Biology 102 Lab Final Exam

Why don't scientists use common names for everything?

Different for certain areas and not typically accepted world-wide

Genes

Discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)

Who is Charles Darwin, and what did he accomplish?

Father of Evolution and accomplished evolution

Law of Independent Assortment

Genes for different traits are passed independently to offspring

Levels of Biodiversity

Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity

Threats to Biodiversity

Habitat Loss Invasive Species Over-exploitation

Habitat Loss

Habitat loss is the single greatest threat to biodiversity. Habitat loss can be caused by many factors including agriculture, forestry, mining, pollution, and urban development. Global warming is also to blame for habitat loss. Habitat loss almost always leads to extinction.

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a given gene

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a given gene

Law of Segregation

Individual organisms possess a pair of genes for each trait that is randomly passed to their offspring These offspring then have their own pair of genes which is expressed based on dominance

Ground Tissue System

Metabolic Functions

Stomata

Natural openings in leaves and herbaceous stems that allow for gas exchange

Why is histology important?

cells are organized into tissues, Tissues are organized into organs, and organs are then organized into organ systems and eventually into organisms!

Guard Cells

cells that open and close the stomata.

What happens to the Daphnia's Heart Rate in Alcohol?

decrease in heart rate

How are plants and animals similar?

multicellular and eukaryotes

Gymnosperms

naked seeds, produced seed on the outside

What happens to the Daphnia's Heart Rate in Spring water?

normal heart rate

What is a Dichotomous Key?

s a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world based on the items characteristics

Ephithelial tissue

sheets of cells, Cover the outside of the body, Line organ cavities, Barriers against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss, Have different shapes and thicknesses to correspond for different functions

Haploid

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n)

Diploid

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent

Chromosomes

A cellular structure carrying genetic material that consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins

What is Evolution?

A change in allele frequency in a population over time

Pedigree

A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations

Karyotypes

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape

Experimental Group

A group or groups that are exposed to the different conditions being tested

Control Group

A group where the condition being tested is not applied. Serves as a standard for comparison

Homologous Chromosomes

A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci

Genetic Drift

A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

Natural Selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

Locus

A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located

Mutalism

A symbiosis in which both organisms benefit

Parasitism

A symbiosis in which one organism (the parasite) benefits and the other organism (the host) is harmed

Commensalism

A symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other receives neither benefit nor harm

Hypothesis

A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning

Controlled Experiment

An experiment designed to compare an experimental group or groups with a control group

Epistasis

A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene

Cuticle

A waxy protective coating on the leaf epidermis that prevents water loss on leaves, green stems, and fruits.

Dominant

Allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote. Typically denoted by a capital letter

Recessive

Allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote. Typically denoted by a lowercase letter

How are scientific names formatted when typed?

Always either italicized or underlined

Predation

An interaction in which one species, the predator, eats another species, the prey

Roots

Anchor the plant, Sometimes Storage, Uptake of Water, Minerals & Inorganic Molecules

Alleles

Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

Control

Any variable that you are keeping constant throughout the experiment

Ecosystem Diversity

At the ecosystem level, we look at the various types of ecosystems all over the planet. Species in an ecosystem tend to interact with other species within the ecosystem. The extinction of one species can have a negative impact on the species richness (the number of species in a biological community) of the entire ecosystem. Name a few different ecosystems: Forest, Coral Reef, Desert, Open Ocean

Genetic Diversity

At the genetic level, we look at diversity within populations of the same species and between populations. What examples can you give for genetic diversity within a population? Ex: Different breeds of domestic dogs, differences between people. Genetic diversity helps to keep a species robust because the larger the amount of variation, the better the chance for the fittest allele in a population whereas organisms with the same genetic make-up will be susceptible to the same diseases which can lead to the extinction of a species.

Species Diversity

At the species level, scientists consider the number of species in an area, typically an ecosystem. Some ecosystems may have many different species thriving within while others may only support a few very specialized organisms. As more species are lost to extinction, species diversity decreases.

Intaspecific

Between individuals of the same species

Interspecific

Between individuals of two or more species

Who began the trend of Binomial Nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus

Connective tissue

Cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, Hold tissues and organs together, Keep organs in place •3 Fiber Types •Collagenous- Strength and Flexibility •Reticular- Join connective tissues to other tissues •Elastic- Make tissues elastic

Variables

Control, Independent, and Dependent

What are Punnett squares?

