Caribbean Studies [Caribbean Arts & Popular Culture, Global Interactions
What is Bouillabaisse and Rouille?
Bouillabaisse is fish stew or thick soup using tomatoes, olive oil, garlic, fish and shellfish, chilli, orange, herbs, fennel and saffron. This is a type of mayonnaise with an abundance of chilli pepper and garlic.
In what ways has extra-regional influences affected sports (Cricket) in the Caribbean?
C R I C K E T • Once a former British Sport in the 19th Century • The game has been embraced and transformed from an 'Englishman's game' to something more Caribbeanized. • After slavery cricket became a means the white planter could continue to demonstrate moral and racial superiority • Became internationalized among Commonwealth Countries [Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, South Africa]
Who created the Notting Hill Carnival?
Claudia Jones, Trinidadian Human Rights Activist
What is deportation?
Deportation is a forcible and direct form of repatriation, where the deportee is actually escorted to the aircraft. [implies that the person has done something illegal or is personally unwelcome in the deporting country]
How did the early Caribbean religion 'Myal' religion develop in Jamaica?
Developed where christian elements were blended with African world views. [The holy spirit was deemed important as an intercessor for the faithful]
Who founded the Caribbean Artists Movement?
Edward Kamau Braithwaite (Barbados), Andrew Salkey (Jamaica), John La Rose (Trinidad)
What was the only genre of music to be created in Central America?
Punta Rock eg. Til da Mawnin - Andy Palacia, Stonetrr Records
What is an art installation?
> Artistic installations relies for its effect on the combination and placement of various objects and artworks in a particular place.
What is a 'subaltern population'.
A subaltern population combines the ideas of 'otherness' and dependency.
What is a post-colonial society?
A term used to describe how these neocolonial relationships of continued dominance and subjugation affect people in the ex-colonies. [this stance actively condemns the attitudes and activities of metropolitan countries]
What are some trends from the colonial era that persist in education today?
■ Most educational materials were written by British teachers in the Caribbean [encouraged socialisation into British values and traditions.] ■ University education was seen as a prerequisite for teaching in elite schools. ■ The prestige of secondary schools, led to competition for places pressure on 10 and 11 year olds. [following nineteenth-century traditions where poor black, bright boys were coached for the few scholarships available] ■ The curriculum is still centred on academic disciplines from the UK system of education. [in defiance of the recognised educational value of learning across the disciplines.] ■ Parents still value the denominational schools, partly because the elite schools have often come from that background. [Parent trust to instill the kinds of values and morals]
What are some powers bestowed upon the prime minister under the Westminster system of government?
■ Prime minister has power of appointment to the cabinet and government ministries, to state boards and to various strategic committees and companies. ■ The prime minister can dissolve parliament at will (though a system of fixed-term parliaments lasting five years) ■ The prime minister and cabinet can propose a bill and, as members of the legislature, they also vote on it. Thus there is a close tie between the executive and the legislature. ■ There is not much room for independent opinion
State some examples of music in the Anglophone Caribbean and where they originate.
■ soca (T&T,Barbados, St Lucia); ■ calypso (kaiso), steelband chutney, (T&T) ■ spouge, ringbang (Barbados); ■ marimba, breakdown, punta, (Belize); ■ junkanoo, mento, ska, rock steady, reggae, lovers rock, dub, nyabinghi, dance hall, raggamuffin ( Jamaica); ■ cadance, zouk (St Lucia).
What are some artforms found in Non-Anglophone countries?
■ zouk,cadence (Martinique, Guadeloupe) ■ son, rumba, habanera, salsa, timba, plena, merengue, bachata and bomba (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico) ■ reggaetón (Puerto Rico); ■ compass (or konpa), mizik rasin, rara, twoubadou (Haiti); ■ tumba, ritmo kombina (Curaçao); ■ kaseko, kawina (Suriname); ■ méringue, beguine (Martinique, Guadeloupe).
When was the first carnival?
The first carnival celebration was a pagan festival in Europe dating from ancient time; popularized as a Roman Catholthic festival signalling the start to Lent.
Differentiate between the overt and hidden curriculum.
The overt curriculum is that which is explicitly and openly taught. The hidden curriculum refers to the underlying unspoken assumptions beneath what is taught, including school organisation, rules, etc.
What is known a neocolonialism?
