BIO 112 LN1 Multiple Choice Practice Exam 3

If Ψ P = 0.3 MPa and Ψ S = -0.45 MPa, the resulting Ψ is -0.15 MPa. +0.75 MPa. -0.75 MPa. +0.15 MPa.

-0.15 MPa.

The solute potential (Ψs) of pure water at sea level and at room temperature is 0. -1.0. >1. 1.

0

The number of megaspores that survive in each ovule after meiosis in megasporocyte is

1

Which of the following were benefits to algae in the early oceans of Earth, compared to the first plants that colonized land?1. no scarcity of water2. less solar damage to tissues 3. the need for structural support4. more plentiful dissolved carbon dioxide 1, 2, and 4 1, 2, and 3 only 1 and 2 only 1, 2, 3, and 4

1 and 2 only

If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes, then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes.2. chlorophylls a and b.3. alternation of generations.4. cell walls of cellulose.5. ability to synthesize sporopollenin. 1, 2, and 3 only 1, 2, 4, and 5 only 1, 4, and 5 only 1 and 5 only 1, 3, and 5 only

1 and 5 only

What is thought to be the correct sequence of the following events during the Carboniferous period?1. Vascular plants become more prevalent.2. Megaphylls with large surface areas become more prevalent.3. Atmospheric CO 2 levels decline dramatically.4. Global cooling occurs, leading to widespread glaciations. 1, 2 ,3, 4 2, 1, 3, 4 2, 1, 4, 3 1, 2, 4, 3 3, 4, 1, 2

1, 2, 3, 4

If intelligent extraterrestrials visited Earth 475 million years ago, and then again 300 million years ago (at the close of the Carboniferous period), what trends would they have noticed in Earth's terrestrial vegetation over this period?1. a trend from dominant gametophytes to dominant sporophytes2. a trend from no true leaves to microphylls to megaphylls3. a trend from plants that grow just above the soil surface to "overtopping" plants4. a trend toward increased lignification of conducting systems 1 and 3 only 1, 2, 3, and 4 1, 2, and 3 only 3 and 4 only

1, 2, 3, and 4

Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms?1. pollen transported by wind2. lignified xylem3. microscopic gametophytes4. endosperm 1, 3, and 4 only 1 and 3 only 1 only 2 only 1, 2, and 3 only

1, 2, and 3 only

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).1. sporophyte2. microspores3. microsporangia4. pollen cone5. pollen nuclei 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

1, 4, 3, 2, 5

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?

1.5

Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.If a single, diploid G 2 nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng) of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes? 100, carried on 7 chromosomes 200, carried on 7 chromosomes 200, carried on 14 chromosomes 400, carried on 14 chromosomes 100, carried on 14 chromosomes

100, carried on 7 chromosomes

If a long-day plant has a critical night length of 9 hours, which 24-hour cycle would prevent flowering? 14 hours light/10 hours dark 8 hours light/8 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark 4 hours light/8 hours dark/4 hours light/8 hours dark 16 hours light/8 hours dark

14 hours light/10 hours dark

In onions ( Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus.How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus? 4 8 16 24 32

16

Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive.1. embryophytes2. green plants3. seedless vascular plants4. ferns 2, 1, 3, 4 1, 4, 2, 3 3, 2, 1, 4 2, 1, 4, 3 1, 2, 3, 4

2, 1, 3, 4

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).1. spores2. sporophytes3. sporangia 2, 1, 3 2, 3, 1 3, 1, 2 1, 2, 3 3, 2, 1

2, 3, 1

Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem.1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes.2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis.3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes.4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf.5. Sugar moves down the stem. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 4, 2, 1, 3, 5

2, 4, 3, 1, 5

Which of the following synthetic auxin functions as a herbicide? indolebutyric acid cytokinin indoleacetic acid 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)

A fertilizer marked "20-10-5" is

20% N (as ammonium nitrate), 10% P (as phosphate), and 5% K (as the mineral potash).

How many times does the surviving megaspore divide to produce eight haploid nuclei?

3 without cytokinesis

Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated.1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence 2 → 3 → 1 3 → 2 → 1 2 → 1 → 3 1 → 2 → 3 3 → 1 → 2

3 → 1 → 2

Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to UV radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment.1. cells of sporangium2. cells in the interior of a subterranean root3. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls4. cells of a gametophyte 3, 2, 1, 4 3, 4, 2, 1 3, 4, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2 3, 1, 2, 4

3, 1, 4, 2

In a typical dicot ovule, a surviving megaspore divided by ________ consecutive mitotic divisions without cytokinesis results in ________ nuclei.

3:8

Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm.1. ovary2. ovule3. egg4. carpel 4, 2, 1, 3 4, 1, 2, 3 1, 4, 2, 3 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 1, 2, 4

4, 1, 2, 3

Due to the limitation of land and water resources on planet earth, biotechnology can help to increase the crop yields to meet human needs and demands in the years to come. Farmers have to produce ________% more grain per hectare to feed human population in ________.

40; 2030

Typically, what percentage of a plant's fresh biomass is water? 65-75 75-80 80-90 70-75

80-90

You are conducting an experiment on plant growth. You take a plant fresh from the soil that weighs 5 kg. Then you dry the plant overnight and determine the dry weight to be 1 kg. Of this dry weight, how much would you expect to be made up of organic molecules? 40 g 960 g 1 g 4 g

960 g

Which of the following conclusions is supported by the research of both Frits Went and Charles and Francis Darwin on shoot responses to light? A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tips. When shoots are exposed to light, a chemical substance migrates toward the light. Once shoot tips have been cut, normal growth cannot be induced. Agar contains a chemical substance that mimics a plant hormone.

A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tips.

Which of the following occurs in an angiosperm ovule?

A megaspore mother cell (megasporocyte) undergoes meiosis.

You are part of a desert plant research team trying to discover crops that will be productive in arid climates. You discover a plant that produces a hormone under water-deficit conditions that triggers a suite of drought responses. Most likely the hormone is IAA. GA. ABA. 2,4-D.

ABA

If you wanted to increase the cation exchange and water retention capacity of loamy soil, what should you do?

Add clay to the soil.

Pine seedlings grown in sterile potting soil grow much slower than seedlings grown in soil from the area where the seeds were collected. This is most likely because the sterilization process kills the root hairs as they emerge from the seedling. water and mineral uptake is faster when mycorrhizae are present. the normal symbiotic fungi are not present in the sterilized soil. B and C.

B and C.

What typically results from double fertilization in angiosperms? Two embryos develop in every seed. Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed. A triploid zygote is formed. The endosperm develops into a diploid nutrient tissue.

Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed.

The bulk of a plant's dry weight is derived from CO2. the hydrogen from H2O. the oxygen from H2O. soil minerals.

CO2

In a tissue culture experiment, parenchyma tissue was used as a source to develop a new plant. However, the parenchyma tissue did not have enough hormones, so a group of undifferentiated cells, called callus, formed. Which one of the following could happen if the callus was supplemented with specific hormones? Callus supplemented with auxin and cytokinin would produce root and shoot buds, respectively. Callus supplemented with auxin and cytokinin would produce shoot buds and roots, respectively. Callus supplemented with auxin would produce shoot buds. Callus supplemented with cytokinin would produce leaves.

