OF AUTOMATIC FILM PROCESSOR:

START UP: CLOSE WASH TANK, TURN ON WATER SUPPLY, CLOSE PROCESSOR COVER, ALLOW PROCESSOR TO WARM UP TO PROPER TEMPERATURE, WIPE DOWN LOADING BENCH, CHECK SOLUTION LEVELS, RUN 4 "CLEAN-UP" FILMS, EXPOSE AND PROCESS SENSITOMETRIC TEST FILM, EVALUATE FILM AND GRAPH RESULTS AND TROUBLESHOOT ANY PROBLEMS. SHUT DOWN: TURN OFF PROCESSOR, TURN OFF WATER SUPPLY, OPEN WASH TANK RAIN, CLEAN CROSSOVER RACKS, LEAVE PROCESSOR COVER PARTIALLY OPEN.

MASKING:

SUPPRESSING FREQUENCIES, CAN RESULT IN THE LOSS OF SMALL DETAILS.

What type of changes are used to measure occupational dose? (3)

Scintillation Biological Chemical

If using automatic exposure control (AEC) device to make an exposure, what would be adjusted to ensure proper optical density from pt to pt?

Set Field Detector's (Chambers) Set Density compensation (+1, +2...) NOT Set time!

Which of the following joints be examined by arthrography?

Shoulder Wrist TMJ

What is the name of the special imaging procedure or examination of the salivary glands?

Sialography

Which of the following positions would the patient be placed during insertion of an enema tip?

Simms

What is used in scintillation gamma cameras in nuclear medicine/CT?

Sodium Iodide

What QA tool would be used to evaluate mA output or pentrometer?

Solid-State Detector

Contrast can be measured from the characteristic curve by finding the tangent of which of the following?

Straight line portion

Where should the contrast media be injected for a lumbar myelogram?

Subarachnoid space

Where would a central line catheter be located?

Subclavian Vein

Where is the center of the cassette positioned for a PA projection of the SC Jnt?

T-3

What is the central ray centering point for the RAO position of the esophagus?

T5-T6

EFFECTIVE DOSE:

TAKES INTO CONSIDERATION OF BOTH RADIATION APPLIED AND RADIOSENSITIVITY OF TISSUE.

CENTRAL RAY ALIGNMENT TESTING:

TESTING USING A COLLIMATOR TEMPLATE AND A BLEAM ALIGNMENT CYLINDER. THE X-RAY LIGHT FIELD MUST BE WITHIN +/- 2% OF THE SID. THE X-RAY BEAM MUST BE 1% PERPENDICULAR.

SPATIAL RESOLUTION:

THE AMOUNT OF DETAIL OR SHARPNESS OF AN IMAGE SEEN ON A MONITOR.

RECEPTOR EXPOSURE:

THE AMOUNT OF RADIATION STRIKING THE IMAGE RECEPTOR. THE TWO IMPORTANT FACTORS IS MAS AND SID. MAS IS THE PRIMARY CONTROLLER OF DENSITY. EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF MAS WILL CAUSE A RADIOGRAPH TO HAVE EXCESSIVE DENSITY. AMOUNT OF MAS AND SID GO HAND IN HAND.

LET (LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER)

THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY DEPOSITED TO A MEDIUM BY IONIZING RADIATION AS IT PASSES THROUGH IT RELATIVE TO THE LINEAR DISTANCE TRAVELED BY THE ENERGY. HIGHER LET HAS THE POTENTIAL TO DEPOSIT MORE ENERGY.

PRIMARY:

THE BEAM OF PHOTONS BEFORE IT INTERACTS WITH THE PATIENTS BODY.

IMAGE RECEPTOR:

THE DEVICE THAT RECIEVES ALL THE ENERGY OF THE X-RAY BEAM AND FORMS THE IMAGE OF THE BODY PART. (4 TYPES)

PIXEL PITCH:

THE DISTANCE FROM THE CENTER OF ONE PIXEL TO THE CENTER OF THE NEXT. THE LOWER THE PIXEL PITCH, THE SMALLER THE PIXELS, THE GREATER THE SPATIAL RESOLUTION

GENETIC SIGNIFICANT DOSE:

THE DOSE GIVEN TO THE IRRADIATION OF EGGS + SPERM OF A POPULATION + EFFECTS.

INVERSE SQUARE LAW:

THE INTENSITY OF RADIATION IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE. *AS DISTANCE INCREASES, INTENSITY DECREASES*

MATRIX SIDE:

THE LARGER THE MATRIX IS AND THE SMALLER THE PIXELS ARE, THE GREATER THE SPATIAL RESOLUTION WILL BE.

DISPLAY MONITO QUALITY ASSURANCE:

THE MONITOR SHOULD BE CHECKED DAILY, MONTHLY, AND QUARTERLY. TESTS INCLUDE: VIEWING SURFACE AND AIRFLOW, IMAGE QUALITY AND APPEARANCE USING A TEST PATTERN, GEOMETRIC DISTORTION, LUMINANCE, REFLECTION, NOISE AND GLARE, AND RESOLUTION. PERFORMED BY A QC RT (QUALITY CONTROL RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST) OR PHYSICIST.

VALUE OF INTEREST: (VOI)

THE PREDETERMINED VALUES TO CREATE THE IMAGE

DYNAMIC RANGE:

THE RESPONSE OF THE DETECTOR TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RADIATION EXPOSURES. DIGITAL IMAGING CAN PRODUCE A WIDER DNAMIC RANGE. BECAUSE OF THIS, OVER OR UNDER EXPOSURE MAY NOT NEED TO BE REPEATED. HOWEVER, A TECHNIQUE CHART SHOULD STILL BE USED FOR DETERMINING THE CORRECT TECHNIQUE.

REMNANT:

THE RESULTING BEAM THAT IS ABLE TO EXIT FROM THE PATIENT.

RECORDED DETAIL (PRE-DIGITAL)/SPATIAL RESOLUTION:

THE SHARPNESS OF THE IMAGE. IT SOMETIMES REFERRED TO RESOLUTION, SHARPNESS, DEFINITION, OR DETAL. FACTORS THAT AFFECT SPATIAL RESOLUTION IS PATIENT MOTION, OID, SID, AND FOCAL SPOT.

What is the rounded projection on the anterior proximal surface of the tibia called?

Tuberosity

WHAT IS BEAM RESTRICTORS USED FOR?

USED TO CONFINE THE BEAM BEFORE IT ENTERS THE BODY.

INDUCTION MOTOR:

USED TO ROTATE THE ANODE, SICE IT IS USED INSIDE THE X-RAY TUBE, IT IS WORKING THROUGH ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION.

EXTENSION CYLINDER

USED WITH SPOT OR SMALL RADIOGRAPHY, THEY ATTACH TO THE CONE TO INCREASE LENGTH OF THE CONE

HALF WAVE:

USES TWO DIODES, ELIMINATES TEH NEGATIVE PHASE AND LEAVES ONLY THE POSITIVE PHASE TO FLOW

If tech failed to correctly mark a radiograph that subsequently resulted in a faulty diagnosis, he or she may be guilty of a tort under the doctrine res ipsa loquitur which means?

The thing speaks for itself

Sensitometric measurements in a quality assurance program are?

The responses of film to exposure and processing

What would affect shape distortion?

Tube Angulation

Which part of the rib articulated with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae?

Tubercle

Intentional or unintentional acts performed by an individual and based on unreasonable conduct are known as

Torts

Pulling a sheet of film from the film bin/box will cause what type of static?

Tree Static

What would be used by tech to compensate for the caring densities of anatomic structures on a routine PA projection of the chest?

Trough Filter

Whole body doses only need...?

Very low doses for cancer & genetic effects.

During cystography, when ureteral reflux is suspected, it is often necessary to include a radiograph with the patient?

Voiding

PATIENT AS SOURCE:

WHEN THE X-RAY BEAM ENTERS A PATIENT SECONDARY RADIATION SCATTER OUT FROM ALL SIDES OF THEM.

CONSOLE:

WHERE WE (THE OPERATOR) CONTROLS THE OPERATION OF THE X-RAY MACHINE. WE CONTROL TECNIQUES AND SHOOT THE X-RAY

ANGLE OF THE TUBE, PART, OR RECEPTOR:

WILL CAUSE SHAPE DISTORTION. THERE WILL ALSO BE EDGE DISTORTION. -FORESHORTENING: SHORTENED, WHEN THE BODY PART IS ANGLED. -ELONGATION: LONGER, WHEN IR OR X-RAY TUBE IS NOT CORRECTLY ALIGNED WITH THE CHART.

TRANSFORMER:

WILL INCREASE OR DECREASE VOLTAGE. IT IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE NUMBER OF TURNS ON EACH SIDE. * PICTURE IS A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER*

PROPER FILM STORAGE:

WRAPPED IN A SEALED FOIL OR PAPER WRAPPER, PLACED VERTICALLY AND STORED IN A COOL DRY PLACE (60-70 DEGREES AND 40-60% HUMIDITY) MUST BE PLACED VERTICALLY ON EDGE. WRONG TEMP MAY CAUSE FOG. NOT BEING STORED ON EDGE MAY CAUSE PRESSURE ARTIFACTS (DENSITY, SMUDGES, LINE)

What type of contrast medium is acceptable for use with infants who have swallowing disorders or w/ adults who have suspected bronchoesophageal fistula?

Water based barium

What type of device would increase diagnostic quality of a radiograph of the dorso-plantar projection of the foot?

Wedge filter

Image brightness on a display monitor is adjusted by?

Window Level

What Quality Control tool would be used to evaluate blurr?

Wire Mesh tool

What tool would be used to measure kVp accuracy?

Wisconsin test cassette or a solid state detector

Disadvantage to having 3 mm Al Equivalent?

Would require an increase in technical factors defeating the purpose of filtration.

WHERE ARE X-RAYS FORMED

X-RAYS ARE FORMED BY THE ACCELERATION OF ELECTRONS WITH A HIGH VOLTAGE AND ALLOWING THEM TO COLLIDE WITH A TARGET.*CATHODE TO ANODE* -X-RAYS ARE PRODUCED WHEN THE ELECTRONS AND SUDDENLY DECELERATED BY COLLISION WITH A METAL TARGET (BREMMSTRAHLUNG - BREAKING RADIATION) -IF THE BOMBARDING ELECTRONS HAVE ENOUGH ENERGY, THEY KNOCK AN ELECTRON OUT OF AN INNER SHELL OF THE TARGET METAL ATOMS. THEN ELECTRONS FROM HIGHER STATES DROP DOWN TO FILL THE VACANCY EMITTING X-RAY PHOTONS WITH PRECISE ENERGIES DETERMINED BY THE ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS ----> CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION

A common group of drugs that are used to promote defecation are termed?

cathartics

When performing magnification radiography, if SID is 40" and the object-image receptor distance is 6", how much would the object be magnified?

x1.18 SID/SOD