Chapter 5: *Place Pictures in Quizlet

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________.

evaporation is much greater than precipitation

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________.

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

The average salinity of typical seawater is:

3.5%.

Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination?

A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater.

Which of the following hydrologic cycle reservoirs is the smallest?

Atmospheric water vapor

Ions

Charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons

Which of the following properties of pure water is different depending on the amount of water present?

Color

Which of the following processes causes sea surface salinity to increase near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn?

Evaporation

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:

HCO3-

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest?

Ocean to atmosphere

The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes?

Respiration

Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination?

Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater.

Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater?

Sulfate

Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions?

The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample.

Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination?

Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

The salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth.

increased, decreased

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the:

thermocline.

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true?

* An increase in salinity increases seawater density. *A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. *An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water?

* Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. *Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. *Catch and melt fresh falling snow.

Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

*The carbonate buffering system stabilizes the pH of seawater. *The pH of seawater is higher than that of pure water. *Dissolving carbon dioxide in seawater decreases the pH of seawater.

At high latitudes, the Sun does not warm surface waters like it does in the tropics. Hence, water temperature stays constant with depth. In other words, no thermocline exists. This type of water column is said to be isothermal. Similar to temperature, density change with depth differs by latitude. A pycnocline is a layer of ocean water that changes density rapidly that also exists between 300 and 1000 meters depth. This is similar to the thermocline mentioned in the introduction, but when temperature is high, density is low, and vice versa. As you might expect, the pycnocline (pycno = density, cline = slope) is a low-latitude feature. High-latitude ocean waters are isopycnal, or constant in density throughout the entire water column. Just as the thermocline prevents mixing of surface waters with the water below, so does the pycnocline. Imagine a researcher aboard an oceanographic vessel collects samples from the water column, extending from the surface to 3000 meters depth. Sample analyses shows that the water is isopycnal. Which of the following statements correctly define what this means and why?

*The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth. *The sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. *The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude.

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules?

*Water molecules have polarity. *Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. * Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. *Water has cohesion and surface tension.

Fill in the blank *expands *decrease *isothermal *low latitudes *isopycnal *increase *barrier *contracts *high latitudes *gateway

1. Water EXPANDS when it is heated, making the density DECREASE. 2. Water that is ISOTHERMAL will be represented by a straight line on a graph showing variations in temperature with depth. 3. The Sun penetrates surface waters enough at LOW LATITUDES to create a thermocline. 4. We expect a water column to be ISOPYCNAL for density at high latitudes. 5. In lower latitudes where a thermocline exists, as we drop down from the surface through ocean water, water density will INCREASE while water temperature will respond inversely. 6. Both the thermocline and pycnocline present a BARRIER to mixing between near surface waters and deep ocean depths.

Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes?

25 degrees

There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern?

Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower.

What happened when a new (green) water mass was introduced into the system?

It came to equilibrium in the middle of the tank.

Electrons

Negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit an atomic nucleus

Which of the following methods cannot be used to desalinate water?

Osmosis

Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination?

Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing.

What happened when the two slats were pulled out?

The blue water sank to the bottom and the red water rose to the top.

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

Pynociline

area of rapid change in density with slight change in depth

Halocline

area of rapid change in salinity with slight change in depth

Atoms

basic building blocks of all matter

Hydrogen bonds

bonds that hold adjacent water molecules together

Covalent Bonds

bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms

Condensation

change in state from gas to liquid

Evaporation

change in state from liquid to gas

Sublimnation

change in state from solid to gas

The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth.

decreased, increased

As the salinity of seawater increases, its:

density increases.

A layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called a ________.

halocline

Which of the following statements regarding pH is true?

pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution.

A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a:

pycnocline.

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate how the ocean is layered based on density?

tap water, with a small amount of food coloring

What are the two controlling factors that affect water density?

temperature and salinity

Of the three different colored waters separated by slats, which one has the highest density?

the cold (blue) water, which has the lowest temperature

The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________.

the high cost of energy involved

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:

the polarity of water molecules.