Wester Civ. II ch. 16 & 17 quiz

A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with

Beccaria

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

Bernard de Fontenelle

The author of "The Progress of the Human Mind" and who became a victim of the French Revolution was

Condorcet

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was

Francois Quesnay

Deism is the belief that

God created the universe but does not actively run it.

The eighteenth-century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is

Handel's "Messiah"

European music in the later eighteenth century is best associated with

Hayden and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire

The French painter whose work represented the continuing appeal of Neoclassicism was

Jacques-Louis David

Who said that individuals would be forced to be free if they did not obey the general will?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to

Lent

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was

Marquise du Chatelet

The English writer who argued in "A Serious Proposal to the Ladies" that women should

Mary Astell

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by

Mary Wollstonecraft

The Eighteenth-century composer considered to be the most innovative who composed the opera "The Marriage of Figaro" was

Mozart

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

Paris

Voltaire was the author of

Treatise on Toleration

True or false: John Locke influenced the eighteenth century Enlightenment through his theory of knowledge and concept of the tabula rasa.

True

True or false: Rousseau, whose novel Émilie emphasized the heart and sentiment, served as a precursor of the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century.

True

According to The Social Contract, the "general will" was

a social consensus to which the individual must bow.

The religious movement that came to be known as Methodism

became a separate and independent sect from the Anglican Church

John Locke's tabula rasa refers to

blank mind

The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to

change the general way of thinking

By the end of the eighteenth century,

corporal and capital punishment were on the decline

High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the

enormous impact of publishing industry

The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was

evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann

True or false: Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations" was a forceful rejection of the doctrine of laissez-faire

false

True or false: Denise Diderot was an ardent Christian

false

True or false: Mozart's most famous piece was his "Saint Matthew's Passion"

false

True or false: The great scientific discoveries of the seventeenth century, such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, pursued their exploration of science in an explicit attempt to question and undermine religion

false

True or false: The eighteenth-century English historian Edward Gibbon blamed the downfall of ancient Rome on the pagan religious practices and sexual excesses of the Roman Empire.

false (he believed Christianity was the downfall)

A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth-century England was

gin

Pogroms were

instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.

The growth of reading and publishing in the eighteenth century was aided and characterized by the development of

magazines for the general public

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide the sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers

novels

The works of Fontanelle

popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion

In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in modern society is one where

power is divided between three branches of government

According to Rousseau, the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes was

private property

Johann Sebastian Bach

produced religious music as a way to worship God.

Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes:

proper child rearing and human education

Isaac Newton and John Locke

provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

religious intolerance

Adam Smith believed that government

should not interfere in people's economic decisions.

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,

still played a major role in social and spiritual areas

Enlightenment thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by

the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

the emergence of the "science of man."

The French philosophes mostly included people from

the nobility and middle class

The Rococo artist Antoine Watteau emphasized

the pleasure and joy of aristocratic life

True or false: "Pietism" refers to an emphasis on the mystical experience of God as a conduit of faith.

true

True or false: Although Many European rulers desired to emulate the size and grandiosity of Versailles, they usually adopted the Baroque-Rococo architectural style rather than the French classical style of Louis XIV's palace.

true

True or false: The French Physiocrats, in their belief in natural economic laws, were harsh critics of economic mercantilism

true

The Encyclopedia

was a 28-volume compilation of articles by many influential philosophes.

Montesquieu's "Persian Letters"

was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.

The french philosophes

were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe

were most free when they were participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities