Ch. 14: Groupthink

What is 'Groupthink'?

A way of deliberating that group members use when their desire (望む)for unanimity（全員一致) overrides their motivation to assess (評価する)all plans of action.

Which statement about groupthink is correct? Group members will use brainstorming to discover the solution that most group members agree on. Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus. Group members will never agree if there is a minority influence present. Group members modify their opinion to go against what they believe is the group consensus.

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy? Unconscious thoughts influence behavior. Thoughts cannot be changed Behavior can be conditioned How you think determines how you feel

How you think determines how you feel

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. ego id superego unconscious

Id

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________. aggression diffusion of responsibility prosocial behavior cognitive dissonance

diffusion of responsibility

What is modification (修正)of the opinions of members of a group to align with (協調する)what they believe is the group consensus(合意)?

groupthink

At the most basic level, schizophrenia is best conceptualized as a(n) ________ disorder. psychotic impulse control obsessive-compulsive dissociative

psychotic

Beck stated that mental illness was invented by society and the mental health establishment to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms. He suggested that what appear to be symptoms of mental illness are more appropriately characterized as "problems in living." True or False

False

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

Freudian slip

According to Freud's psychosexual theory of personality, the ________ stage involves a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent). phallic anal oral genital

genital

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

giving them unconditional positive regard

A particular benefit of ________ therapy is the possibility of decreasing a client's sense of shame and isolation about the problem they face, which also letting them offer support to others. humanistic group individual gestalt

group

What was the third personality dimension eventually proposed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck?

psychoticism versus superego control

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, __________.

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

Posttraumatic stress disorder begins more than one month after the event or involves symptoms that last longer than that one-month period. True or False

True

Piper is terribly afraid of a number of different situations. She doesn't like riding on public busses or subways, finds open spaces very intimidating, does not like feeling "lost in a crowd," and prefers the safe and secure feeling of her own home. If these symptoms cause disruptions in her life, Piper might be diagnosed with ________. agoraphobia arachnophobia ophidiophobia acrophobia

agoraphobia

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Adderall

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and worry that is accompanied by disturbances in behaviors. Affective Personality Anxiety Dissociative

Anxiety

The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American lifestyles. Contemporary Stereotypes Thematic Subjects Cultural Norms Contemporized-Themes

Contemporized-Themes

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America? Determinants of Social Mental Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders International Classification of Diseases

Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America? International Classification of Diseases Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Determinants of Social Mental Disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study? Stanley Milgram was driven by political and personal agendas that demonstrated how research can be biased. Research is only useful if it can be successfully replicated time and time again. Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person. When acting in a group, people will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Which individual is probably not living in a culture that promotes a collectivist view of the world?

James, who lives in England

Which of the following is the best example of a compulsion（強迫観念）? ー頭から離れない考えのこと Will cannot stop thinking about the exam that he has in chemistry tomorrow. Jean wears both sunglasses and a hat to keep the sun out of her eyes. Luke is wearing a bandage for longer than needed to make sure his cut is fully healed. Jordy locks his door exactly nine times every time he leaves the house to make sure it is locked.

Jordy locks his door exactly nine times every time he leaves the house to make sure it is locked.

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other. How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality. Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents. Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood.

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Which of the following is an inaccurate statement about dissociative disorders? People with these disorders experience memory and identity disturbances. These disorders have a psychological rather than a physical cause. People with these disorders become disconnected from their sense of self. People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture.

People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________. Solomon Asch Philip Zimbardo John Cacioppo Stanley Milgram

Philip Zimbardo

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. Humanistic Trait Neo-Freudian Biological

Trait

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. Trait Biological Humanistic Neo-Freudian

Trait 一定の行動傾向のことを特性と言い、特性の量的な差異によって性格を記述する考え方を特性論という

During the third stage of psychosexual development, Freud argued that boys develop a desire to possess their mother and a simultaneous resentment of their father. He felt that boys then fear their father in what he called castration anxiety. The complex is resolved through identification with the father. True or False

True

In Jung's analytical psychology model, the collective unconscious was a proposed storehouse of mental patterns or traces, including ancestral memories, that are shared by all human beings. True or False

True

Instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain. True or False

True 挑発や脅威への反応としてではなく、自らの目的を達成するための攻撃性を指します。 when an individual intentionally acts aggressively to achieve a particular purpose.

Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings, such as the social roles we play or the number of bystanders （バイスタンダー:傍観者）present in the immediate vicinity. True or False

True 状況主義

Discrimination is a negative action toward an individual as a result of one's membership in a particular group while prejudice is negative thoughts or feelings about members of a different group. True or False

Ture

What is a social role? a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members group's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

active listening

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion? supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified? the shadow the id womb envy archetypes

archetypes

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality? avoidant personality disorder dependent personality disorder obsessive-compulsive personality disorder schizotypal personality disorder

avoidant personality disorder

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?

balance between extroversion and introversion

The approach to psychology suggesting that psychological disorders may be best explained by looking at genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities is the ________ perspective. gestalt diathesis-stress psychodynamic biological

biological

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality? schizotypal personality disorder avoidant personality disorder borderline personality disorder antisocial personality disorder

borderline personality disorder

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna. secondary cardinal tertiary central

cardinal

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate(情熱的), ambitious(野心的), and bold（大胆） choleric sanguine melancholic phlegmatic

choleric sanguine (being optimistic and social), 楽観的で社交性 choleric (being short-tempered and irritable), 短気でイライラ melancholic (being analytical and quiet), 分析的で静か and phlegmatic (being relaxed and peaceful).リラックスして平和的

What is comorbidity? having two causes for a single disorder having two causes of death mental disorder leading to death co-occurrence of two disorders

co-occurrence of two disorders

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgram's instructions. confederate union associate ally

confederate (同盟)

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?

confidentiality

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________. availability heuristic representativeness bias confirmation bias self-fulfilling prophecy

confirmation bias 認知心理学や社会心理学における用語で、仮説や信念を検証する際にそれを支持する情報ばかりを集め、反証する情報を無視または集めようとしない傾向のこと。 efers to the phenomenon whereby a person's or a group's expectation for the behavior of another person or group serves actually to bring about the prophesied or expected behavior.

