CH.22 Respiratory system HW

Oxygen molecules bind ___________________ of the hemoglobin.

specifically to the heme region

Of the three forms of lung cancer, the most common is __ carcinoma.

squamous-cell

____receptors respond to the degree of inflation of the lungs/ alveoli

stretch

Name the lobes of the left lung

superior and inferior

This is enough oxygen to ____ life for 4-5 minutes in the event of respiratory arrest.

sustain

Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____________________ capillaries. Here, some of the carbon dioxide binds to the _____________ region of hemoglobin.

systemic; globin

Inspiration begins as __________.

the diaphragm contracts

Blood pH decreases in response to ________________________

the dissociation of carbonic acid into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

A single hemoglobin displaying a saturation level of 75% would be bound to ___________________________

three oxygen molecules.

The ________ is the largest cartilage of the larynx and is easy to palpate; the anterior portion is often referred to as the Adam's apple.

thyroid cartilage

The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the ___.

tidal volume

How is inspiratory capacity calculated?

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Oxygen unloading occurs at the _________________________ This process causes a(n) _________________ in the oxygen partial pressure of the blood leaving this region.

tissues.; decrease

Classified as simple squamous epithelial cells, the majority of the alveolar surface is covered by ___ alveolar cells.

type I

When the production of surfactant by ___ alveolar cells is insufficient, premature infants typically have trouble keeping their alveoli inflated.

type II

A shift in the curve to the right promotes an increased rate of oxygen _____.

unloading

The _____ is the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm.

ventral respiratory group

The _________ adheres to the surface of the lung.

visceral pleura

If you subtract the residual volume from the total lung capacity, you get the ___.

vital capacity

Place the following structures in the correct order through which a molecule of air would pass as it moves from the nose to the alveoli.

1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx 4. Trachea 5. Carina 6. Main bronchi 7. Lobar bronchi 8. Segmental bronchi 9. Bronchiole 10. Terminal bronchiole 11. Respiratory bronchiole

Place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs.

1. Primary bronchus 2. Secondary bronchus 3. Tertiary bronchus 4. Terminal bronchiole 5. Respiratory bronchiole 6.Alveolar duct

How many lobes make up the right lung?

3

The right lung has ____ lobes; the left lung has ____ lobes.

3; 2

Which environment separated by the respiratory membrane would display the highest oxygen partial pressure?

Alveolar air

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?

Alveoli

Microscopic air sac for gas exchange

Alveolus

What is the result of inspiration?

An increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure.

Which of the following explains why the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is nonlinear (s-shaped)?

Binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the midportion of the curve becomes steeper.

This concept, specifically the change in pH, is referred to as the ____ effect.

Bohr

At the arterial end of a tissue capillary, rank the following structures from highest to lowest Po2.

Capillaries, tissue fluid, cells

Most inferior portion of larynx

Cricoid cartilage

Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box?

Cricoid cartilage

Which of the following occurs during expiration?

Decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure.

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?

Diaphragm and Intercostals

Partially covers opening of larynx during swallowing Epiglottis

Epiglottis

Vocal folds including the opening between them Glottis

Glottis

The empirical formula for bicarbonate is ________________.

HCO3-

The ability of CO₂ to bind to deoxygenated hemoglobin more readily than it binds oxyhemoglobin is referred to as the ___effect.

Haldane

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?

Inspiratory reserve volume

Inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?

Laryngopharynx

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus?

Lobe

___ cancer accounts for more deaths than any other form of cancer.

Lung

Consists of large lobes

Lung Consists of large lobes

which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers?

Medulla oblongata & Pons

Increases surface area of nasal mucous membrane

Nasal concha

Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity?

Nostrils & Nares

___________________ is used to sustain metabolic activities within the cells, and ________________ is produced as a result of these activities.

