Chapter 1 Graded Quiz Psychology

Which theorist most clearly influenced William James' efforts to understand the adaptive functions of thinking and consciousness?

Charles Darwin

Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings is called

Introspection

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the field of psychology?

It is a science, similar to biology and chemistry.

When 270 psychologists attempted to replicate 100 psychological studies, they were able to successfully replicate only 36 percent of them. Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation for this?

Psychology is a pseudoscience.

Abigail is pregnant. Her friend has told her that she is able to predict the sex and birth date of a baby, including her baby. How might Abigail test this claim?

She can use the empirical approach.

Which early psychologist aimed to discover the mind's structure?

Wilhelm Wundt

Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables?

a correlation coefficient

Natural selection refers to the principle that variations in ________ that contribute to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

inherited traits

The tendency to perceive order in random events often leads to overestimating the value of

intuition.

On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy

is a random and coincidental occurrence.

Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of

mental processes.

The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how

people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure that

the participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying.

What is a common feature of industrial-organizational psychologists?

They are more likely to conduct applied research.

Dr. Cast has found that children who watch more television are more likely to be overweight. Which conclusion can he reach?

Watching increased amounts of television is correlated with obesity.

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the

adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors.

Using scientific procedures to test whether watching violent movies increases the frequency of emotionally upsetting dreams best illustrates

an empirical approach.

Exploring how we humans are diverse because of our differing genes and environments is the focus of

behavior genetics.

Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to isolate

causes from effects.

Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?

cognitive

Investigating patterns of brain activity that accompany people's recollections of a stressful experience would be of most direct interest to the specialty area known as

cognitive neuroscience

Dr. McAllister is studying anger as it relates to violent criminal offenders. He is particularly interested in how environmental circumstances relate to feelings of anger among these offenders, as well as how feelings of anger affect thought processes. He is working from a(n)

cognitive perspective.

The type of thinking that examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions is called

critical thinking.

Observing and recording behavior is the main purpose behind ________ research.

descriptive

In a published report of a research study on social anxiety, psychologists included a 30-item questionnaire, which they had used to assess levels of social anxiety. The psychologists have thus provided their readers with a(n)

double-blind procedure.

Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?

evolutionary

One research team randomly assigned hospitalized premature infants either to formula feedings or to breast-milk feedings. Which research method did they use?

experimentation

William James was a prominent American

functionalist.

The risk of being color deficient is greater for men than for women. This best illustrates an important

gender difference.

Claudia is a graduate student who is working on her dissertation. She is statistically synthesizing the findings of previous research on the effects of corporal punishment on children. What research design is she using?

meta-analysis

Which two research designs often show that one trait or behavior tends to correlate with another?

naturalistic observation and survey

Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her friends who recently moved from Nigeria and those who moved from Thailand result primarily from biological influences or from cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of

nature and nurture.

Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?

neuroscience

When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known as

random sampling.

Professor X is studying the effect of exposure to sexual content on sexual thoughts. She assigns students to one of two conditions. In the first condition, participants are exposed to explicit sexual content and then given a word-completion task, which involves filling in the letter missing from each word. Based on the letter added, the word could be of a sexual nature or not. For instance, b_d could be completed as "bed," indicating sexual thought, or as "bad," which has no sexual connotation. In the second condition, participants are not exposed to explicit sexual content but are assigned the same word-completion task. To ensure ethical treatment of participants, Professor X will NOT need to

report individual participant results.

SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, ________, and review.

retrieve

Professor X is studying the effect of exposure to sexual content on sexual thoughts. She assigns students to one of two conditions. In the first condition, participants are exposed to explicit sexual content and then given a word-completion task, which involves filling in the letter missing from each word. Based on the letter added, the word could be of a sexual nature or not. For instance, b_d could be completed as "bed," indicating sexual thought, or as "bad," which has no sexual connotation. In the second condition, participants are not exposed to explicit sexual content but are assigned the same word-completion task. The dependent variable is

sexual thought.

The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have medicinal benefits illustrates

the placebo effect.

Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?

the survey