BIO1001 Final Exam
What is bioinspiration?
"devising strategies different from that employed by nature to achieve the same function and properties." (inspired by nature)
What are the common human ailments of the circulatory system?
Aneurysms, Blood pressure conditions, Cardiomyopathy, Congenital heart disease, Heart failure, Heart valve disease, High cholesterol.
Explain what makes a target cell a target cell.
A target cell responds to a hormone because it bears receptors for the hormone. In other words, a particular cell is a target cell for a hormone if it contains functional receptors for that hormone, and cells which do not have such a receptor cannot be influenced directly by that hormone.
Explain how the structural differences between arteries, capillaries, and veins relate to their functions.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood towards the heart, and capillaries transport blood between arteries and veins.
Recognize the societal role and impact of biological knowledge and research.
As a field of science, biology helps us understand the living world and the ways its many species (including humans) function, evolve, and interact. Advances in medicine, agriculture, biotechnology, and many other areas of biology have brought improvements in the quality of life.
What are the common human ailments of the immune system?
Asthma, familial Mediterranean fever and Crohn's disease (inflammatory bowel disease) all result from an over-reaction of the immune system, while autoimmune polyglandular syndrome and some facets of diabetes are due to the immune system attacking 'self' cells and molecules.
Explain the relationship between the cardiovascular and immune systems. (SOL 18)
At the cardiovascular level, immune cells (activated either by a psychological or physical stressor) interact with endothelial cells, cardiac stromal cells and cardiomyocytes, which adapt their metabolism to support the ongoing inflammatory process (upper part right panel).
How can a hormone have an effect on one group of cells, but have no effect on another group of cells?
Because only those target cells have receptors for that particular hormone. Some hormones bind to receptors on the surface of target cells. Others enter the cells and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
How does secretion play a role in taking in nutrients in the digestive system?
Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat and some vitamins. The liver is your body's chemical "factory." It takes the raw materials absorbed by the intestine and makes all the various chemicals your body needs to function.
How can bioinspiration solve problems?
Bioinspiration is an effectively limitless source of ideas. Because there are so many different kinds of organisms, and so many different strategies that have proved successful in biology at solving some functional problem, bioinspiration—as a strategy for developing new ideas—is essentially limitless
Explain how the digestive, urinary, circulatory, endocrine, immune, and respiratory systems work together to maintain homeostasis of all body cells. For each system, identify the organs involved and the overall functions of the system.
Body systems work together to maintain homeostasis by sharing the work of regulating balances of nutrients and other physiological values (and restoring equilibrium) Digestive - The digestive system maintains homeostasis by ensuring that the stomach environment has the right pH balance. (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus) Urinary - The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. Circulatory - The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and toward the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide. Endocrine - Your endocrine system is made up of several organs called glands. These glands, located all over your body, create and secrete (release) hormones. Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues Immune - This system works together to protect you from foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi) that cause infection, illness and disease.) Organs and tissues important to the proper functioning of the immune system include the thymus and bone marrow, lymph nodes and vessels, spleen, and skin. Respiratory - The respiratory system takes up oxygen from the air we breathe and expels the unwanted carbon dioxide. The main organ of the respiratory system is the lungs. Other respiratory organs include the nose, the trachea and the breathing muscles (the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles).
What are the common human ailments of the digestive system?
Common digestive disorders include gastroesophageal reflux disease, cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance, and hiatal hernia. The most common symptoms of digestive disorders include bleeding, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, pain, nausea, and vomiting.
How does digestion play a role in taking in nutrients in the digestive system?
Digestion is important for breaking down food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. Food and drink must be changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before the blood absorbs them and carries them to cells throughout the body.
Describe the role of the nephrons in a kidney.
Each of your kidneys is made up of about a million filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron includes a filter, called the glomerulus, and a tubule. The nephrons work through a two-step process: the glomerulus filters your blood, and the tubule returns needed substances to your blood and removes wastes.
Describe the essential functions of the respiratory system.
Gas exchange, Acid-Exchange Balance, Phonation, Pulmonary Defense Mechanism.
Explain how hormones are involved in feedback mechanisms.
Most hormones are controlled by negative feedback, in which the hormone feeds back to decrease its own production. This type of feedback brings things back to normal whenever they start to become too extreme. Positive feedback is much less common because it causes conditions to become increasingly extreme.
Explain why relatively large animals need organ systems.
Large animals need organ systems to pump gases and wastes in and out (e.g., such as a circulatory system) and for breathing and reproduction.
Why are long-term experiments on humans are important, but also challenging?
Long term-experiments on humans are important because advances in human health and welfare ultimately depend on research with human subjects. However, it can be challenging because it can potentially violate the principles of medical ethics. Such practices have included denying patients the right to informed consent, using pseudoscientific frameworks such as race science, and torturing people under the guise of research.
By referring to a diagram of the menstrual cycle, explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle, and identify the time periods for both avoiding and encouraging conception.
Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, which are produced by the pituitary gland, promote ovulation and stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone. You're most fertile at the time of ovulation (when an egg is released from your ovaries), which usually occurs 12 to 14 days before your next period starts. the days before or on menstruation you're least likely to get pregnant.
What are the common human ailments of the endocrine system?
Menopause, Diabetes, Addison's disease, Cushing's disease, Graves' disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism, Prolactinoma.
How does motility play a role in taking in nutrients in the digestive system?
Motility refers to the movement of food from the mouth through the pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and out of the body. The GI (motility) system is responsible for digestion.
Explain the role has that animal experimentation has played in understanding human physiology over the last 200 years
Non-human animals are used in medical and other scientific research at academic institutions, and hospitals. Scientific research on animals helps develop antibiotics and other medications, as well as immunizations and surgical procedures. (The dog's pancreas example)
Identify the major components of blood and explain their importance.
Plasma is the main component of blood and consists mostly of water, with proteins, ions, nutrients, and wastes mixed in. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting. White blood cells are part of the immune system and function in immune response.
What are the common human ailments of the respiratory system?
Respiratory diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer. Also called lung disorder and pulmonary disease.
Trace the pathway of information flow from a stimulus to a response.
Sensory neurons transmit information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS) Relay neurons (interneurons) transmit information within the CNS as part of the decision-making process.
Stakeholders
Stakeholders are people, institutions, or social groups that are affected by, and/or involved in, a particular issue, such as the creation of policies.
Describe the role of T cells and B cells.
T cells wipe out infected or cancerous cells and direct the immune response by helping B cells to eliminate invading pathogens. B cells create antibodies and create a type of protein called an antibody.
Describe the relationship between the cardiovascular and the respiratory systems.
The human cardiovascular system (CVS) and respiratory system (RS) work together in order to supply oxygen (O2) and other substrates needed for metabolism and to remove carbon dioxide (CO2). Global and local control mechanisms act on the CVS in order to adjust blood flow to the different parts of the body.
Describe the human microbiome, and explain its importance to human health.
The human microbiome comprises bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes which reside within and outside our bodies. These organisms impact human physiology, both in health and in disease, contributing to the enhancement or impairment of metabolic and immune functions.
Explain how the relationship between structure and function seen in the small intestine.
The lining of the small intestinal mucosa is very highly specialized for maximizing digestion and absorption of nutrients. The lining is highly folded to form microscopic finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area to help with absorption.
Compare the roles of the liver and the pancreas in digestion.
The liver digests food by producing bile to break down fats, removing toxins and breaking down and storing some vitamins and minerals. The pancreas produces enzymes to help break down proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
Identify the organs that play a major role in controlling the pH of the body. (SOL 19)
The maintenance of blood pH within normal limits (7.35-7.45), called acid-base homeostasis, is a complex synergy involving three organs (lungs, kidneys and brain) as well as chemical buffers in blood and blood cells (erythrocytes)
Identify the structures of and roles of structures in both the male and female reproductive systems.
The male reproductive system includes the testes (which produce sperm), penis, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and urethra. The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries (which produce eggs or oocytes), fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva.
Compare and contrast the nervous system and endocrine system in terms of how they control bodily functions.
The nervous system uses electrical impulses to send messages through neurons while endocrine glands use hormones to send messages to the target cells through the bloodstream.
Explain why the pituitary gland is called the master gland of the body.
The pituitary gland is sometimes called the "master" gland of the endocrine system because it controls the functions of many of the other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland is no larger than a pea, and is located at the base of the brain.
Describe the relationship between the pulse and blood pressure
The pulse measures how many times per minute your heart beats. Blood pressure measures how strongly your heart and blood vessels pump blood to the rest of your body.
Describe the pathway taken by blood through the heart, the lungs, then back through the heart, including the role of valves.
The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle through the mitral valve. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body.
How does absorption play a role in taking in nutrients in the digestive system?
The small intestine absorbs most of the nutrients in your food, and your circulatory system passes them on to other parts of your body to store or use. Special cells help absorbed nutrients cross the intestinal lining into your bloodstream.
Explain how the relationship between structure & function seen in the alveoli.
The walls of the alveoli are very thin. This lets oxygen and CO2 pass easily between the alveoli and capillaries, which are very small blood vessels. Oxygen can pass from the alveoli to the capillaries because the concentration of oxygen is lower in the capillaries than in alveoli
What are the common human ailments of the urinary system?
Urologic diseases or conditions include urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder control problems, and prostate problems, among others.
What is the relationship between biology and ethics?
a common, and conceivably overlapping, interest in human nature.
Hypothesis
a tentative explanation that can be tested by further investigation
What are the steps of scientific inquiry?
ask questions, hypothesize and predict, test hypothesis, analyze results, draw conclusions, communicate results
Scientific Law
is a statement that summarizes the relationship between variables.
Theory
is a well-supported explanation of observations