Callus supplemented with auxin and cytokinin would produce root and shoot buds, respectively.

Which of the following is a true statement about angiosperm carpels? Carpels consist of an anther and a stamen. Carpels consist of highly modified microsporangia. Carpels are structures that directly produce male gametes. Carpels are features of the gametophyte generation. Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte.

Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte.

What is the fate of a flaccid cell in pure water with zero water potential? Cell remains the same. Cell enlarges. Cell dies. Cell shrinks.

Cell enlarges.

Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle? Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants. The pine tree is a gametophyte.

Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones. A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm. Pollen grains contain female gametophytes.

Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

Most of the dry weight of a plant is derived from

H2O and CO2.

________ ions in the soil solution neutralize the negative charge of soil particles, causing the release of the mineral ________ into the soil solution. Nitrogen; anion Nitrogen; cation Hydrogen; cation Hydrogen; anion

Hydrogen; cation

Challenges for survival of the first land plants include I. sources of water. II. sperm transfer. III. desiccation. IV. animal predation. V. lack of structural support.

I, II, III, and V only

Challenges for survival of the first land plants includeI. sources of water.II. sperm transfer.III. desiccation.IV. animal predation.V. lack of structural support. II only I only I, II, III, and V only II, III, and IV only

I, II, III, and V only

The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi areI. composed of hyphae.II. referred to as a mycelium.III. usually underground. I only II only III only II and III only I, II, and III

I, II, and III

Which description(s) apply(ies) equally well to fungal spores produced both sexually and asexually?I. They are typically dispersed by wind and water.II. Spores that germinate produce new mycelium.III. They are produced in large numbers. I only II only III only I and II only I, II, and III

I, II, and III

Which of the following statements are true of monocots? I. Over 25% of extant angiosperms are monocots. II. Monocots include both crop plants and ornamental plants. III. Monocots are most closely related to eudicots. IV. Monocots possess multiple cotyledons.

I, II, and III

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi andI. mosses.II. cyanobacteria.III. green algae.IV. gymnosperms II and III I only III and IV I and II

II and III

Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following?I. cells with a single haploid nucleusII. heterokaryotic cellsIII. cells with two diploid nuclei I only II only III only I and II only I, II, and III

II only

Adaptations in plants to life on land includeI. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes.II. cuticles.III. tracheids.IV. reduced gametophyte generation.V. multicellular, dependent embryos. II and IV only II, III, IV, and V only I only I, II, III, and IV onlyII

II, III, IV, and V only

A plant that is at least 3 years old is represented in Figure 28.2 by I only. II only. III only. IV only.

IV only.

Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction? Rhizoids protect gametes from excess water. In bryophytes, the dominant generation consists of haploid gametophytes. Embryophytes are small because they are in an early developmental stage. Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction. Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another.

In bryophytes, the dominant generation consists of haploid gametophytes.

The Casparian strip in plant roots is correctly described by which of the following? It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex. It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts. It aids in the uptake of nutrients. It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele.

It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele.

Which of the following is true about vegetative reproduction?

It produces clones of the parent plant.

The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces, such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? It should be colored so as to provide it with camouflage. It should be nutritious. It should secrete enzymes that can digest bark. It should be drab in color.

It should be nutritious.

If a plant is infected with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, what is the most probable effect on the plant?

It will likely grow faster than an uninfected plant.

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship.(a) The average size of particles that constitute silt(b) The average size of particles that constitute clay

Item (a) is larger than item (b).

Which of the following essential nutrients plays an essential role in the opening and closing of the stomatal aperture?

K

Which of the following is a true statement about clonal reproduction in plants?

Making cuttings of ornamental plants is a form of fragmentation.

Which one of the following plants has thigmotropism? Mimosa pudica dandelion chrysanthemum rose

Mimosa pudica

Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem? Diffusion can account for the observed rates of transport. Sugar is translocated from sinks to sources. Only phloem cells with nuclei can perform sugar movement. Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant.

Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant.

A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency? Mycorrhizal fungi were killed. Proton pumps reversed the membrane potential. Active transport of minerals was inhibited. Mineral receptor proteins in the plant membrane were not functioning.

Mycorrhizal fungi were killed.

The enzyme complex nitrogenase catalyzes the reaction that reduces atmospheric nitrogen to

NH3

Plants can use nitrogen in the form of NH3. NH4+ ion. NO2- ion. NO3- ion.

NH4+ ion.

Which of the following soil minerals is most likely leached away during a hard rain? NO3- Na+ K+ Ca2+

NO3-

Which of the following, if used as a fertilizer, would be most immediately available for plant uptake? N2 CN2H2 NH3 NO3-

NO3-

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"? Bryophyta Viridiplantae Plantae Streptophyta

Plantae

The general biology class was divided into two groups. The first group of students was given 5 red bean seeds and 100 mL distilled water, and the second group received 5 red bean seeds and 100 mL 5% salt solution. Both teams immersed seeds in their respective solvents at the same time and left them for 24 hours. What do you expect to observe in seeds after 24 hours, and why?

Red beans in distilled water shrink due to water potential difference between the seeds and the water outside.

A parent with an S 1S 2 genotype exhibiting sporophytic self-incompatibility can potentially fertilize which of the following plant genotypes of the same species with pollen grains?

S3S4

Which of the following is a true statement? Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem. Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves. Flowers may have secondary growth. Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant. Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

Which of the following statements about growth in plants is true?

Some plants lack secondary growth.

Considering that the mature sporophytes of true mosses get their nutrition from the gametophytes on which they grow, and considering these generations as individual plants, what is true of the relationship between true moss sporophytes and gametophytes?

Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes.

Which statement concerning grafting is correct?

Stocks provide root systems for grafting.

Which of the following processes happens during photosynthesis in plants? Oxygen is taken up by leaves. Water vapor is lost. Stomata open. All oxygen produced will be released into the air.

Stomata open.

Several tomato plants are growing in a small garden plot. If soil water potential were to drop significantly on a hot summer afternoon, which of the following would most likely occur?

Stomatal apertures would decrease.

Which of the following events suggests there is a change in the egg cell membrane after penetration by a sperm?

The Ca2+ concentration increases in the cytoplasm of the egg.

Why are axillary buds often inhibited from growing even though a stem may be actively elongating? Stem cells lack receptors for auxin. The cells of axillary buds respond differently to auxin than stem cells. Axillary buds are low in gibberellins. Axillary buds are high in abscisic acid that prevents elongation.

The cells of axillary buds respond differently to auxin than stem cells.

Which of the following is true concerning flowering plants? The flower includes sporophyte tissue. The sporophyte generation consists of relatively few cells within the flower. The sporophyte generation is not photosynthetic. The gametophyte generation is dominant. The gametophyte generation is what we see when looking at a large plant.

The flower includes sporophyte tissue.

A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains and then rinses away the excess stain, what will occur? The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors. The pollen grains will be pure red. The pollen grains will be pure blue. The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors.

The pollen grains will be pure red.

If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome?

The pressure potential of the cells would increase.

What do fungi and arthropods have in common? Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food. Both groups have cell walls. The haploid state is dominant in both groups. The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin.

The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin.

