Biology 102 Lab Final Exam
Why don't scientists use common names for everything?
Different for certain areas and not typically accepted world-wide
Genes
Discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)
Who is Charles Darwin, and what did he accomplish?
Father of Evolution and accomplished evolution
Law of Independent Assortment
Genes for different traits are passed independently to offspring
Levels of Biodiversity
Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity
Threats to Biodiversity
Habitat Loss Invasive Species Over-exploitation
Habitat Loss
Habitat loss is the single greatest threat to biodiversity. Habitat loss can be caused by many factors including agriculture, forestry, mining, pollution, and urban development. Global warming is also to blame for habitat loss. Habitat loss almost always leads to extinction.
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a given gene
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a given gene
Law of Segregation
Individual organisms possess a pair of genes for each trait that is randomly passed to their offspring These offspring then have their own pair of genes which is expressed based on dominance
Ground Tissue System
Metabolic Functions
Stomata
Natural openings in leaves and herbaceous stems that allow for gas exchange
Why is histology important?
cells are organized into tissues, Tissues are organized into organs, and organs are then organized into organ systems and eventually into organisms!
Guard Cells
cells that open and close the stomata.
What happens to the Daphnia's Heart Rate in Alcohol?
decrease in heart rate
How are plants and animals similar?
multicellular and eukaryotes
Gymnosperms
naked seeds, produced seed on the outside
What happens to the Daphnia's Heart Rate in Spring water?
normal heart rate
What is a Dichotomous Key?
s a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world based on the items characteristics
Ephithelial tissue
sheets of cells, Cover the outside of the body, Line organ cavities, Barriers against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss, Have different shapes and thicknesses to correspond for different functions
Haploid
A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n)
Diploid
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent
Chromosomes
A cellular structure carrying genetic material that consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins
What is Evolution?
A change in allele frequency in a population over time
Pedigree
A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations
Karyotypes
A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape
Experimental Group
A group or groups that are exposed to the different conditions being tested
Control Group
A group where the condition being tested is not applied. Serves as a standard for comparison
Homologous Chromosomes
A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci
Genetic Drift
A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
Natural Selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
Locus
A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located
Mutalism
A symbiosis in which both organisms benefit
Parasitism
A symbiosis in which one organism (the parasite) benefits and the other organism (the host) is harmed
Commensalism
A symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other receives neither benefit nor harm
Hypothesis
A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning
Controlled Experiment
An experiment designed to compare an experimental group or groups with a control group
Epistasis
A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene
Cuticle
A waxy protective coating on the leaf epidermis that prevents water loss on leaves, green stems, and fruits.
Dominant
Allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote. Typically denoted by a capital letter
Recessive
Allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote. Typically denoted by a lowercase letter
How are scientific names formatted when typed?
Always either italicized or underlined
Predation
An interaction in which one species, the predator, eats another species, the prey
Roots
Anchor the plant, Sometimes Storage, Uptake of Water, Minerals & Inorganic Molecules
Alleles
Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
Control
Any variable that you are keeping constant throughout the experiment
Ecosystem Diversity
At the ecosystem level, we look at the various types of ecosystems all over the planet. Species in an ecosystem tend to interact with other species within the ecosystem. The extinction of one species can have a negative impact on the species richness (the number of species in a biological community) of the entire ecosystem. Name a few different ecosystems: Forest, Coral Reef, Desert, Open Ocean
Genetic Diversity
At the genetic level, we look at diversity within populations of the same species and between populations. What examples can you give for genetic diversity within a population? Ex: Different breeds of domestic dogs, differences between people. Genetic diversity helps to keep a species robust because the larger the amount of variation, the better the chance for the fittest allele in a population whereas organisms with the same genetic make-up will be susceptible to the same diseases which can lead to the extinction of a species.
Species Diversity
At the species level, scientists consider the number of species in an area, typically an ecosystem. Some ecosystems may have many different species thriving within while others may only support a few very specialized organisms. As more species are lost to extinction, species diversity decreases.
Intaspecific
Between individuals of the same species
Interspecific
Between individuals of two or more species
Who began the trend of Binomial Nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
Connective tissue
Cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, Hold tissues and organs together, Keep organs in place •3 Fiber Types •Collagenous- Strength and Flexibility •Reticular- Join connective tissues to other tissues •Elastic- Make tissues elastic
Variables
Control, Independent, and Dependent
What are Punnett squares?