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love. consummate companionate romantic fatuous

consummate(完全愛)

Anti-anxiety agents work by ________. depressing central nervous system activity improving the ability to focus on tasks blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine altering levels of neurotransmitters

depressing central nervous system activity

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________. emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition society and social interaction, families, ecology, and religion ethnographies, case studies, archives, and statistics prejudice and discrimination, helping behavior, aggression, and group processes

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________? limited in duration to a few weeks reoccurring every few months episodic asymptomatic

episodic

In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the "X" refer?

extraversion H 誠実性と謙虚性（Honesty-Humility） E 神経質性（Emotionality） X 外向性（eXtraversion） A 協調性（Agreeableness） C 勤勉性（Conscientiousness） O 開放性（Openness）

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion? anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. poor reciprocal determinism high self-efficacy intrinsic motives an introverted archetype

high self-efficacy kind of confident/ generally believe that they are in control of their own lives, that their own actions and decisions shape their lives

Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "Man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?" gender dysphoria transphobia asexuality homophobia

homophobia 同性愛、または同性愛者に対する差別・偏見・拒絶・恐怖感・嫌悪感、または宗教的教義などに基づいた否定的な価値観を持つこと。 is the fear, hatred, discomfort with, or mistrust of people who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual.

A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society. inferiority Freudian Oedipal Electra

inferiority

Which of the following is a set of symptoms or behaviors that you might see in a person diagnosed with an antisocial personality disorder? overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing a(n) ________ episode. psychotic body dysmorphic dissociative manic

manic

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Nathan appears to suffer from ________ personality disorder. narcissistic schizotypal borderline histrionic

narcissistic

Those symptoms that involve noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives in those afflicted with schizophrenia are called ________ symptoms. negative positive invisible absentee

negative

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence. normative confirmatory groupthink informational

normative 規範的な社会的影響 他の人々に好かれ受け入れられるために私たちを従わせる他の人々の影響

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in the development of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder? anterior cortex cingulate cortex orbitofrontal cortex prefrontal cortex

orbitofrontal cortex

Dr. Kaplan is working with a Japanese-American client, and regards the client's silence as an indication that he is not happy to be in therapy. He fails to consider that his client has learned that authority figures should be shown deference and that his silence is a sign of respect. Dr. Kaplan is demonstrating ________.

poor cultural competence

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring Cordelia's left arm. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing ________ disorder. schizotypal personality bipolar panic posttraumatic stress

posttraumatic stress

According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between one's ______ self and their ________ self. real; ideal guided; achieved idea; perceived internalized; externalized

real; ideal

During the international coronavirus pandemic, many people began acting aggressively toward individuals of Chinese descent, blaming them for the virus even though most of those people had lived in the United States for their entire lives. Those Chinese-Americans were the victim of a process called ________. confirmation bias effort justification scapegoating in-group bias

scapegoating 他人の罪を負わされて生贄になる者 ex;学級内のいじめやナチスのホロコースト efers to the tendency to blame someone else for one's own problems,

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment? students cannot be relied upon to act appropriately students cannot be trusted in roles of authority when operating in a group, some people will put forth less effort than if they were operating alone social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

What is a main feature of the jigsaw classroom? adults are forced to work together to solve a puzzle but does not know that there are pieces missing participants are required to express at least one of their own held biases or prejudices people work together toward a superordinate goal that cannot be achieved without cooperation students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different ability sets

students work together with others who are of different racial backgrounds or different ability sets

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory? the idea that men have womb envy the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality advocating for analytical psychology

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

The ________ perspective of psychological disorders attributed symptoms of such ailments to forces that were beyond scientific understanding, such as black magic or evil spirits. diathesis-stress biological supernatural neurological

supernatural

The ________ perspective of psychological disorders attributed symptoms of such ailments to forces that were beyond scientific understanding, such as black magic or evil spirits. neurological biological supernatural diathesis-stress

supernatural

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?

systematic desensitization

Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________. that applies to women who experience major depressive symptoms during or in the four weeks after a pregnancy. characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels, and other symptoms in which an individual has a tendency to repetitively and passively dwell on one's depressed symptoms, their meanings, and their consequences

that applies to women who experience major depressive symptoms during or in the four weeks after a pregnancy.

What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship? your physical attractiveness your similarity to others you meet your financial wellbeing the amount of contact you have with people

the amount of contact you have with people

What is meant by the term etiology? likely future path of an illness the different symptoms of a given condition frequency with which a given illness occurs the cause of a disorder

the cause of a disorder

In the African American community, what has been found to play a significant role as an alternate source of support to mental health services?

the church

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________. the self-serving bias the actor-observer effect the fundamental attribution error groupthink

the fundamental attribution error 根本的な帰属の誤りは帰属バイアスの一種であり、個人の行動を説明するにあたって、気質的または個性的な面を重視しすぎて、状況的な面を軽視しすぎる傾向を言う refers to an individual's tendency to attribute another's actions to their character or personality, while attributing their behavior to external situational factors outside of their control.

Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)?

the secure baby

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

Who created 'Groupthink'?

Irving Janis