Why does overwatering a plant kill it? Water neutralizes the pH of the soil. The roots are deprived of oxygen. Water does not have all the necessary minerals a plant needs to grow. Water supports the growth of root parasites.

The roots are deprived of oxygen.

Which of the following best describes the ploidy level of a fertilized embryo sac? There are haploid, diploid, and triploid cells. All cells are triploid. All cells are polyploid. All cells are diploid.

There are haploid, diploid, and triploid cells.

Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)? Their body plan is a unicellular sphere. They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis. They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources. They have symbiotic relationships with nucleariids. They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding.

They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources.

What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, and carpels?

They are modified leaves.

Figure 28.1Which of the following statements about the cells shown in the photograph in Figure 28.1 is true? They are parenchyma cells and photosynthetic. They are parenchyma cells. They are phloem cells. They are usually found in roots. They are photosynthetic.

They are parenchyma cells and photosynthetic.

Figure 28.1Which of the following statements about the cells shown in the photograph in Figure 28.1 is true? They are parenchyma cells and photosynthetic. They are usually found in roots. They are parenchyma cells. They are phloem cells. They are photosynthetic.

They are parenchyma cells and photosynthetic.

In nature, poinsettias bloom in early March. Research has shown that the flowering process is triggered 3 months before blooming occurs. In order to make poinsettias bloom in December, florists change the length of the light/dark cycle in September. Given this information and clues, which of the following is a correct statement about poinsettias? The dark period can be interrupted without affecting flowering. They require a light period longer than some set minimum. They require a shorter dark period than is available in September. They are short-day plants.

They are short-day plants.

________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem. Apical meristem; vascular cambium Sclerenchyma cell; collenchyma cell Vessel element; sieve-tube member Cortex; pith Vascular cambium; cork cambium

Vessel element; sieve-tube member

Which of the following phenomena occurs naturally in plant cells?

Water (solvent) moves from regions of lower water potential to regions of higher solvent potential.

Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants?

Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period.

Which of the following determines the direction of water movement across the membrane? size of the cell a difference in water potential shape of the cell cell health

a difference in water potential

Which of the following can cause abnormal development of floral parts? floral meristem a mutation in a gene pollinators apical meristem

a mutation in a gene

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division? a functional sieve-tube element a tracheid a parenchyma cell 2 mm from the tip of a root a stem fiber a sclereid

a parenchyma cell 2 mm from the tip of a root

Iron deficiency is often indicated by yellowing in newly formed leaves. This suggests that iron is tied up in formed chlorophyll molecules. concentrated in the phloem of older leaves. concentrated in the xylem of older leaves. a relatively immobile nutrient in plants.

a relatively immobile nutrient in plants.

A fellow student brought in a leaf to be examined. The leaf was dark green and thin, had stoma on the lower surface only, and had a total surface area of 10 square meters. What is the most likely environment where this leaf was growing?

a tropical rain forest

Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land?

a well-developed vascular system

Which of the following plant hormones plays a critical role on stomatal closures to avoid wilting? abscisic acid gibberellins cytokinin ethylene

abscisic acid

The earliest vascular plants on land had underground stems (rhizomes) but no roots. Water and mineral nutrients were most likely obtained by

absorption by mycorrhizae.

Auxin enhances cell elongation in all of these ways except acid-induced denaturation of cell wall proteins. increased uptake of solutes. increased activity of plasma membrane proton pumps. gene activation.

acid-induced denaturation of cell wall proteins.

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy to remove toxic heavy metals from a soil?

adding plant species that have the ability to take up and accumulate heavy metals

Hyphae form a covering over roots. These hyphae create a large surface area that helps to do which of the following? increase cellular respiration maintain cell shape protect the roots from ultraviolet light aid in absorbing minerals and ions

aid in absorbing minerals and ions

Plant hormones produce their effects by

altering the expression of genes and modifying the permeability of the plasma membrane.

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae? chlorophyll b alternation of generations multicellularity cellulose in cell walls

alternation of generations

The aleurone layer is stimulated to release ________ as a result of gibberellin release from the embryo. amylase carbohydrates amino acids cytokinins

amylase

A fruit that develops from many separate carpels of one flower is referred as an aggregate fruit. an accessory fruit. a multiple fruit. a simple fruit.

an aggregate fruit.

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition. the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats. the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms. avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes.

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.

The opening of stomata is thought to involve active transport of water out of the guard cells. a decrease in the solute concentration of the stoma. an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells. decreased turgor pressure in the guard cells.

an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells.

Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? animals vascular plants slime molds mosses

animals

Ten tomato plants are germinated and maintained in a large tray with no drainage. After several weeks they all begin to wilt and die despite repeated watering and fertilization. The most likely cause of this die-off is no room left for root growth. competition for resources. anoxia. organic nutrient depletion.

anoxia

Which of the following floral parts is correctly matched? petals-protecting floral parts in unopened buds sepals-attractive for insects stamen-megasporangium anther-microsporangia

anther-microsporangia

Which of the following is correctly paired with its life cycle generation?

anther−−sporophyte

When a diploid cell in the ovule develops into a seed without sexual reproduction, it is referred to as

apomixis.

You are weeding your garden when you accidentally expose some roots of your pea plants. You notice swellings (root nodules) on the roots, and there is a reddish tinge to the ones you accidentally damaged. Most likely your pea plants

are benefiting from a mutualistic bacterium.

Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes

are more predictable than air temperature changes.

The apical bud of a shoot produces ________, resulting in the inhibition of lateral bud growth.

auxin

The proton pump plays a critical role on cell growth response by increasing cell wall plasticity to

auxin

Which of the following plant hormones alters gene expression and causes cells in the zone of elongation to produce proteins quickly? auxin ethylene abscisic acid cytokinin

auxin

Which of the following plant hormones is responsible for the activation of lateral buds to grow into new branches? abscisic acid cytokinin auxin ethylene

auxin

Which of the following plant hormones stimulates cell elongation? auxin cytokinin abscisic acid ethylene

auxin

Experiments on the positive phototropic response of plants indicate that

auxin can move to the shady side of the stem

After some time, the tip of a plant that has been forced into a horizontal position grows upward. This phenomenon is related to

auxin movement toward the lower side of the stem.

Lateral branches, thorns, or flowers on the shoot and vertical roots on the rhizome produce from the

axillary bud.

Which of the following plants is correctly matched with its fruit type?

beans-simple

The initial response of the root cells of a tomato plant watered with seawater would be to begin to plasmolyze as water is lost. rapidly produce organic solutes in the cytoplasm. rapidly expand until the cells burst. actively transport water from the cytoplasm into the vacuole.

begin to plasmolyze as water is lost.

When an arborist prunes a limb off a valuable tree, he or she usually paints the cut surface. The primary purpose of the paint is to improve the appearance of the cut surface. block entry of pathogens through the wound. stimulate growth of the cork cambium to "heal" the wound. minimize water loss by evaporation from the cut surface.

block entry of pathogens through the wound.

A mature, unfertilized ovule in an angiosperm is the result of both meiotic and mitotic divisions. mitosis from the megaspore mother cell. a single meiotic division. a single mitotic division.

both meiotic and mitotic divisions.

In which of the following plant groups does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition? angiosperms gymnosperms monilophytes bryophytes

bryophytes

Which of the following plant organs is an evolutionary adaptation of a leaf that stores food? pneumatophore tuber tendril rhizome bulb

bulb

The water and minerals in the xylem vessels transported by active transport. passive transport. diffusion. bulk flow.

bulk flow

If you were to prune the shoot tips of a plant, what would be the effect on the plant and the leaf area index?

bushier plants; higher leaf area indexes

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms? by nourishing the plants that make them by facilitating dispersal of seeds by attracting insects to the pollen inside by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat

by facilitating dispersal of seeds

Which of the following elements is required for the stability of cell walls? chlorine calcium zinc molybdenum

calcium

Which of the following gases in air circulating units inhibits the production of new ethylene in fruits? oxygen carbon dioxide carbon monoxide sulfur dioxide

carbon dioxide

The ovary is most often located on/in the stamen. petals. sepals. receptacle. carpel.

carpel

The floral parts are arranged in concentric whorls. Which of the following sequences of floral parts is correct from the center to periphery of the receptacle? stamens, corolla, calyx, carpels calyx, stamens, carpels, corolla calyx, corolla, stamens, carpels carpels, stamens, corolla, calyx

carpels, stamens, corolla, calyx

The activation or inactivation of specific genes during cell differentiation depends largely on cell-to-cell communication. cell function cell division. cell structure.

cell division

The shoot elongation in a growing bud is due to

cell elongation localized in each internode

Which of the following cellular structures is functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms? sporangium apical meristems cell walls anthers

cell walls

Synthesis of which of the following compounds in a mature leaf would be least impacted by a temporary soil nitrogen deficiency?

cellulose

The most abundant organic compounds on planet Earth that are essential and a great resource to produce biofuels are protein. cellulose. lignin. lipid.

cellulose

A corn ( Zea mays) mutant is developed that is impaired in magnesium uptake. The most likely phenotypic expression would be

chlorosis, especially in the older leaves.

Which of the following plant seeds disperse by water? dandelions puncture wine maple coconut

coconut

The embryo of a grass seed is enclosed by two protective sheaths, a ________, which covers the young shoot, and a(n) ________, which covers the young root. coleoptile; coleorhiza scutellum; coleoptile cotyledon; radicle hypocotyl; epicotyl

coleoptile; coleorhiza

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant and provide flexibility? sclerenchyma cells sieve-tube elements parenchyma cells tracheids and vessel elements collenchyma cells

collenchyma cells

Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants? continental drift and mode of spore dispersal presence of "coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells

colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells

Nitrogen fixation is a process that

converts nitrogen gas into ammonia.

Several million people around the world experience malnutrition or hunger due to lack of nutritious food. Which tool would be most effective in helping alleviate human malnutrition and hunger? vegetative reproduction cloning tissue culture crop breeding self-pollination

crop breeding

When growing plants in culture, IAA is used to stimulate cell enlargement. Which plant growth regulator has to now be added to stimulate cell division? cytokinin ethylene gibberellin indoleacetic acid

cytokinin

Which of the following plant hormones stimulates cell division and differentiation and apical dominance?

cytokinin

Which of the following plant hormones stimulates cell division and differentiation and apical dominance? abscisic acid ethylene cytokinin auxin

cytokinin

________ is produced in roots and moves up the plant in xylem sap to influence organ formation. Auxin Ethylene Abscisic acid Cytokinin

cytokinin

Immediately after karyogamy occurs, which term applies?

diploid

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? ovules that are not contained within ovaries complete reliance on wind as the pollinating agent carpels that contain microsporangia double internal fertilization free-living gametophytes

double internal fertilization

Which of the following would have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte that was the common ancestor of the land plants?

early bryophytes

During the process of etiolation, a morphological adaptation in potato plant growth, which of the following activities takes place? elongated stems excessive loss of water through stomata extensive root system expanded and above ground leaves

elongated stems

Some dioecious species have the XY genotype for male and XX for female. After double fertilization, what would be the genotypes of the embryos and endosperm nuclei? embryo X/endosperm XX or embryo Y/endosperm XY embryo XX/endosperm XX or embryo XY/endosperm XY embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XXY embryo XY/endosperm XXX or embryo XX/endosperm XXY

embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XXY

In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent? seed-zygote embryo sac-female gametophyte endosperm-male gametophyte ovule-egg

embryo sac-female gametophyte

On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant?

embryos

The innermost layer of the root cortex is the

endodermis

Which of the following refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves? endosymbioses mycorrhizae lichens endophytes pathogens

endophytes

Guard cells of stomata in leaves of plants are modified epidermal cells. collenchyma cells. palisade mesophyll cells. mesophyll cells. sclerenchyma cells.

epidermal cells.

Root hairs, which absorb the water and minerals in the majority of plants, are the extensions of root collenchyma tissue. parenchyma. endodermis. pericycle. epidermal cells.

epidermal cells.

Root hairs originate from which of the following parts of the root?

epidermis

If you were shipping green bananas to a supermarket thousands of miles away, which of the following chemicals would you want to eliminate from the plants' environment? ethylene auxin cytokinins CO2

ethylene

In an experiment, a plant physiologist has four groups of bananas of the same species. He exposes each of the four groups of bananas with the same concentration of auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, or ethylene. Which of these four groups of bananas ripen the fastest? auxins abscisic acid gibberellins ethylene

ethylene

Which plant hormone affects the response to mechanical stress, senescence, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening? abscisic acid ethylene indoleacetic acid gibberellin

ethylene

The ripening of fruit and the dropping of leaves and fruit are principally controlled by indoleacetic acid (IAA). cytokinins. ethylene. auxins.

ethylene.

The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of evaporative cooling and mineral transport. evaporative cooling. mineral transport. increased turgor.

evaporative cooling and mineral transport.

The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of evaporative cooling. mineral transport. evaporative cooling and mineral transport. increased turgor.

evaporative cooling and mineral transport.

Which of the following treatments would enhance the level of the P fr form of phytochrome?

exposure to red light

A botanist discovers a plant that lacks the ability to form starch grains in root cells, yet the roots still grow downward. This evidence refutes the long-standing hypothesis that

falling statoliths trigger gravitropism.

Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will have a

faster rate of osmosis

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the fruit? female gametophyte male gametophyte male sporophyte female sporophyte

female sporophyte

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the integument of a pine seed? male sporophyte male gametophyte female sporophyte female gametophyte

female sporophyte

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules? male gametophyte female sporophyte male sporophyte female gametophyte

female sporophyte

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to

ferns

Which group is noted for the independence of gametophyte and sporophyte generations from each other?

ferns

If humans had been present to build house structures during the Carboniferous period, which plant types would have been possible building materials?

ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes

Rhizobia, actinomycetes, and cyanobacteria all share the common feature that they can increase nutrient availability in the soil for plants. increase water uptake in plants. kill parasites in the soil. fix atmospheric nitrogen.

fix atmospheric nitrogen.

The three characteristics of all angiosperms are tap root, flowers, and fruits. double fertilization, seeds, and fruits. tap roots, adventitious roots, and xylem vessels. flowers, double fertilization, and fruits.

flowers, double fertilization, and fruits.