Diagrams used to predict the likelihood of inheritance of certain traits
Know your taxonomy
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Mesophyll
Layer of parenchyma tissues loosely arranged to facilitate movement of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. It also may contain some chloroplasts.
Flowers
Male- Anther- makes pollen and Filament-hold up the anther; make up stamen Female- Style- holds up stigma , Ovary- seeds produces, Stigma-
How are plants and animals different form one another?
Many Cellular Differences: Centrosomes (Animals), Flagella (Animals), Lysosomes (Animals) Cell Wall (Plants), Chloroplasts (Plants), Central Vacuole (Plants), Plasmodesmata (Plants) Surface Area to Volume Ratio Immobile vs. Mobile Producer vs. Consumer
Why are plants important?
Outweigh all other organisms ten-fold, Created oxygen atmosphere, Basis of most food chains and life, Pharmaceuticals, Building materials, Cloth, Dyes, Money Communication - "Say it with flowers," Throwing tomatoes Ecosystem Services - Erosion & Flood protection, Filtering, Shade Aesthetics, Pleasure & Recreation
Over-exploitation
Overexploitation is when humans harvest organisms at rates exceeding the ability of the populations of those species to rebound. This typically has a greater effect on organisms with restricted habitats or those with low intrinsic reproductive rates.
What are the main two formulas that we utilize in HWE questions?
P+Q=1 P^2+2PQ+q^2=1
What do "p" and "q" represent?
P- dominant allele Q- recessive allele
Leaves
Photosynthesis, Gas Exchange, Sometimes Storage
Non-random Mating
Preference of a certain phenotype in mates
Know the difference between primary and secondary literature
Primary Literature = First-hand research and analysis (empirical studies) Secondary Literature = Review articles
Dermal Tissue System
Protects the plant
How do Daphnia reproduce?
Sexual and Asexual-parthenogenesis
Invasive Species
Species that are not native to an area typically moved there by humans either accidentally or purposefully. Introduced species are typically free from their native predators, pathogens, and parasites and may spread rapidly in new regions. They may also prey upon native species or just outcompete the native species for resources. This can also lead to species extinction.
Chloroplast
Sub-cellular, photosynthetic structures in leaves and other green tissues. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green plant pigment that captures the energy in light and begins the transformation of that energy into sugars.
What is needed for this process to occur?
Sunlight
Angiosperms
Super important as angiosperms = FOOD! Unique Life Cycle Features: Flowers, Double Fertilization, and Fruits Seed Plants (Gymnosperms too) Annuals - Survives for one growing season Biennials - Survives for two years Perennials - Survives for more than two years
Pleiotropy
The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects Ex:Sickle cell anemia
Rationale
The fundamental reason or reasons serving to account for something
Genotype
The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism
Phenotype
The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup (genotype)
Competition
The simultaneous demand by two or more organisms for limited environmental resources such as nutrients, living space, or light
Incomplete Dominance
The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.
Codominance
The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
What is histology?
The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of both plants and animals.
Gene Flow (AKA: Migration)
The transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes
Dependent
The variable that you are measuring. This variable responds to the independent variable
Independent
The variable you are manipulating
How do plants obtain food?
Through photosynthesis, carbon atoms from CO2 in the air are combined into SUGAR
Stems
Transport, Support, Height
Vascular Tissue System
Transport- Water and Nutrients
Mutation
variation of genetic
Muscle Tissue
•Cardiac- Walls of the heart, Striated - Muscle in which the regular arrangement of filaments creates a pattern of light and dark bands •Skeletal-Voluntary movement, Arms, legs, etc., Striated •Smooth-Involuntary movement; Bladder, Arteries, Digestive Tract; Lacks striations because of the uniform distribution of myosin filaments; Myosin - A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin to cause cell contraction
Who is Gregor Mendel, and what did he accomplish?
•Founder of Genetics - Gregor Mendel •Created the laws of Mendelian inheritance in the 1800s •Studied pea plants in a monastery
Nervous tissue
•Neurons (Nerve Cells) - Transmit nerve impulses •Axon - A long process of a neuron that carries nerve impulses toward target cells •Dendrite - Highly branched extension of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons •Myelin Sheath - An insulating coat of cells •Node of Ranvier - Gaps in the myelin sheath where action potentials can be generated •Glial Cells (Glia) - Support cells; Schwann Cell - Forms myelin sheaths around axons, Nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons, Modulate neuron function