Chapter 1: An Introduction to Biology QUESTIONS

Arrange the levels of biological organization according to size, from the smallest (at the top) to the largest (at the bottom).

1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Macromolecule 4. Cell 5. Tissue 6. Organ

List the levels of organization seen in living organisms, beginning with the smallest level at the top.

1. Organ 2. Organism 3. Population 4. Community 5. Ecosystem 6. Biosphere

Cystic fibrosis affects about 1 in every ______ Americans.

3,500

Life on Earth began as primitive cells about

3.5 billion years ago.

What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus; a prokaryotic cell does not.

multicellular organism

An organism that consists of many cells

Select the domains that contain prokaryotic microorganisms.

Bacteria Archaea

Match each domain of life with the correct description. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Unicellular prokaryotes found in many environments on Earth Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes Unicellular prokaryotes that typically inhabit extreme environments, such as hot springs

Bacteria --- Unicellular prokaryotes found in many environments on Earth Archaea --- Unicellular prokaryotes that typically inhabit extreme environments, such as hot springs Eukarya --- Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are found in two domains:

Bacteria, Archaea

All forms of life can be placed into three domains:

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

How are new cells produced?

By the division of pre-existing cells

Which of the following are characteristics of all living things? - Cell(s) and organization - Energy use and metabolism - The ability to move - Growth and development - Biological evolution - Response to the environment

Cell(s) and organization Energy use and metabolism Growth and development Biological evolution Response to the environment

What is biological evolution?

Change in a population of organisms over time

What are emergent properties?

Characteristics that arise through interactions among smaller components in an organism

All living organisms contain genetic material that is composed of

DNA

What serves as the genetic material of all living things?

DNA

Genes govern the characteristics of an organism. Each gene is a short segment of a(n)

DNA molecule

Genes govern the characteristics of an organism. Each gene is a short segment of a(n)

DNA molecule.

How is discovery-based science conducted?

Data are collected and analyzed without a pre-conceived hypothesis.

What is the broadest level of classification in the taxonomic hierarchy?

Domain

Eukaryotes are found in the domain

Eukarya

Which domain of life contains eukaryotic organisms?

Eukarya

Which domain of life includes organisms that have large cells with internal compartments specialized for particular functions?

Eukarya

What are the three domains of life?

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

True or false: Species that live today are related to organisms that lived in the past but not to other currently existing species.

False

Evolutionary change occurs by what two mechanisms?

Horizontal gene transfer Vertical descent with mutation

What determines the function of a biological molecule?

Its structure

What is a key feature of reproduction?

Offspring resemble their parents.

Who evaluates a potential scientific publication?

Other experts in the area

Arrange the levels of classification in order. Begin with the largest level (ie: the one with the most members) at the top and end with the narrowest grouping (ie: the one with the least members) at the bottom.

Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

______ organisms do not contain a nucleus, while _____ organisms do contain a nucleus.

Prokaryotic, eukaryotic

What is homeostasis?

The ability of organisms to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

What is taxonomy?

The classification and grouping of organisms

Cell biology

The study of cells

Ecology

The study of organisms in their natural environments

Physiology

The study of the functions of plants and animals

Molecular biology

The study of the molecules and macromolecules within cells

Anatomy

The study of the structures of plants and animals

True or false: All living organisms are capable of interacting with their environments.

True

True or false: Evolutionary changes frequently involve the modification of pre-existing structures for a new function.

True

Eukarya

Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes

Bacteria

Unicellular prokaryotes found in many environments on Earth

Archaea

Unicellular prokaryotes that typically inhabit extreme environments, such as hot springs

Evolutionary change occurs by what two mechanisms?

Vertical descent with mutation Horizontal gene transfer

How do new species evolve from pre-existing species in the mechanism known as vertical evolution?

Via accumulation of mutations

A hypothesis is

a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon.

The smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of the element is the

atom

All matter is composed of

atoms

The study of life is called

biology

The smallest entity that can be considered a living organism is the

cell

What is the smallest unit of life?

cell

Biologists are curious about the living world, ask a particular question, and often, then formulate a hypothesis and then test the hypothesis by

conducting experiments

The process of collecting and analyzing data without a preconceived hypothesis is referred to as ______ -based science.

discovery

When data collection and analysis are performed without a preconceived hypothesis, it is an example of

discovery-based science.

When individual components in an organism interact with each other or the environment to create novel structures and functions, the resulting characteristics are called ___ properties.

emergent

When individual components in an organism interact with each other or the environment to create novel structures and functions, the resulting characteristics are called _____ properties.

emergent

The phenomenon of populations of organisms changing from generation to generation is known as biological

evolution

What characteristic of living organisms explains both the unity and diversity of modern species?

evolution

All species, both past and present, are related to one another through a(n) ______ history.

evolutionary

Science involves which of the following? experimental investigation observation religious phenomena theoretical explanation

experimental investigation observation theoretical explanation

A key aspect of biological studies is ______, which tests the validity of one or more hypotheses.

experimentation

One of the principles exhibited by all forms of life is that structure determines ______, which applies to small molecules, macromolecules, and multicellular tissues and features.

function

Segments of DNA that govern the characteristics of an organism are called

gene

In the taxonomic classification system, families are divided into ______, which are further divided into ______.

genera; species

Segments of DNA that govern the characteristics of an organism are called

genes

Select characteristics shared by all living things. - genetic material composed of DNA - the ability to interact with the environment - the ability to respond to a stimulus - multicellular composition - the ability to maintain homeostasis

genetic material composed of DNA the ability to interact with the environment the ability to respond to a stimulus the ability to maintain homeostasis

Living cells and organisms regulate their cells and bodies to maintain stable internal conditions such as body temperature. This process is called

homeostasis

A proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon is called a(n)

hypothesis

The scientific method is also known as ______ testing.

hypothesis

Select all of the following that are symptoms of disease cystic fibrosis.

malnutrition lung obstructions that lead to life-threatening infections liver damage thick and sticky mucus

Changes that occur as a result of evolution often involve the

modification of pre-existing structures for a new function.

In vertical evolution, new species evolve from pre-existing species by accumulation of ________, which are changes in the genetic message.

mutations

Unicellular organisms are composed of ______, while multicellular organisms are composed of ______.

one cell; many cells

Before publication, a scientific report undergoes the _____ -review process.

peer

Kingdoms are subdivided into ______ which are subdivided into ______.

phyla; classes

The cell theory states that new cells come from

pre-existing cells

The first living organisms on Earth were

primitive cells

A key feature of ______ is that offspring resemble their parents.

reproduction

The process by which offspring are generated is called

reproduction

Which process directly sustains life from one generation to the next?

reproduction

The observation, identification, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon can be defined as

science

The most specific level of classification is the

species

The grouping of species for purposes of classification is called

taxonomy

The purpose of the scientific method is to:

test hypotheses

Both ______ seen among modern species are explained by biological evolution.

the unity and diversity

In order to survive, all living things must be able to interact with

their environment

The two mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change are ______ descent with modification/mutation and ______ gene transfer.

vertical, horizontal

The difference between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing is

whether data are collected and analyzed under a pre-formed hypothesis.