Chapter 20 HST-103

In 1819, facing economic depression, thousands of people gathered in St. Peter's Field in Manchester and called for political reform. How did the British government respond

Militia and mounted troops assaulted the crowd, killing several and wounding hundreds.

Wealthy industrialist turned reformer ________ advocated a general reorganization of society on the basis of cooperation and mutual respect

Robert Owen

The slave revolt that forced French revolutionaries to contend with the contradictions of revolutionary policy occurred in

Saint-Domingue

The South American revolutionary ________ hoped to create a republic across South America that would be similar to the United States

Simon Bolívar

Why did British people move to support abolitionism in the 1820s and 1830s?

Support for abolitionism came from religious arguments, a distaste for the arrogance associated with the trade, and calls from the working class.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe influenced the Romantics greatly through his first popular novel

The Passions of Young Werther.

Victor Hugo wrote

novels sympathetic to the plight of the common person.

The unrest in France, Belgium, and Poland from 1830 to 1832

proved to be a prelude to the revolutions of 1848.

The Reform Bill of 1832

reallocated seats in Parliament from rural to industrial districts in an effort to expand the franchise.

In proposing utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham meant that

social institutions and laws should be judged based on whether they produced the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein

speaks to the limits of reason and the impossibility of controlling nature.

The Troppau Memorandum, which was signed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, called on the signatories to aid one another in

suppressing revolution

The Congress of Vienna joined the Netherlands and Belgium together as a buffer against France, but the Belgians never accepted this arrangement, and they revolted after

the French Revolution of 1830.

During the 1840s, the leading British voice(s) calling for democracy

the chartists

One social consequence of the mobilization of armies during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars was

the forced migration of large numbers of men who had been conscripted into military service.

Although Virginia planters helped lead the American Revolution and refused to be subjects of the English king, many defended

their own right to hold slaves.

The "Concert of Europe"

was the balance of power established by Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

The most important figure in economic liberalism was

Adam Smith.

The ________ advocated for, and won, free trade concessions that lasted until the 1920s

Anti-Corn Law League

Who was a liberal nationalist revolutionary in western Prussia who migrated to the United States, served in the Union army during the Civil War, and then was elected to the U.S. Senate?

Carl Schurz

Modern political ideologies such as nationalism, socialism, conservatism, and liberalism were articulated in the nineteenth century following the

Defeat of Napoleon

________ wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France

Edmund Burke

Ethnic groups in central and eastern Europe who sought political independence were encouraged by

Greece winning independence from the Ottoman Empire.

One of the most influential British liberals and the author of The Principles of Morals and Legislation was

Jeremy Bentham.

One of the most influential nationalist thinkers of the nineteenth century, who argued that civilization sprang from the culture of the common people, not from a learned or cultivated elite, was

Johann von Herder.

The writings of the seventeenth-century political philosopher ________ formed the basis for English liberalism.

John Locke

Romanticism was exhibited in the paintings of the British artist

Joseph Mallord William Turner.

The Communist Manifesto was written by

Karl Marx

The father of modern socialism was

Karl Marx

________ was a system of thought that was in large measure a response to the visible problems ushered in by industrialization.

Liberalism

The story of ________ told of the horrors of slave ships and became immensely popular among audiences sympathetic to the plight of slaves.

Olaudah Equiano

In 1808, the British abolitionist ________ succeeded in getting Parliament to ban British ships from participating in the African slave trade.

William Wilberforce

Which was a fundamental principle of liberalism in the aftermath of the French Revolution?

a class based concept of law

Slavery was abolished last in what country?

brazil

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels

denounced the miserable working and living conditions of English factory workers.

Romanticism stressed the importance of

emotion, freedom, and imagination.

A distinction may be drawn between liberals and republicans on the issue of

expanding the franchise.

Which revolution, completed in 1804, worried slaveowners and inspired enslaved men and women?

haitian revolution

The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 was

initiated by a group of Russian army officers

The Holy Alliance called for

justice, Christian charity, and peace

The basis of nineteenth-century conservatism was a belief in political stability, which the conservatives thought would be guaranteed by the

monarchy

The revolutions in South America were aided in 1823 when the United States issued the

monroe doctrine