The primary function of the integument of an ovule is to form a seed coat. ensure double fertilization. direct development of the endosperm. protect against animal predation.

form a seed coat.

At the end of meiosis (without cytokinesis), a diploid cell in a dicot flower ovule produce four unidentical diploid nuclei. four unidentical haploid nuclei. two identical cells. four unidentical haploid cells.

four unidentical haploid nuclei.

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?

fruits enclosing seeds

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? increased oxygen levels chitin larger bacterial populations fungal enzymes

fungal enzymes

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the

fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae.

In the process of evolution, ________ in the life cycle became reduced in size and completely dependent on ________ for nutrients. gametophyte; sporophyte gametophyte; zygote sporophyte; flower sporophyte; gametophyte

gametophyte; sporophyte

Which of the following stages in the development of a male gametophyte is haploid (n)? anther stamen generative cell microsporocyte

generative cell

The application of which of the following hormones would be a logical first choice in an attempt to produce normal growth in mutant dwarf plants? gibberellin abscisic acid cytokinin indoleacetic acid

gibberellin

Which of the following plant hormones plays a critical role in breaking seed dormancy?

gibberellin

Young leaves and developing seeds are the prime sites for ________ synthesis. gibberellin ethylene auxin cytokinin

gibberellin

If a farmer wanted more loosely packed clusters of grapes, he would most likely spray the immature bunches with auxin. gibberellins. cytokinins. ethylene.

gibberellins.

Statoliths are structures that are responsible for gravitropism. thigmotropism. dormancy. phototropism.

gravitropism.

A class of 10 students was divided into two groups. The first group was given a rose leaf, and the second group was given a cactus. Which of these two groups identified the xerophyte based on which characteristic feature(s)?

group 2; thick cuticle

Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? mosses liverworts gymnosperms hornworts charophytes

gymnosperms

Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.What is the ploidy of a single mature ascospore? haploid diploid triploid (three homologous sets of chromosomes) tetraploid (four homologous sets of chromosomes)

haploid

"Golden rice"

has a modified genome that includes transgenes that lead to increased vitamin A content.

Axillary buds are initiated by the cork cambium. grow immediately into shoot branches. have dormant meristematic cells. are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes. do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot.

have dormant meristematic cells.

A flash of red light followed by a flash of far-red light given during the middle of the night to a short-day plant will likely

have no effect upon flowering.

Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they are woody. have sporophylls. have pollen. have spores. have macrophylls.

have pollen

Guard cells do which of the following? contain chloroplasts that import K+ directly into the cells protect the endodermis accumulate K+ in order to close the stomata help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise

help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise

All fungi are heterotrophic. decomposers. symbiotic. flagellated.

heterotrophic.

Which of the following environmental conditions would favor high stomatal density during leaf development in plants? high carbon dioxide levels high light exposure high oxygen levels low oxygen levels

high light exposure

What is the greatest threat to plant diversity? human population growth insects grazing and browsing by animals competition with other plants pathogenic fungi

human population growth

Which of the following ions plays a critical role in transport and cotransport processes in plant cells? nitrogen potassium calcium hydrogen

hydrogen

The process of transpiration depends on which of the following water properties? temperature density hydrogen bonds polar covalent bonds

hydrogen bonds

Stomatal movement (opening and closing) depends on active transport of

hydrogen ions.

Here is the ABC hypothesis of the impact of genes A, B, and C on floral part development:i. "A" genes are switched on in the two outer whorls (sepals and petals).ii. "B" genes are switched on in the two middle whorls (petals and stamens).iii. "C" genes are switched on in the inner two whorls (stamens and carpels).Which of these genes are active for petals?

i and ii

Arrange the following in the correct sequence of steps in nitrogen fixation. i. Nitrogen gasii. Nitrite ioniii. Ammoniaiv. Nitrate ion

i, iii, ii, iv

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.i. root capii. zone of elongationiii. zone of cell divisioniv. zone of cell differentiationv. apical meristemWhich of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward? iii, v, i, ii, iv i, v, iii, ii, iv iv, ii, iii, i, v ii, iv, i, v, iii i, ii, v, iii, iv

i, v, iii, ii, iv

A plant will recognize a pathogenic invader when the pathogen has an R gene complementary to the plant's antivirulence (Avr) gene. if it has the specific R gene that corresponds to the pathogen molecule encoded by an Avr gene. if it has many specific plant disease resistance (R) genes. only if the pathogen and the plant have the same R genes.

if it has the specific R gene that corresponds to the pathogen molecule encoded by an Avr gene.

A plant has a set of multiple alleles for "self" gene "S," which causes self-incompatibility (the ability of plant to reject its own pollen or pollen from closely related plants) to fertilize the egg. Here is a set of plants (sporophytes) with genotypes:i. S 1S 2ii. S 2S 3iii. S 3S 3iv. S 1S 3The S 3 pollen from S 2S 3 parental sporophyte cannot fertilize the eggs of i ii iii iv

ii

Arrange the following steps of cell differentiation during plant growth (in length) in the correct sequence. i. cell division in primary meristemii. cell division in apical meristemiii. differentiated cellsiv. growing cells in primary meristem

ii, i, iv, iii

Arrange the following tissues, organs, chemicals, and flows in the correct cyclical steps in the bulk flow of phloem sap.i. sieve tubeii. xylem vesseliii. sucrose in leaf (source)iv. sucrose in root (sink)v. bulk flow by negative pressurevi. bulk flow by positive pressure i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi iii, i, vi, iv, ii, v ii, i, iii, v, iv, vi iii, ii, i, v, iv, iv

iii, i, vi, iv, ii, v

Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow

in dense, single-species stands.

Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible?

increased absorption of mineral nutrients

Historically, the decrease in stomatal density in many plant species could be related to

increased levels of oxygen.

Most scientists agree that global warming is under way; thus, it is important to know how plants respond to heat stress. Which of the following would be a useful line of inquiry to try to improve plant response to and survival of heat stress? protoplast fusion experiments with xerophytic plants the production of heat-stable carbohydrates the opening of stomata to increase evaporational heat loss increased production of heat-shock proteins

increased production of heat-shock proteins

Which of the following could be considered an evolutionary advantage of asexual reproduction in plants ?

increased success of progeny in a stable environment

In extremely cold regions, woody species may survive freezing temperatures by increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars. emptying water from the vacuoles to prevent freezing. decreasing the numbers of phospholipids in cell membranes. decreasing the fluidity of all cellular membranes.

increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars.

The pattern of leaf arrangement on the shoots of land plants is critical for

increasing the rate of photosynthesis.

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plants is best described as

indeterminate.

Which of the following hormones would be most useful in promoting the rooting of plant cuttings?

indolebutyric acid

Which of the following is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore? integument(s) ability to be dispersed a different type of sporopollenin waxy cuticle an internal reservoir of liquid water

integument(s)

Which structure protects seed plants' embryos from desiccation? ovules fruits ovaries integuments pollen grains

integuments

Which of the following most correctly describes the effect of most hormones that control growth and development?

interaction between hormones

Which tissue is responsible for the recovery and rapid growth of damaged leaves of grass grazed by sheep in a pasture?

intercalary meristem

Which type of meristem enables grasses to regrow after grazing by herbivores? apical meristem intercalary meristem axillary meristem lateral meristem

intercalary meristem

Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cell's chromosome number than does meiosis? crossing over plasmogamy binary fission mitosis karyogamy

karyogamy

Which of the following tissues played a very critical role in the process of evolution to produce the great biodiversity of flowering plant species? endodermis apical meristem lateral meristem xylem and phloem mesophyll

lateral meristem

Secondary growth in eudicot stems and roots is caused by the

lateral meristem.

The secondary growth in stems and roots of woody plants produced by the apical meristem. intercalary meristem. axillary meristem. lateral meristem.

lateral meristem.

Which of the plant organs pays a pivotal role on dissipating heat? stem stolon leaf root tuber

leaf

The rise (upward mobility/transportation) of xylem sap by the cohesion-tension mechanism begins at the roots. leaves. root hairs. stem.

leaves

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that root cells have cell walls, and leaf cells do not. only leaves have phloem, and only roots have xylem. leaves have mesophyll tissue, but roots do not. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves. leaves have epidermal tissue, but roots do not.

leaves have mesophyll tissue, but roots do not.

The size of clay particles ranges from ________ in diameter. 0.02-2.0 mm 0.002-0.02 mm 0.002-2.0 mm less than 0.002 m

less than 0.002 m

A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus (a cone) at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. The student takes the dust back to the laboratory, where a microscope reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content.A dissection of the interior of this organism's stem should reveal lignified vascular tissues. that it is composed of only a single, elongated cell. a cuticle. a relatively high proportion of dead, water-filled cells.

lignified vascular tissues.

The characteristic feature of typical collenchyma tissue is

lignin filled intercellular spaces.

More than a quarter of the dry wood mass contributed by ________, a strengthening polymer, comes from the cell walls of ________ tissue. lignin; collenchyma lignin; sclerenchyma cellulose; parenchyma suberin; parenchyma cellulose; sclerenchyma

lignin; sclerenchyma

Transgenic plants (plants modified by biotechnology tools) are

likely to increase soil erosion.

Most of the water taken up by a plant is

lost during transpiration

A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus (a cone) at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. The student takes the dust back to the laboratory, where a microscope reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content.This student has probably found a(n) fern sporophyte. immature pine tree. bryophyte sporophyte. lycophyte sporophyte. horsetail gametophyte.

lycophyte sporophyte.

Chlorosis in plant leaves is due to the deficiency of

magnesium and iron

What is the role of proton pumps in root hair cells? pressurize xylem transport establish ATP gradients eliminate excess electrons maintain the H+ gradient

maintain the H+ gradient

The most common natural cytokine is zeatin, and it was first discovered in rice. oats. barley. maize.

maize.

Which of the following sex and generation combinations most directly produces the pollen tube? female sporophyte female gametophyte male gametophyte male sporophyte

male gametophyte

Which of the following is considered an organic fertilizer? ammonium nitrate manure MiracleGrow 10:12:10

manure

Where does meiosis occur in a flowering plant? pollen tube megasporocyte and microsporocyte microsporocyte megasporocyte

megasporocyte and microsporocyte

Which tissue is responsible for plant growth? parenchyma vascular tissue collenchyma sclerenchyma meristem

meristem

The hypersensitive response, a nonspecific defense mechanism, of plants prevents the spread of pathogens by producing ________ around the infection site. citric acid succinic acid methyl salicylic acid fumaric acid

methyl salicylic acid

Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of

minerals

Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of energy. water. minerals. carbohydrates.

minerals

Which of the following was an essential adaptive feature for the evolution of plants from water to the land? acquiring CO2 from the air acquiring water from the ground using light more effectively minimizing the evaporative loss of water

minimizing the evaporative loss of water

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

mitosis

Which of the following is an adaptation that enhances the uptake of water and minerals by roots? rhythmic contractions by cortical cells active uptake by vessel elements cavitation mycorrhizae

mycorrhizae

A short-day plant will flower only when days are shorter than nights. nights are longer than a certain critical value. days are shorter than a certain critical value. nights are shorter than a certain critical value.

nights are longer than a certain critical value.

Given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the earliest land plants were most likely

nonvascular plants that grew leafless photosynthetic shoots above the shallow fresh water in which they lived.

Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit? okra cabbage lettuce radish

okra

Double fertilization means that one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei. every sperm has two nuclei. every egg must receive two sperm to produce an embryo. flowers must be pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds.

one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei.

A fruit develops from an embryo. ovary. ovum. ovule.

ovary

Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit?

ovary

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? ovary fruit stamen ovule

ovule

Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms? ovule stigma ovary anthers carpel

ovule

Seeds develop from an ovary. ovules. fertilized eggs. receptacles.

ovules

Which of the following macronutrients plays a critical role on plant growth and crop yields? carbon oxygen nitrogen potassium

oxygen

In a root nodule, the gene coding for nitrogenase is found in the cells of the pericycle. part of the Rhizobium genome. inactivated by leghemoglobin. absent in active bacteroids.

part of the Rhizobium genome.

The lateral root originates in which of the following parts of the root? endodermis periderm phloem xylem pericycle

pericycle

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

pericycle

The location and function of lenticels in woody plants are ________ and ________, respectively.

periderm; gas exchange

If the range of a species of plants expands to a higher latitude, which of the following processes is the most likely to be modified by natural selection? biological clock phototropic response circadian rhythm photoperiodic response

photoperiodic response

Which of the following processes allowed land plants to structurally adapt shoots to acquire light from sun and carbon dioxide from the air? photosynthesis evaporation transpiration respiration

photosynthesis

Trichomes on certain plant species are a ________ to prevent excessive herbivory. behavioral defense chemical defense combination of chemical and behavioral defense physical defense

physical defense

Which of the following chemicals functions as a photoreceptor in plants and regulates photoperiodism and responses to seasons? auxins phytochromes gibberellins cytokinins

phytochromes

Which of the following is a multiple fruit?

pineapple

Hydroponic culture is a technique in which plants are grown in pure water. plants are grown in soil mixed with water. plants are grown in mineral solutions. plants are grown in soil.

plants are grown in mineral solutions.

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga. charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants. alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes. plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae. land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations.

plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.

As a biologist, it is your job to look for plants that have evolved structures with a selective advantage in dry, hot conditions. Which of the following adaptations would be least likely to meet your objective?

plants that do not produce abscisic acid and have a short, thick taproot

What are epiphytes? plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts aerial vines common in tropical regions plants that live in poor soil and digest insects to obtain nitrogen haustoria used for anchoring to host plants and obtaining xylem sap

plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts

The symplast is the continuum of cytosol connected by the symplastic route. extracellular spaces. the apoplastic route. plasmodesmata.

plasmodesmata.

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

pollen

Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms? pollen fruits carpels non-fertile flower parts

pollen

Which of the following are structures of angiosperm gametophytes? immature ovules sepals pollen tubes stamens ovaries

pollen tubes

Statoliths are responsible for plants to exhibit negative gravitropism. thigmotropism. positive phototropism. positive gravitropism.

positive gravitropism.

Which of the following elemental ions plays a critical role in opening and closing of stomata?

potassium

The rapid leaf movements resulting from a response to touch (thigmotropism) primarily involve

potassium channels.

Stomata open when the flow of potassium ions in guard cells increases from neighboring epidermal cells across the cell membrane. potassium ions in guard cells decreases from neighboring epidermal cells across cell the membrane. sodium ions in guard cells increases from neighboring epidermal cells across the cell membrane. hydrogen ions in guard cells increases from neighboring epidermal cells across the cell membrane.

potassium ions in guard cells increases from neighboring epidermal cells across the cell membrane.

Which of the following responses is the correct order of tissues from the center to the periphery (outside) of a two-year-old dicot stem cross section? secondary xylem, secondary phloem, vascular cambium, secondary xylem, primary xylem primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, secondary xylem secondary phloem, secondary xylem, primary xlem, primary phloem, vascular cambium vascular cambium, primary xylem, secondary xylem, primary phloem, secondary phloem primary phloem, primary xylem, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, vascular cambium

primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, secondary xylem

Essential elements are the elements that are required for a plant to

produce another generation.

Plants contain meristems whose major function is to

produce more cells.

Which of the following is the most likely plant response to an attack by herbivores? leaf abscission to prevent further loss early flowering to try to reproduce before being eaten production of chemical compounds for defense or to attract predators production of physical defenses, such as thorns

production of chemical compounds for defense or to attract predators

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, after their fungal competitors have been removed? animals protists plants mutualistic fungi prokaryotes

prokaryotes

Almost all plant cells have the ability to produce abscisic acid. One of the functions of abscisic acid in plants is to stimulate cell elongation. delay leaf senescence. regulate development of fruit. promote stomatal closure during drought stress.

promote stomatal closure during drought stress.

Which type of roots support tall and top-heavy plants? tap roots prop roots storage roots buttress roots pneumatophores

prop roots

The seed coat's most important function is to provide protection for the embryo. a nonstressful environment for the megasporangium. a means for dispersal. a nutrient supply for the embryo. dormancy.

protection for the embryo.

A person working with plants may increase the lateral branches by which of the following?

pruning shoot tips

Which of the following would be least likely to affect osmosis in plants? a difference in solute concentrations receptor proteins in the membrane aquaporins proton pumps in the membrane

receptor proteins in the membrane

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants? unicellular green algae red algae charophytes multicellular green algae

red algae

Copper plays a critical role in ________ of plant cells.

redox reactions and lignin-biosynthetic enzymes

The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily. reduce the dehydration of zygotes. comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal. repel toxic chemicals. provide nutrients to spores.

reduce the dehydration of zygotes.

The introduction of genes using biotechnological techniques (genetic engineering) from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis in corn and cotton crops

reduces the use of chemical insecticides.

Storage roots, stems, and leaves are some of the evolutionary adaptations of plants. Which of the following are listed in the order of modified root, stem, and leaf? rhizome, stolon, tendril stolon, rhizome, bulb rhizome, bulb, tuber tendril, rhizome, spine bulb, stolon, spine

rhizome, stolon, tendril

You are studying a plant from the Amazon rain forest that shows strong self-incompatibility. To characterize this reproductive mechanism, you would look for

ribonuclease (RNAase) activity in stigma cells.

Which plant pollen grain has one opening? peanut magnolia rose rice cashew

rice

Cassava is a ________ crop that has been modified by biotechnology experiments.

root

The ________ is (are) the first plant organ(s) that emerge(s) during the process of seed germination. shoot cotyledons leaves root

root

Which of the following plant structures shares the most common features and functions with a fungal hyphae? lenticels root hairs stomata vascular cambium

root hairs

Which of the following would not be seen in a cross section through the woody part of a root? root hairs sclerenchyma cells parenchyma cells sieve-tube elements

root hairs

You are most likely to see guttation in small plants when the preceding evening was hot, windy, and dry. transpiration rates are high. root pressure exceeds transpiration pull. water potential in the stele of the root is high.

root pressure exceeds transpiration pull.

Which part of the plant structure synthesizes cytokinins primarily? shoot apical meristem ripened fruits roots almost all plant parts

roots

The transduction pathway that activates systemic acquired resistance in plants is initially signaled by antisense RNA. salicylic acid. Pfr phytochrome. abscisic acid.

salicylic acid.

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many tightly packed cells with relatively thick cell walls. The cells have no nucleus and are dead. What type of cells are they? endodermis xylem rays collenchyma sclerenchyma parenchyma

sclerenchyma

Which of the following cells in a dicot stem is only one cell thick? secondary xylem phloem cortex pith vascular cambium

secondary xylem

The vascular rays, made of parenchyma, connect the primary xylem and secondary phloem. primary xylem and pericycle. primary xylem and phloem. secondary xylem and phloem. pericycle and secondary xylem.

secondary xylem and phloem.

Annual rings in woody plant stems and roots represent the secondary xylem of spring and summer. primary and secondary xylem of summer. secondary phloem of spring and summer. primary phloem of spring and summer. primary and secondary xylem of spring.

secondary xylem of spring and summer.

Heartwood and sapwood consist of bark. secondary xylem. periderm. secondary phloem. cork.

secondary xylem.

The dominant type of tissue that makes up most of the wood of a tree is mesophyll cells. primary xylem. vascular cambium. secondary phloem. secondary xylem.

secondary xylem.

Seed packets give a recommended planting depth for the enclosed seeds. The most likely reason some seeds are to be covered with only 1/4 inch of soil is that the

seeds require light to germinate.

A young farmer purchases some land in a relatively arid area and is interested in earning a reasonable profit for many years. Which of the following strategies would best allow the farmer to achieve such a goal? finding a way to sell all parts of crop plants establishing an extensive irrigation system using plenty of the best fertilizers selecting crops adapted to arid areas

selecting crops adapted to arid areas

Auxins are produced mainly in fruits. leaves. shoot tips. root tips.

shoot tips

Phloem sap flows through vessels. sieve tubes. tracheids. ground tissue.

sieve tubes.

The amount of water lost through the stomata of a leaf under the same environmental conditions depends on the leaf margin. size and shape of guard cells in a unit area. shape and size of the leaf. length of petiole.

size and shape of guard cells in a unit area.

The pollen produced by wind-pollinated plants is often smaller than the pollen produced by animal-pollinated plants. A reason for this might be that

small pollen grains can be carried farther by the wind.

Adventitious roots in monocots are very helpful in coastal ecosystems to reduce decomposition. soil erosion. water absorption. evaporation. nutrient absorption.

soil erosion

According to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport, the formation of starch from sugar in the sink increases the osmotic concentration. solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the sink. the combination of a high turgor pressure in the source and transpiration water loss from the sink moves solutes through phloem conduits. water is actively transported into the source region of the phloem to create the turgor pressure needed.

solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the sink.

Which of the following male reproductive organs in a dicot flower is haploid (n)? anther stamen anther wall sperm cell

sperm cell

Which of the following is a long-day plant?

spinach

Gas exchange, which is necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue?

spongy mesophyll

A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be least useful?

spores

At the conclusion of meiosis in plants, the end products are always four haploid

spores

Which of the following is the correct sequence during the alternation of generations in the life cycle in a flowering plant? sporophyte → mitosis → gametophyte → meiosis → sporophyte sporophyte → meiosis → gametophyte → gametes → fertilization → diploid zygote haploid gametophyte → gametes → meiosis → fertilization → diploid sporophyte sporophyte → spores → meiosis → gametophyte → gametes

sporophyte → meiosis → gametophyte → gametes → fertilization → diploid zygote

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? stigma sporophyll male gametophyte sporopollenin sporangium

sporopollenin

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to

sporopollenin

Microsporangia in flowering plants are located in the petals. carpel. stamen. sepals.

stamen

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the stele. cortex. endodermis. periderm. pith.

stele

Gibberellins and auxins play a common role in cell maturation. cell division. stem elongation. apical dominance.

stem elongation.

Active transport would be least important in the normal functioning of which of the following plant tissue types?

stem tracheid element

In which plant cell or tissue would the pressure component of water potential most often be negative?

stem xylem

CO 2 enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the phloem. stoma. cuticle. walls of guard cells. epidermal trichomes.

stoma

The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such appendages? stomata tracheids cuticle rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes

stomata

Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because

stomata close, restricting CO2 entry into the leaf.

Mature cork cells deposit a waxy substance called ________ in cell walls. cellulose chitin lignin suberin pectin

suberin

Which of the following is an adaptation in xerophytes? stems modified as spines high density of stomata in a unit area of the leaf succulent stems with thick cuticle lack of thick cuticle

succulent stems with thick cuticle

The dominant chemical in phloem sap is (are)

sucrose

Phloem transport is described as being from source to sink. Which of the following would most accurately complete this statement about phloem transport as applied to most plants in the late spring?Phloem transports ________ from the ________ source to the ________ sink. sugars; leaf; apical meristem nucleic acids; flower; root proteins; root; leaf amino acids; root; mycorrhizae

sugars; leaf; apical meristem

An association between the roots of a terrestrial plant with soil fungus is referred to as parasitism. saprobism. autotrophism. heterotrophism. symbiosis.

symbiosis.

When plants exhibit generalized defense responses in organs distant from the infection site, this is termed

systemic acquired resistance.

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order, the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium. the summer wood, bark, and phloem. the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark. the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm. the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem.

the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark.

Biofuels are mainly produced by plants that convert hemicellulose into gasoline. transgenic crops that have cell walls containing ethylene. the breakdown of cell wall biopolymers into sugars that can be fermented. the genetic engineering of ethanol-generating genes into plants.

the breakdown of cell wall biopolymers into sugars that can be fermented.

A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure? the endodermis a guard cell the Casparian strip the root epidermis

the endodermis

The cortex in a cross section of a dicot root is located between

the epidermis and endodermis.

What drives the flow of water through the xylem?

the evaporation of water from leaves

During the process of evolution of an angiosperm,

the gametophyte became reduced, smaller, simpler, and short lived.

Two groups of tomatoes were grown in the laboratory, one with humus added to the soil and the other a control without humus. The leaves of the plants grown without humus were yellowish (less green) compared with those of the plants grown in humus-enriched soil. The best explanation for this difference is that the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll. the healthy plants used carbohydrates in the decomposing leaves of the humus for energy to make chlorophyll. the humus made the soil more loosely packed, so water penetrated more easily to the roots. the heat released by the decomposing leaves of the humus caused more rapid growth and chlorophyll synthesis.

the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll.

Which structure or compartment is part of the symplast?

the interior of a sieve tube

In vitro plant cultures produce plants with high vigor. the possibility to regenerate genetically modified plants. unidentical plants. plants at a much slower pace.

the possibility to regenerate genetically modified plants.

Recent research has shown that fertilization requires that carpels recognize pollen grains as "self" or "non-self." For self-incompatibility, the system requires the rejection of self cells. carpel incompatibility with the egg cells. that the flowers be incomplete. the rejection of non-self cells.

the rejection of self cells.

Upregulation of leghemoglobin biosynthesis in a leguminous species would most likely indicate the plant is suffering from a mineral deficiency. the plant is suffering from water stress. the successful inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. an increase in the biosynthesis of amino acids.

the successful inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

The imbibition in seeds takes place during seed germination because of the loss of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed. the uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed. the uptake of water due to the high water potential of the dry seed. the loss of water due to the high water potential of the seed.

the uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed.

Three mitotic divisions within the female gametophyte of a flowering plant will produce

three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, and two synergids

Charles and Francis Darwin concluded from their experiments on phototropism by grass seedlings that the part of the seedling that detects the direction of light is the part of the coleoptile that bends during the response. base of the coleoptile. cotyledon. tip of the coleoptile.

tip of the coleoptile.

In hydroponic culture, what is the purpose of bubbling air into the solute? to inhibit the growth of aerobic algae to provide oxygen to the root cells to keep dissolved nutrients evenly distributed to inhibit the growth of anaerobic bacteria

to provide oxygen to the root cells

Which of the following best explains both the growth of a vine up the trunk of a tree and the directional growth of a houseplant toward a window?

tropism response

In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains two haploid gametes and a diploid pollen grain. two haploid microspores. two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus. a generative cell and a tube cell.

two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus.

Phloem sap in plant vascular system flows two ways from the sites of use and the sugar storage units to the leaves. one way from leaves to the sites of sugar use. one way from leaves to the sites of sugar storage units. two ways from the leaves to the sites of sugar use and to the sugar storage units.

two ways from the leaves to the sites of sugar use and to the sugar storage units.

Callus is a group of meristematic tissue. undifferentiated cells. vascular tissue. ground tissue.

undifferentiated cells.

The cork cambium replaces which of the following tissues during the plant growth? vascular cambium endodermis primary xylem primary phloem epidermis

vascular cambium

The bark of woody plants represents all tissues external to the cortex. endodermis. pericycle. pith. vascular cambium.

vascular cambium.

The cuticle on the surface of epidermis of leaves is an adaptation for plants to conserve elements. sugars. gas exchange. water.

water

You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you believe to be a lycophyte or a monilophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant? whether it has microphylls or megaphylls whether or not it has seeds whether or not it has true leaves its height whether or not it has chlorophyll a

whether it has microphylls or megaphylls

Which of the following pollinating agents is correctly matched with the type of plant it helps pollinate? animals-aquatic plants sand-desert plants water-terrestrial plants wind-grasses

wind-grasses

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?

woody eudicot

Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was/were the

xylem

Which of the following tissues have revolutionized the advancement of vascular plants with extensive shoot and root systems on land in the process of evolution? apical meristem cambium xylem endodermis

xylem

Which of the following is an adaptation by plants to life on land?

xylem tracheids and vessels

Which of the following is an adaptation by plants to life on land? Calvin cycle of photosynthesis xylem tracheids and vessels Krebs cycle of respiration lack of waxy cuticle

xylem tracheids and vessels

The new root cells will be generated in the zone of cell division. root cap. zone of elongation. zone of differentiation.

zone of cell division.

A plant cell with a Ψ S of -0.65 MPa maintains a constant volume when bathed in a solution that has a Ψ S of -0.30 MPa and is in an open container. The cell has a Ψ of -0.65 MPa. Ψ of 0 MPa. ΨP of +0.35 MPa. ΨP of +0.65 MPa.

ψP of +0.35 MPa