Oxygen; carbon dioxide

Passageway for air and food

Pharynx

Potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae Pleural cavity

Pleural cavity

Serves as resonant chamber and reduces weight of skull

Sinus (paranasal sinus)

Carbon dioxide goes through a series of reactions resulting in the formation of bicarbonate. Where does this reaction occur?

Systemic capillaries

Which of the following is true at the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries?

The Po2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.

Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

What determines the direction of gas movement?

The partial pressure differences

Which of the following best summarizes the Bohr effect?

The rate of oxygen unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.

What is the definition of partial pressure?

The separate contribution of pressure by each each individual gas comprising air

Which of the following airway tubes would have the smallest lumens?

alveolar ducts

Hyperpnea would result in ___________________________ within the blood.

an increase in Pressure (oxygen) and a decrease in Pressure (carbon dioxide)

Under normal conditions, the region expected to have the lowest PCO2 is the ___________________

atmosphere

The majority of CO₂ in the blood is carried as ____.

bicarbonate ion

In this type, ___ develop bleeding lesions as the dividing epithelial invade the bronchiole wall.

bronchi

This exchange occurs at the ____.

capillaries

The layer of the respiratory membrane that is furthest away from the alveolar air spaces is the membrane of the _____.

capillary endothelial cell

The combination of carbon dioxide and protein known as ___ is abbreviated HbCO₂.

carbaminohemoglobin

At the onset of a bout of exercise, tissue____ levels briefly increase due to elevated aerobic respiration.

carbon dioxide

The reaction between CO2 and H2O to H2CO3 is catalyzed by ___

carbonic anhydrase

The thoracic pump of the respiratory system promotes increased ___ venous return to the right side of the heart.

cardiovascular

Monitoring CO₂ levels by detecting pH of the CSF is the function of _____.

central chemoreceptors

Alternately, carbon dioxide is loading during an exchange called a ____ shift.

chloride

Which of the following are bicarbonate ions exchanged for when they diffuse from plasma back into red blood cells?

chloride ions

The ____ is an anion exchange that takes place in red blood cells as a mechanism to transport bicarbonate ion out of the cell.

chloride shift

The ________ is the most inferior cartilage of the larynx.

cricoid cartilage

Carbon dioxide production in respiring tissues creates an increased level of carbonic acid in the blood, resulting in a ___ blood pH.

decreased

The unloading of oxygen at the tissues results in the formation of ______________________ . This configuration of hemoglobin _____________________ carbon dioxide.

deoxyhemoglobin; more readily binds to

Fecal elimination is promoted via use of the Valsalva maneuver, which is an example of ___ and respiratory interaction.

digestive

Less than 10% of CO₂ is transported as ___.

dissolved gas

The _____ issues output to the VRG that modifies the respiratory rhythm to adapt to varying conditions.

dorsal respiratory group

The _____________ partially covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea.

epiglottis

when the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. This process is known as?

expiration

The vital capacity minus the ____ equals the inspiratory capacity.

expiratory reserve volume

A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing?

forced

The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring the ___.

forced expiratory volume

When the first heme group binds a molecule of oxygen, ___ changes conformation to accept a second oxygen.

hemoglobin

For a given Po₂, hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at ___ temperatures.

higher

Under normal conditions, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the tissues is _____________ than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the systemic capillaries.

higher

At the respiratory membrane, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the plasma is _____ than in the _____ of the lungs.

higher; alveoli

Acute carbon monoxide poisoning would result in ____________________ of the tissues because oxygen ____________________

hypoxia; is not released from hemoglobin in sufficient amounts at the tissues.

If the atmospheric Pressure(CO2) exceeded the alveolar Pressure(CO2) the pulmonary capillary Pressure(CO2) would ________________________

increase well above normal range.

Hypoventilation results in a(n) _________________ in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, which may result in respiratory ___________________________

increase; acidosis.

As a result of the oxyhemoglobin shift during exercise, blood arriving at the respiring tissues will deliver a(n) ____ amount of oxygen.

increased

3. Renal retention of bicarbonate _______________ blood pH acting as a compensatory mechanism for the condition of respiratory ____________________________

increases; acidosis.

A person suffering from hypercapnia compensates by ____________________ ventilation.

increasing

After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the ___.

inspiratory reserve volume

As part of the ___ system, nose guard hairs reduce inhalation of other foreign matter.

integumentary

which muscle or (or muscle group) aids the diaphragm as a synergist during resting respiration?

internal and external intercostals

Decreased Pressure (carbon dioxide) results in an increase in blood pH levels. Both of these conditions result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the ______________________. This shift _______________ hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

left; increases

Eventually at high Po₂ levels, the hemoglobin approaches 100% saturation and can not ___ more oxygen.

load

At a given Po₂ , hemoglobin also unloads more oxygen at a __ pH.

lower

The ___ system benefits from the thoracic pump by the promotion of lymph return.

lymphatic

Microscopic examination of lung tissue from a patient who died from bacterial pneumonia would reveal large numbers of ____.

macrophages

Paranasal sinuses are within the following bones except the

mandible

The least common but most dangerous is small-cell carcinoma, which easily and quickly ___ to other organs.

metastasizes

A second form, adenocarcinoma, originates in the __ glands of the lamina propria.

mucous

Which of the following structures increases the surface area and air turbulence the most during breathing?

nasal conchae

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

one

Systemic gas exchange is the unloading of ___ and loading of carbon dioxide.

oxygen

When the curve rises there is a rapid increase in ___ loading.

oxygen

During recovery from exercise (cool-down), blood ___increases back to its pre-exercise state.

pH

central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following?

pH

Metabolic acidosis would stimulate the ____ leading to an increase in their rate of respiration.

peripheral chemoreceptors

which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease?

physiological dead space

which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae?

pleural cavity

The ____ receives input from higher brain centers and issues output to both the DRG and VRG.

pontine respiratory group

Carbonic anhydrase is found in the _______________ where it directly catalyzes the formation of ____________________

red blood cells; carbon dioxide gas into carbonic acid.

The oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through the capillary bed provides a venous___ .

reserve

The ____is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

residual volume

The ___ system provides for gaseous exchange between the environment and blood stream.

respiratory

where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?

respiratory division

Increased levels of 2,3 BPG occur in response to decreased blood pH levels. With all other variables unchanged, an increased concentration of 2,3 BPG in the blood would _____________________.

result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right enhancing unloading of oxygen at the tissues.

Increased production of surfactant would __________________

result in an increase in the thickness of the respiratory membrane, which would decrease diffusion of respiratory gases.

Elevated temperatures and a drop in pH will shift the dissociation curve to the ___.

right

Altered blood pH during exercise causes the affinity of hemoglobin to decrease, which is shown as a ___ shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

rightward

At low Po₂, the curve ___ slowly.

rises

The relationship between hemoglobin ____________ and Po₂ is shown by an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

saturation

The pleurae are which type of membrane?

serous

The binding of CO to hemoglobin causes the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to ___________________

shift to the left, indicating that the carboxyhemoglobin is less likely to release bound oxygen.

Respiratory gases cross the respiratory membrane by ___________________

simple diffusion.

The alveoli are composed of

simple squamous epithelium

The ____system provides rigidity to the thoracic cage for respiratory mechanics.

skeletal

equation of alvelor ventilation rate?

(volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)

which are components of the respiratory tract?

- Nasal Cavity - Larynx - Pharynx

Identify the components of a respiratory membrane?

- endothelial cell of capillary, - one shared basal lamina, - Type 1 (squamous) alveolar cell

____volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle?

Tidal

Which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value?

Total lung capacity

Surfactant is produced by __________________

Type II pneumocytes

Which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx?

Vocal cords & Vocal folds

Fold of mucous membrane containing elastic fibers responsible for sounds

Vocal fold (true vocal cord)

Insufficient surfactant production would result in __________________

a tendency for the lungs to collapse