BUAD 3336 Chapter 7

Self-motivation often decreases when we no longer have a sense of

"balance in our lives"

Many people do not achieve their full potential because they are afraid to venture outside their

"comfort zone"

Motives have been described as the ________ of human behavior

"why"

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(1) people have a number of needs that require some measure of satisfaction, (2) only unsatisfied needs motivate behavior, (3) needs of people are arranged in a hierarchy of prepotency

3 Signs of a Miserable Job

Anonymity, Irrelevance, Immeasurement

Matures

Born 1928-1945: loyalists, need to build a legacy, no news is good news, rewards are meaningful (satisfaction of a job well done)

Baby Boomers

Born 1946-1964: optimists, want an outstanding career, want to move up within the company, performance reviews once a year, rewards are meaningful (money, title, recognition, corner office)

Generation X

Born 1965-1976: skeptics, want to build a portable career, want to know exactly what they will be doing, want frequent comments on how they are doing, rewards are meaningful (freedom)

Generation Y (Millennials)

Born 1977-2002: realists, want to build a multifaceted career, want help seeing the future, want feedback whenever they want it at the push of a button, rewards are meaningful (work has meaning for them)

Motives May Be Unconscious

In many cases we are not fully aware of the inner needs and drives that influence our behavior

Herzberg's motivational factors parallel, to some degree, which of the needs in Maslow's theory?

Self-actualization and esteem needs only

A self-fulfilling prophecy is an example of which motivational theory?

The Expectancy Theory

True or False. Many companies are using advanced communications technology to deliver instruction

True

Motives are Often Inferred

We can observe the behavior of another person, but we can only infer (draw conclusions about) what motives have caused that behavior

Motives Change

What motivates us early in our careers may not motivate us later on

Motives are Individualistic

What satisfies one person's needs may not satisfy another's

Motives are Hierarchical

When contradictory motives exist, the more important motive usually guides behavior

Job rotation, Job enlargement, and Job enrichment appeal to Generation ___ workers, who often do not value work for only external rewards

Y

Irrelevance

a condition that takes root when employees cannot see how their job makes a difference in the lives of others

Grit

a form of hard work and determination that is a major indicator of success

Motivation-maintenance theory

a theory proposed by Psychologist Frederick Herzberg whereby employees are not directly motivated by certain maintenance factors (such as health insurance), but the absence of such a benefit would cause the employee to look for a job elsewhere

Job rotation

allows workers to move through a variety of jobs in a pre-defined way over a period of time

Job enrichment

an attempt to make jobs more desirable or satisfying, thereby triggering internal motivation

Expectancy theory

based on the assumption that motivational strength is determined by whether or not you believe you can be successful at a task

The goals with the greatest capacity to motivate a worker are the goals that are

challenging but not impossible to achieve.

Social or Belongingness Needs

deal with emotional and mental well-being

Social Contact

desire for companionship

Tranquility

desire for emotional calm

Physical Activity

desire for exercise of muscles

Acceptance

desire for inclusion

Curiosity

desire for knowledge

Order

desire for organization

Independence

desire for self-reliance

Romance

desire for sex and beauty

Idealism

desire for social justice

Status

desire for social standing

Honor

desire to be loyal to one's parents and heritage

Saving

desire to collect things

Eating

desire to consume food

Vengeance

desire to get even

Power

desire to influence others

Family

desire to raise one's own children

Goals motivate by:

directing attention, encouraging effort, encouraging persistence, fostering goal-attainment strategies and action plans

Generation X motivators

doing good, meeting organizational goals, recognition from the boss, bonuses, and stock options

Intrapreneurships

encourage employees to pursue an idea, product, or process, with the company providing encouragement and support

Jim's company gives individual employees as much responsibility and autonomy on the job as possible. As people move "up the ladder," the size of their office increases and the quality of their office furniture improves. Pay levels are status symbols. Jim's company is focusing on the ____________________ level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

esteem

Case 7.1 Antonio has a number of employees who report to him. He has been considering how to motivate these employees to higher levels of performance and productivity. Antonio believes that most people are motivated by the satisfaction they receive from doing their jobs. He thinks that workers have a personal need to do well on the job. Another manager, Dexter, argues that while Antonio may be right, it is important to offer financial incentives. Dexter believes that workers don't really want to come to work and that managers therefore have to provide a "carrot" to ensure quality and productivity. Part of his evidence is that employees keep complaining about pay, working conditions, and benefits even though the company pays well above average for the industry and the area. Several days after this conversation, both Dexter and Antonio attend a workshop on employee motivation that explains Herzberg's motivation-maintenance theory. Refer to Case 7.1. Antonio's approach to motivation will probably lead him to emphasize which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

esteem needs

Job enlargement

expanding an employee's duties or responsibilities

True or False. A Theory X manager would seek worker involvement in decision making at all levels within an organization.