Diagrams used to predict the likelihood of inheritance of certain traits

Know your taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Mesophyll

Layer of parenchyma tissues loosely arranged to facilitate movement of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. It also may contain some chloroplasts.

Flowers

Male- Anther- makes pollen and Filament-hold up the anther; make up stamen Female- Style- holds up stigma , Ovary- seeds produces, Stigma-

How are plants and animals different form one another?

Many Cellular Differences: Centrosomes (Animals), Flagella (Animals), Lysosomes (Animals) Cell Wall (Plants), Chloroplasts (Plants), Central Vacuole (Plants), Plasmodesmata (Plants) Surface Area to Volume Ratio Immobile vs. Mobile Producer vs. Consumer

Why are plants important?

Outweigh all other organisms ten-fold, Created oxygen atmosphere, Basis of most food chains and life, Pharmaceuticals, Building materials, Cloth, Dyes, Money Communication - "Say it with flowers," Throwing tomatoes Ecosystem Services - Erosion & Flood protection, Filtering, Shade Aesthetics, Pleasure & Recreation

Over-exploitation

Overexploitation is when humans harvest organisms at rates exceeding the ability of the populations of those species to rebound. This typically has a greater effect on organisms with restricted habitats or those with low intrinsic reproductive rates.

What are the main two formulas that we utilize in HWE questions?

P+Q=1 P^2+2PQ+q^2=1

What do "p" and "q" represent?

P- dominant allele Q- recessive allele

Leaves

Photosynthesis, Gas Exchange, Sometimes Storage

Non-random Mating

Preference of a certain phenotype in mates

Know the difference between primary and secondary literature

Primary Literature = First-hand research and analysis (empirical studies) Secondary Literature = Review articles

Dermal Tissue System

Protects the plant

How do Daphnia reproduce?

Sexual and Asexual-parthenogenesis

Invasive Species

Species that are not native to an area typically moved there by humans either accidentally or purposefully. Introduced species are typically free from their native predators, pathogens, and parasites and may spread rapidly in new regions. They may also prey upon native species or just outcompete the native species for resources. This can also lead to species extinction.

Chloroplast

Sub-cellular, photosynthetic structures in leaves and other green tissues. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green plant pigment that captures the energy in light and begins the transformation of that energy into sugars.

What is needed for this process to occur?

Sunlight

Angiosperms

Super important as angiosperms = FOOD! Unique Life Cycle Features: Flowers, Double Fertilization, and Fruits Seed Plants (Gymnosperms too) Annuals - Survives for one growing season Biennials - Survives for two years Perennials - Survives for more than two years

Pleiotropy

The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects Ex:Sickle cell anemia

Rationale

The fundamental reason or reasons serving to account for something

Genotype

The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism

Phenotype

The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup (genotype)

Competition

The simultaneous demand by two or more organisms for limited environmental resources such as nutrients, living space, or light

Incomplete Dominance

The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.

Codominance

The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

What is histology?

The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of both plants and animals.

Gene Flow (AKA: Migration)

The transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

Dependent

The variable that you are measuring. This variable responds to the independent variable

Independent

The variable you are manipulating

How do plants obtain food?

Through photosynthesis, carbon atoms from CO2 in the air are combined into SUGAR

Stems

Transport, Support, Height

Vascular Tissue System

Transport- Water and Nutrients

Mutation

variation of genetic

Muscle Tissue

•Cardiac- Walls of the heart, Striated - Muscle in which the regular arrangement of filaments creates a pattern of light and dark bands •Skeletal-Voluntary movement, Arms, legs, etc., Striated •Smooth-Involuntary movement; Bladder, Arteries, Digestive Tract; Lacks striations because of the uniform distribution of myosin filaments; Myosin - A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin to cause cell contraction

Who is Gregor Mendel, and what did he accomplish?

•Founder of Genetics - Gregor Mendel •Created the laws of Mendelian inheritance in the 1800s •Studied pea plants in a monastery

Nervous tissue

•Neurons (Nerve Cells) - Transmit nerve impulses •Axon - A long process of a neuron that carries nerve impulses toward target cells •Dendrite - Highly branched extension of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons •Myelin Sheath - An insulating coat of cells •Node of Ranvier - Gaps in the myelin sheath where action potentials can be generated •Glial Cells (Glia) - Support cells; Schwann Cell - Forms myelin sheaths around axons, Nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons, Modulate neuron function