Chapter 10

According to Freud, a fixation occurs when what happens?

A person becomes stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development.

Which statement best reflects the cross-cultural consistency of the big five?

A version of the big five is found across many cultures

According to Freud, the Oedipus complex is which of the following?

A young boy's desire to replace his father so he can enjoy his mother's affections

Individual psychology is the view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and strive for perfection over pleasure. Who developed it?

Adler

_____ is correlated to generosity and altruism.

Agreeableness

Which of these are part of the five-factor model of personality?

Agreeableness Openness to experience Neuroticism

To Freud, _____ was considered sex.

Anything pleasurable

The Oedipus complex is typically resolved by the child _____.

Being sexually attracted to the opposite sex. Identifying as a member of one's own gender.

A critique of the humanistic approach is that humanism's assertion that people are good _____.

Cannot be verified

What was Jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past?

Collective unconscious

Empathy and genuineness can be used with unconditional positive regard in a therapeutic relationship to help people repair damage that was done by poor parenting and _____.

Condition

_____ are used by the unconscious to reduce anxiety by distorting reality.

Defense mechanisms

In Jung's analytical theory, archetypes are which of the following?

Emotionally laden ideas and images that have symbolic meaning to all people

_____ are parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure-giving qualities at particular stages of development.

Erogenous Zones

Which of the following is a strong advantage of the trait approach to personality?

It provides a clear, straightforward description of people's behavior patterns.

Which of the following are true of the psychoanalytic phallic stage of development?

It typically occurs between 3 and 6 years of age. It triggers the Oedipus complex.

Which theorist coined the term collective unconscious to refer to the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past?

Jung

Which of these is NOT one of the big five factors of personality?

Negativity

_____ is correlated with increased health complaints, regardless of the individual's level of health.

Neuroticism

_____ is correlated to higher IQ scores, liberal values, tolerance, and creativity.

Openness to experience

psychosexual stages

Oral, Anal, Phallic

______ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world.

Personality

Freud's third stage of psychosexual development, occurring at age 3-6 years, is the _____ stage.

Phallic

Which of the following are the psychosexual stages as outlined by Freud?

Phallic Anal Oral

According to Rogers, people have a need for which of the following?

Positive regard

The idea that unconscious forces influence personality is related to which of the following?

Psychoanalytic theory

According to the humanist perspective, if how you see yourself differs from how others see you, what are you likely to experience?

Psychological distress

Bandura used the term _____ _____ to describe the idea that behavior, environment, and person/ cognitive factors interact to create personality.

Reciprocal Determinism

The use of defense mechanisms can sometimes be healthy because they can do which of the following?

Reduce anxiety. Help us act out unconscious impulses in societally beneficial ways.

Traits are stable characteristics that tend to manifest themselves how?

Repeatedly over time and in many different situations

Which of the following is the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being?

Self-actualization

Freud defined _____ as anything that delivered organ pleasure.

Sex

Which theorist most strongly suggested that unconscious processes influence personality?

Sigmund Freud

_______ ______ believed that we go through universal stages of personality development and that at each stage of development, we experience pleasure in one part of the body more than others.

Sigmund Freud

_____ perspectives emphasize the ways that behavior is influenced by people's beliefs about the situation.

Social Cognitive

A _____ theorist is not interested in broad traits but instead looks at how more specific factors, such as beliefs, relate to behavior and performance.

Social cognitive

Researchers sometimes ask people to assess their own relative levels of positive and negative affect and to make a general evaluation of their life. What are these people being asked to assess?

Subjective well-being

The humanistic perspective believes that people are _____.

able to achieve what they want through personal growth

Self-______ is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential.

actualization

Self-_________ is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential.

actualization

A person who is sympathetic and kind is likely high in which of the big five traits?

agreeableness

Extraverts are happier than introverts even when they are _____.

alone

Observational learning occurs when _____.

an individual learns the consequences of a response without experiencing the consequence directly

What term does Jung use for the emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people?

archetypes

A person who is careful, disciplined, and organized is likely to be high in which of the big five traits?

conscientiousness

Suppose you are starting a business and need to hire somebody to keep track of inventory. The most important thing for the job is that the person is at work on time every day. What personality trait does a candidate for this job need to be high on?

conscientiousness

When used in moderation, _____ help to relieve anxiety over particular experiences and might help people cope.

defense mechanisms

In the defense mechanism known as _____, the ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities.

denial

Our most primitive defense mechanism is called _____.