false

True or False. In general, money is a more effective motivational tool for Generation Y workers than Mature or Baby Boomer workers.

false

Cognitive factors

include a person's perceptions of the world, their beliefs about what they can or cannot do, and their expectations about how others will respond to them

Psychological factors

include need for food, water, and sleep

Social factors

influenced by teachers, family members, friends, media, and other sociocultural forces

Robert works at a concert hall. To keep his job interesting, he alternates his time between the ticket counter, security, and the refreshments counter. This is an example of

job rotation

Theory X

managers maintain a pessimistic attitude toward their workers' potential

Theory Y

managers who maintain an optimistic view of workers' ambition

A Theory X manager would seek worker involvement in decision making at all levels within an organization.

mastery

Matures motivators

money, public recognition, leadership opportunities, organizational loyalty, responsibility, accomplishment, control

Baby Boomers motivators

more money, public recognition, desire for subordinates, loyalty to self, promotion, peer recognition, control

Safety and Security Needs

most people want order, predictability, and freedom from physical harm in their personal or professional lives

Case 7.1 Antonio has a number of employees who report to him. He has been considering how to motivate these employees to higher levels of performance and productivity. Antonio believes that most people are motivated by the satisfaction they receive from doing their jobs. He thinks that workers have a personal need to do well on the job. Another manager, Dexter, argues that while Antonio may be right, it is important to offer financial incentives. Dexter believes that workers don't really want to come to work and that managers therefore have to provide a "carrot" to ensure quality and productivity. Part of his evidence is that employees keep complaining about pay, working conditions, and benefits even though the company pays well above average for the industry and the area. Several days after this conversation, both Dexter and Antonio attend a workshop on employee motivation that explains Herzberg's motivation-maintenance theory. Refer to Case 7.1. During the workshop, Dexter learns that he has misunderstood why the employees are complaining about pay, working conditions, etc. The real reason, according to Herzberg's theory, is that they lack

motivational factors.

Self-Actualization Needs

need for self-fulfillment, a full tapping of one's potential

Incentive

often used to improve quality, reduce accidents, increase sales, improve attendance, and speed up production

Emotional factors

panic, fear, anger, love, and hatred can influence behavior ranging from jealously to physical violence

Esteem Needs

people need respect and recognition from others as well as an inner sense of achievement and self-worth

The source of low expectations in the workplace is often a boss who

perceives an employee as a weak performer and then treats the employee differently than high performers

Empowerment

refers to those policies that share information, authority, and responsibility with the lowest ranks of the organization

Maintenance factors

represent the basic things people consider essential to any job, such as salaries, fringe benefits, working conditions, social relationships, supervision, and organizational policies and administration

The specific premise within the Expectancy Theory that connects your expectations of yourself and your resulting behavior is called a(n) ____________________.

self-fulfilling prophecy

Growing up, Omar developed a deep appreciation for the environment from his father who was a forest ranger in a state park.. Today he is an environmental engineer, designing wastewater treatment systems. Work for Omar is largely driven by which factor?

social

Anonymity

the feeling that employees get when they realize that their manager has little interest in them as human beings

Immeasurement

the inability of employees to assess for themselves their contribution or success

Motivation

the influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior

Self-fulfilling prophecy

the somewhat mysterious connection between what you expect in life and what you actually achieve: if you can conceive it and believe it, you can achieve it

Motivational factors

those elements that go above and beyond the basic maintenance factors

Generation Y motivators

time off, meeting personal goals, recognition from the boss, skills training, stock options, mentoring

True or False. A factory worker who attaches a wheel one week, and then inspects the wheel the next week is participating in job rotation.

true

True or False. Emotional, social, and physiological factors all contribute to an individual's sources of motivation.

true

True or False. Goals need to be specific, difficult, and participatively set

true

True or False. The expectancy theory supports that individuals with low self-efficacy are more likely to give up or underperform.

true

True or False. Training and education constitute one of several contemporary employee motivation strategies noted in the text.

true

Instead of waiting to see what will happen....

volunteer for a project or make a request for an assignment, talk to your boss about the things you want to do, follow up on an idea you have had for a long time