The relationship between ex-colonizer and the colonized.
In what ways do we see syncretism in Christianity?
The way in which the religions have been adapted to recgonise the sacred aspects in all aspects of life. African cosmoslogists acknowledge the spiritual in all places of everyday life. It is a belief system woven inthoa way of life that is holistic, there is no difference between secular and sacred.
What are artisanal crafts?
These are works that are produced by artisans, working craftspeople who are making artefacts for local sale or display.
What is the West Minster system of government?
This is a democratic system of government that recognizes the rule of law. • Prime Minister appointed by parliamentary body • No clear separation of powers between executive and legislature • British monarch is the official head of state
Define 'folk culture'.
This refers to the beliefs and practices of a distinct ethnic group and tends to be tradition-bound and more often than not, rural in occurence.
What is sympathetic magic?
Where a connection is made between physical objects and one's life: for example, reading cards, the palms.
List the different variations of the Westminster System in Caribbean countries.
[HOR + Senate] • Antigua & Barbuda • Belize • Jamaica • T & T [HOA + Senate] • Barbados • St Lucia [The Assembly] • Dominica • St Vincent [National Assembly] • Guyana
What is Vodun?
a religious belief system of the Fon in Benin, was transported to Haiti. • Comprised of Roman catholic elements interweaved with the religious traditions of the Fon people of Dahomey, Yoruba and Ewe. • The main idea is that of the service to the loa. During possession the devotee may undergo terror, pain, and convulsions. [some examples of loas are: Legba, Ogun, Erzilie and Obatala. • Vodun is first and foremost a dance accomanied by drumming in a circle in a counter clockwise motion, accompanied by singing. [There are two major branches in the development of Vodou - the Dahomean tradition known as Rada and that of the Petro Nation. Rada is aligned towards protection, benevolence and guidance but Petro Nation is more aggressive, even violent, and is thought to have propelled the slaves towards their bid for freedom in 1791]
What is popular theatre?
productions put on in a theatre and present internationally acclaimed plays and musicals or folklore, but in a way to appeal mass audiences. It brings popular theatre brings folklore into an urban place and it Caribbeanizes what was normally presented as formal, western drama.
In what ways has the Caribbean been influenced by extra-regional influences.
•
In what ways does extra-regional influences affect Caribbean visual arts?
• Artists and sculptors are trained in the same methods, and follow the same idea • The history of art styles are largely adopted form the colonial masters
Who is Peter Minshall?
• Born 1941 • English father, Guyanese mother • Considered the most innovative band leader in the history of Carnival in T&T
Who is V.S. Naipaul?
• Born in 1932 • Trinidadian • Studied at Oxford University • Writer of more than 50 years • Won Nobel Prize for Literature, 2001
Who is Bob Marley?
• Born in 1945 • Trench Town • Formed the Wailers in 1963 with Bunny Livingston and Peter Tosh.
What measures were put in place so as to develop a local spending mentality?
• Campaigns like 'Discover Jamaica' or 'Buy Local' [Carib Govt. protected the local industry by imposing high tariffs on textile imports, but due to lack of experiences local goods were relatively expensive and poorly made] • Quota system and special licenses to limit the amount one could import, or placed on a 'negative' list and could not be imported at all.
In what ways do extra-regional influences affect curriculum reforms in the Caribbean?
• Commisions by Britain made efforts to introduce agriculture and technical-vocational education to supplant the classicist curriculum.
What are some benefits of the arts to human and cultural development?
• Contribute to a sense of identity and belonging • Employment and Livelihood • A medium for culture to enter into conversations with itself to grow, develop and change
In what ways has the Caribbean diaspora influenced the US & UK.
• Cubans have migrated illegally to South Florida in small boats, and generally been allowed to stay because of their probable fate in they return home.
In what ways was education influenced by extra-regional influences
• Education was only made available to blacks after slavery • Higher education was reserved for whites and the affluent
What was the 'Negro Education Grant'?
• Established in the act to abolish slavery • Elementary education was expanded to include children of ex-slaves, whilst still restricted in some aspects •
State some facts about Caribana.
• First staged in 1967 • Toronto, Canada • Over 1million visitors every year • Largest cultural festival in North America
According to the Post-Colonial Theory, consumption patterns reflect a mindset privileging western values. Provide examples.
• Foreign is better • Importance of being modern • Building social capital [brand names are more popular among youth who confer on them the approval and envy of their peers] • US is the centre of the world
In what ways is migratory labour influenced by extra-regional influences?
• It encourages the syndrome of dependency, mainly affecting poverty and underdevelopment. • The opening of markets by trade liberalization enabled cheaper products to make way into the region displacing local products • Those who take seasonal labour overseas help to develop countries overseas rather than their locality • Those who return may have experienced politicisation in their host country and contribute fresh ideas to the mix of political ideas in their home country.
State some facts about Derek Walcott,
• January 23, 1930 • St Lucia • Nobel Prize for Literature, 1992 • Highly Accalimed works [Ti-Jean & His Brothers, In a Green Night]
In what way do Migrant Remittances affect the Caribbean?
• Lead to an unhealthy dependence on the sending migrant for funds, and discourage people who receive them from finding work of their own • Normally used for everyday expenditure rather than savings, which does not help to provide investment for Caribbean development.
List some Creole Religions: Eurocentric.
• Myal • Shouter Baptists • Revivalism • Zion Revivalism • Santería • Rastafari
State facts about West Indian Day Parade
• New York City, USA • 5 day Carnival held in August/September
In what ways has extra-regional influences affected sports (Soccer) in the Caribbean?
• Originated from England
List some Creole Religions: Afro-Centric.
• Orisha (Shango) • Rada • Obeah • Vodun • Kumina • Pukumina • Convince • Winti • Kumfa
List some Christian Denominations.
• Roman Catholic • Anglican • Methodist • Seventh Day Adventist • Moravian • Pentecost • Presbyterian • Baptist • Church of God • Jehovah's Witnesses • Evangelicals • New Testament • Open Bible • Church of God of Prophecy
State some facts on Rastafari.
• Roots lie in Myal and Revivalism traditions • They believe they belong to one of the 12 tribes • They believe one incarnation of Jah was Jesus • They reinterpret the bible, specifically the old testament as the route to spiritual freedom.
In what ways would Language affect the Caribbean Theatre Arts on the basis of extra-regional influences?
• Some felt the native patois and dialects were much too difficult for others to comprehend and the art form would not develop. • To be authentic and expressive Caribbean life Standard English had to be abandoned. • The inevitable themes of decolonization, conflict of identity, discrimination.
The 21st Century game of cricket has been influenced by?
• Technologies such as the 'third umpire - cameras that record the play and provide evidence • A departure from the ideals of good sportsmanship of yesteryear, bribery and corruption across the different teams, hostility among players degenerating into racial slurs and name calling, and infighting and indiscipline. • Becoming highly commercialised and a valued commodity of the mass media, especially the sports media. • Efforts to make the game more profitable and attractive to the consumer and players, with many more one-day internationals, higher prize money incentives drawing the best players and keen competition, • The personal endorsement contracts of players, which sometimes conflict with the interests of the team as a whole.
In what ways do we see extra-regional influences on festivals in the Caribbean?
• Technology [create images of costumes, foreing materials used to make costumes] • Development of Ideas [Mas bands are inspired themes ranging from scifi to hollywood representations and broadway productions] • Built Structures [large floats reminiscent of traditional carnivals in New Orleans] • Music the is exported [traditional events, primarily about social commentary is hard for extra regional persons to understand; so it influences the way they are presented as it may rely on the cash from them to make it a success]
Give some examples of Caribbean migrant farm labour.
• The sugar cane fields of southern Florida and the extensive orchards of the Niagara Peninsula in Canada see an annual migration of Caribbean workers to hand-pick fruit, harvest cane manually and work in tobacco factories and canneries
State some facts about the Notting Hill Carnival.
• West London • Last Sunday & Monday in August • First held in 1964 • To cement links between local Afro-Carib immigrants in London to help retain and celebrate their cultural traditions.
What was the monitor system?
• Where teachers at the elementary level came from the ranks of the poor, employed as monitors after they left school. • This was an economical teacher training system measure where bright students stayed on at school as pupil teachers • They learned on the job, from their own teachers, but had to sit rigorous exams to ensure they were trained adequately.
State some examples of issues the Caribbean has experienced in the electoral process.
■ A sitting prime minister can remove opposition members and supporters from key areasand replace them with their own supporters. ■ Any party relegated to the opposition knows its members will not be allowed any key appointments and its opportunities in politics will be severely curtailed. ■ Politics became an all-out, dog-eat-dog ruthless fight, largely based on character assassination, where the lines between political parties are drawn by hate and ethnic identification. ■ If a party is based on ethnic identity of commitment to a particular ideology or tradition, and it does not win an election, If such a group represents a significant number of citizens, they will feel a sense of marginalisation and frustration.
In what way did Imperialism and Colonialism impact the Caribbean?
IMPERIALISM • deals with the coming of the europeans who conquered lands and peoples • mainly by the Spain, Britain, France, Belgium, Germany and the Netherland empires.
What was the 'Common Entrance Exam'?
An examination taken by students at the end of primary school to evaluate their performance and allocate them to different categories of secondary school, the most prestigious schools receiving the most gifted students.
What year did the West Indies cricket team beat England first?
In 1950 at the Lord's cricket ground. [beat the colonizer at their own game in their mother country]
It what ways did Britain and the Second World War impact on the evolution of the steelband movement?
On days of victory in Europe, South East Asia and Japan, the steelbands paraded through the streets wiining the approval of the people. The names chosen for the bands reflected Caribbean people's identification with the war and with Hollywood images depicting stories told against the backdrop of war
What was 'Operation Urgent Fury'?
Eric Gairy was Cheif Minister before indepence and prime minister from 1967 to 1979 [during this time there was a lot of poverty] • Gairy's regime was supported by thugs who terrorized his opponents • This came to an end in a coup d'etat by Maurice Bishop, whose revolutionary govt was based on principles derived from the Black Power movement • Internal discord between Bishop, a moderate within his own movement, and Bernard Coard, an extreme Leninist, and Bishop's inability to deal with this challenge to his authority • He was overthrown in 1983 and executed • This lead the US to invade on the prospect of a possible communist government in Greneda.
What is the Caribbean Artists Movement (CAM)?
Formed in London in 1966, formally launched in 1967, to provide a link between the many artists and writers in the Anglophone Caribbean.
What is the Shi.prider Agreement?
Full Name: "United States and the countries of the Caribbean is Agreement Concerning Co-operation in Suppressing Illicit Maritime Drug Trafficking" This allows US coastguard and Navy to board and/or detain ships they have good reason to believe may be carrying drug material or are carrying out criminal activities.
What are some of the beliefs of the Orisha religion?
It venerates the spirit of the overarching God,Oldumare that dwells in the dieties when the become manifest. It is considered monotheistic, the orishas are the spirits of ancestors or other powers that directly intercede in peoples lives acting as guardian spirits. This can be traced back to the Yoruba people in WA, developing before emancipation.
What was the purpose of the classist curriculum?
It was focused mainly on so called 'classical subjects such as Latin, Greek, Maths, English and Literature.
State the main influences of migrant labour.
MIGRANT • More opportunites • Better Pay • LOSING COUNTRY Brain Drain GAINING COUNTRY Cheaper Labour Less opportunities
In what ways did Independence affect Manufacturing in the Caribbean?
Not significantly, but in begining to manufacture from scratch, they didnt have all the necessary materials, thus they continued to import from Britain. Food Production was ignored and Agriculture was usually avoided due association with manual labour and servitude.
Explain what is meant by the process of 'indigenisation' of education?
Occurs when policies privilege native or local concerns or knowledge over those of extra-regional countries such as the former colonial power.
Outline some facts of Shouter Baptists in Trinidad and Tobago and St Vincent.
Otherwise called Spiritual Baptists or Shakers derived from a meeting and mixing of Baptists from south US who settled in T&T These beliefs were syncretised with existing traditional African belief systems such as: Rada, Shango and Obeah
In what ways do extra-regional influences affect language in the Caribbean?
The anglophone caribbean was taught the english of their colonizers was 'correct'
What are the name of the major steelbands?
Tokyo, Red Army, Invaders, Desperadoes, Renegades, Tripoli and Casablanca.
Define 'Trade Liberalization'.
Trade liberalisation refers to the opening up of trade internationally by reducing so-called trade barriers caused by protective tariffs on imported goods and services.
What is transnationalism?
Transnationalism occurs when members of a diaspora develop a sense of community across geographical or political frontiers, linked by culture.