denial

Directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target is known as _____.

displacement

In the defense mechanism known as _____, the ego directs feelings toward an unacceptable object to a more acceptable object.

displacement

Some critics state that psychodynamic theory overemphasizes _____ and does not acknowledge the capacity for change throughout life.

early family experiences

Which personality trait is most strongly related to well-being?

extraversion

You are starting a business and need to hire a fitness trainer who is high-energy and enjoys interacting with others. Which personality trait is most relevant to that description?

extraversion

The big five personality model was developed using _____ analysis.

factor

Unconditional positive regard, showing empathy, and being _____ can be used to help others develop a more positive self-concept.

genuine

The purpose of using repression is to push unacceptable _________ impulses back into the unconscious mind.

id

Alfred Adler believed that people are primarily motivated to achieve perfection, not find pleasure. His approach is known as _____ psychology.

individual

The psychologist Gordon Allport was bothered by the _____ view of humanity that psychoanalysis portrayed.

negative

Although the five factors appear in diverse languages, two traits are more likely to emerge only in English-speaking samples. Which two?

openness to experience neuroticism

The id is the part of the personality that Freud called an "it," which works according to which of the following?

pleasure principle

Rogers's term for what all people need to be loved, liked, or accepted by people around us is

positive regard

Also used to explain prejudice, _____ is when we see in others the impulses we most despise in ourselves.

projection

In the defense mechanism known as _____, the ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems, and faults to others.

projection

Many people who criticize the immorality of contemporary society are then found to engage in these same activities. This is due to the defense mechanism of _____.

reaction formation

In the defense mechanism known as _____, the ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite, so that the person's conscious experience is the opposite of how they really feel.

rection formation

What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?

reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Pushing unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind is called _____.

repression

Unconditional positive regard is the term that _____ used for being valued, accepted, and treated positively regardless of one's behavior.

rogers

Horney insisted that Freud's hypotheses needed to be supported with observable data and argued that _____ on the development of personality should also be considered.

sociocultural influences

A person's self-assessment of their own mood and life quality is their _______ well-being.

subjective

Expressing an unconscious wish in a way that is valued by society is called _____.

sublimation

In the defense mechanism known as _____, the ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one.

sublimation

According to Freud's personality structure, the _____ is the harsh internal judge of our behavior.

superego

According to the personality structure proposed by Freud, the _____ judges whether behavior is morally right or wrong, the _____ determines what is possible, and the _____ determines what would be pleasurable.

superego; ego; id

Allport rejected the central role of _____, instead focusing on conscious thoughts.

the unconscious

The _____ perspective views personality as a collection of broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic behaviors.

trait

Monique is aware that she is both intelligent and stupid, causing her some distress. According to humanists, which of the following is likely to help her to feel better about herself?

unconditional positive regard

What is Rogers's term for being valued and accepted regardless of one's behavior?

unconditional positive regard

Defense mechanisms are an example of _____ processes.

unconscious

Which statement about extraversion and subjective well-being is most accurate?

Extraverts appear to be generally happier, regardless of the circumstances.

A statistical procedure that allows researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated is called which of the following?

Factor analysis

Freud felt that an individual might become stuck in a stage of psychosexual development if that person received too much or too little gratification during that stage. This is known as a(n) _____.

Fixation

Which of the following are problems with Freud's theory, as cited by modern critics?

He did not give sufficient attention to sociocultural factors. He underestimated the importance of conscious thought. He was unduly preoccupied with sexuality.

_____ believed that the need for security is the primary motive in human existence.

Horney

Which approach to personality emphasizes a desire to achieve higher levels of functioning?

Humanistic

The pleasure principle is most closely tied to which of the following?

ID

Which of the following is a critique of the humanistic approach?

The theory is too optimistic about human nature.

Which of the following is true of Freud's ideas?

They are not widely accepted today.

Which of the following is true of defense mechanisms?

They distort reality unconsciously.

Which of the following are criticisms that have been levied against the psychodynamic theorists?

They place too much emphasis on early life experiences. Some of their concepts are difficult to test through empirical research.

According to the humanistic approach, psychological distress is experienced when there are discrepancies between people's experiences and their self-concepts.

True

Factor analysis identifies underlying factors that summarize data well.

True

The big five personality model was developed using factor analysis.

True

Which of the following would a humanistic psychologist propose to promote optimal functioning?

Unconditional positive regard

Which of the following is NOT one of the psychosexual stages outlined by Freud?

Unconscious